‘Chinese’ hegemony from a Korean shi perspective: aretocracy in the early modern East Asia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inho Choi
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
World Order ◽  
Legitimate Authority ◽  
Normative Influence ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Chinese State

Abstract The study of pre-modern Chinese hegemony is crucial for both theorizing hegemony and envisioning a new global order. I argue the pre-modern Chinese hegemony was a reciprocal rule of virtue, or aretocracy, driven by the transnational sociocultural elites shi. In contrast to the prevailing models of Chinese hegemony, the Early Modern East Asia was not dominated by the unilateral normative influence of the Chinese state. The Chinese and non-Chinese shi as non-statist sociocultural elites co-produced, through their shared civilizational heritage, a hegemonic order in which they had to show excellence in civil virtues to wield legitimate authority. In particular, the Ming and Chosŏn shi developed a tradition of envoy poetry exchanges as a medium for co-constructing Chinese hegemony as aretocracy. The remarkable role of excellent ethos for world order making in Early Modern East Asia compels us to re-imagine how we conduct our global governance.

The Future of Liberal World Order

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. JOHN IKENBERRY
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
World Order ◽  
International Order ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Global System ◽  
The Future ◽  
Western Values ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
Western Hegemony

As these essays show, there is a lively debate over the future of world order. Sergey Chugrow offers a dark portrait of the breakdown of what he calls Western hegemony, driven in part by Russia's grievances and aggression in Ukraine. He points to a future where international order will have a mix of realist geopolitics and post-modern diversity. Keisuke Iida sees the debate over liberal international order as a return to older debates about the viability of hegemonic order and the role of regions and non-Western values in a post-hegemonic global system. Peter Haas sees the debate over liberal international order as a window onto various new forms of global governance. Behind these important observations is Amitav Acharya's vision of a post-American global order marked by diverse regional sub-systems; a world that is globalized, diversified, and localized. These developments lead Acharya to announce the ‘end’ of the American-led liberal international order.

The Transnational Archive of the Sinosphere: The Early Modern East Asian Information Order

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiri Paramore
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Global History ◽  
Early Modern Japan ◽  
Information Order ◽  
Modern Information

This chapter argues for the existence of an intellectually Confucian-centred, Classical Chinese language delivered archive of knowledge across early modern East Asia. I argue that this broad, transferable, and often commercially delivered Sinosphere archive supported the creation of state-led information orders in early modern East Asia. This argument resonates with recent work in South Asian and Global History demonstrating the role of regional early modern information orders in facilitating global flows of knowledge. I focus particularly on the transregional nature of the literary, pedagogical, and book culture that underlay the information order of early modern East Asia, and the state’s prime role in its development in early modern Japan. The article thus employs the concept of archivality to analyse early modern information systems, demonstrating patterns of trans-regional knowledge development in East Asia which resonate with other early modern global examples.

«Ultimamente con non poco travaglio alla Cocincina si videro»: viaggiatori gesuiti in Asia orientale nel secolo XVII

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-262
Author(s):  
Carlo Pelliccia
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Mutual Knowledge ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

This article examines one section, Regno della Cocincina of the unpublished manuscript Ragguaglio della missione del Giappone (17th century) preserved in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (ARSI). I analyze the historical-political, socio-cultural, ethnographic, and geographical information conveyed by the report’s author. The text explores the role of the Society of Jesus’ correspondence in the phenomenon of cultural interaction and mutual knowledge between Europe and East Asia in the early modern era.

The Reconstruction of Imperial Mathematics in China During the Kangxi Reign (1662-1722)

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Catherine Jami
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Lecture Notes ◽  
Jesuit Missionaries ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
And Algebra

AbstractContrary to astronomy, the early modern Chinese State did not systematically sponsor mathematics. However, early in his reign, the Kangxi Emperor studied this subject with the Jesuit missionaries in charge of the calendar. His first teacher, Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) relied on textbooks based on Christoph Clavius' (1538-1612). Those who succeeded Verbiest as imperial tutors in the 1690s produced lecture notes in Manchu and Chinese. Newly discovered manuscripts show Antoine Thomas (1644-1709) wrote substantial treatises on arithmetic and algebra while teaching those subjects. In 1713, the emperor commissioned a group of scholars and officials to compile a standard survey of mathematics (Shuli jingyun, "Essential principles of mathematics"). This work opened with the claim that mathematics had its roots in Chinese Antiquity. However, it can be shown that the Jesuits' lecture notes were the main source of the Shuli jingyun. The reconstruction of mathematics under Kangxi's patronage is thus best characterised as the imperial appropriation of Western learning.

Ends of the Universal: The League of Nations and Chinese Fascism on the Eve of World War II

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1740-1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAGGIE CLINTON
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
World Order ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Ideal Structure ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Nationalist Party ◽  
Nation States

AbstractFascist Italy's 1935 invasion of Ethiopia and the League of Nations’ handling of the crisis resonated strongly in Nationalist China, where it recalled the League's failure to thwart Japan's claims to Manchuria in 1931. As these two crises unfolded, the League became a nexus around which Nationalist Party debates about the position of colonized and semi-colonized countries within the extant world order crystallized. Party adherents reflected on China's and Ethiopia's positions as independent nation states with limited territorial integrity or juridical autonomy, and assessed this situation in light of their respective League memberships. While party liberals continued to view the League as a flawed but worthwhile experiment in global governance, newly-emerged fascist activists within the party denounced it as an instrument for curtailing the sovereignty of weak nations. From these conflicting views of the League, it can be discerned how Nationalist disunity was partially grounded in disagreements over the nature and ideal structure of the global order, and how Chinese fascists agitated to escape from modern structures of imperialist domination while reiterating the latter's racial and civilizational exclusions.

Trade and 'treasure': the role of Suakin in the movement of valuables (15th–19th centuries)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Smith ◽  
Shadia Taha ◽  
Jacke Philips ◽  
Michael Mallinson
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
South West ◽  
Indian Ocean Trade

This paper focuses historical and archaeological evidence for the ‘valuables’ passing through Suakin, as part of the Red Sea-Indian Ocean trade. The main locations on Suakin Island Town investigated 2002-2013 are briefly described. Interviews show that at Suakin, in the later 19th century/early 20th century, imported valuables included fabrics from Europe, perfume oils, cloths and wooden chests from India; porcelain from China and Turkey; rugs from Persia/Iran and glass from Italy. Interviews and early modern European accounts indicate the range of products from the hinterland, such as cotton, gold, ivory, ostrich feathers, slaves, horses, gum arabic, ebony, musk, tobacco, rubber and coffee. Local fishermen supplied fish, shells, pearls and mother-of-pearl. The archaeological evidence indicates pottery and porcelain from the Arabian Peninsula, south-west Asia, south Asia, China and south-east Asia, while identifications of wood samples indicates teak from south and south-east Asia. A combination of archaeological, historical and ethnographic evidence is needed to build up a picture of the trade in valuables.

Constitutionalism without Borders and Governance beyond the States

2020 ◽  
pp. 438-471
Author(s):  
Miguel Poiares Maduro ◽  
Neil Komesar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
The State ◽  
State Change ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Global Order ◽  
State Constitutions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores the role of governments, governance, and constitutions in an increasingly interdependent world. Interdependence has always led to governance. As world interdependence grows, so does the need and claims for governance beyond the state. At the same time, the forms of governance beyond the state we see developing are strongly contested and, more importantly, difficult to map and assess. Furthermore, those forms of governance beyond the state seem to increasingly depart from the paradigm of state delegation and eliminate the distinction between the state as an international and internal actor. In some cases, they also increasingly recognize individuals as actors of the global order. The chapter exposes the way through which processes of governance beyond the state change the forms and locus of power at the national as well as the international levels. They also challenge the character and conditions supporting state constitutionalism and with it they require a rethinking of constitutionalism itself. Even if the constitutional nature of the emerging forms of transnational and global governance is contested, what cannot be denied is their impact on state constitutionalism. The chapter sets out an approach to understanding how state constitutions and the governance mechanisms or, even, constitutionalism of the world interact. In considering those questions of constitutionalism, the chapter tries to avoid a common but deadly analytical trap: perfectionism or single institutionalism. Instead it adopts and articulates a comparative institutional alternative. The chapter argues that there may be many competing goals or values at play in considering constitutions and constitutionalism beyond the state, but how well any of these will be achieved will be determined by the functioning of the decision-making institutions chosen and, in turn, the functioning of these institutional alternatives will be determined by the dynamics or patterns of participation.

scholarly journals Reshaping the Global Order in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Critical Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 2050006
Author(s):  
Md. Saifullah Akon ◽  
Mahfujur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Leadership ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) — an infectious disease that is spread across the world in the last couple of months — has been declared as a global pandemic because of quick infections and a large number of deaths in the worst-affected countries. The impacts of this pandemic are very significant for the existing global political and economic leadership. The internal policies of the United States and other European countries have plunged the whole world into uncertainty, where China emerges as a new savior. Considering the global politics amid COVID-19, the paper’s main objective is to find out the role of the current global leaders amid COVID-19 and the future of global leadership. Following the qualitative methods of research, this paper critically analyzes the active global role of China to fight against this pandemic by providing necessary assistance to the affected countries. However, this paper shows that although China has emerged as the protector of countries during the coronavirus period, it will have to face many obstacles in leading the post-COVID-19 world order. This paper will help further research on the future of China’s One Belt One Road (OBOR) policy, which is now being used as a ‘global health silk road’.

Grotius and English Charters

Grotiana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-42
Author(s):  
James Muldoon
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
World Order ◽  
International Order ◽  
European Trade

When examined collectively the trade and colonization charters that Tudor and Stuart monarchs issued demonstrate a developing English conception of world order based on trade monopolies and not on ecclesiastical premises or on the Grotian notion of freedom of the seas. There were therefore three early modern conceptions of how an international order might be created, not one, all of which affected European trade with the Americas and Asia. They all began with the assumption that the discovery of the several new worlds required developing rules of engagement to reduce if not to eliminate conflict among the European nations engaged in overseas exploration, settlement, and trade. As Koen Stapelbroek has pointed out, understanding the role of legal notions in the actual historical creation and gradually evolving function of a new kind of commercial-political entity, requires a distinctly non-doctrinal focus.’

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