Economic Crisis, Natural Resources, and Irregular Leader Removal in Autocracies

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 726-741
Author(s):  
Suthan Krishnarajan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Iv Estimation ◽  
International Credit ◽  
Leader Survival ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWhy do autocratic leaders escape revolution, coups, and assassination during times of economic crisis? I argue that the spike in natural resource revenues since the 1960s has increased autocratic crisis resilience. The availability of this alternative revenue stream provides autocratic leaders with a constant inflow of money, increases their ability to repress dissent, and improves their access to international credit. Extending the analysis back to 1875, I show that the relationship between economic crisis and irregular leader removal in autocracies is strong and robust before the 1960s, but disappears in more recent periods. Interaction analyses confirm that the effects of economic crisis are moderated by natural resource income. These findings are robust to an array of alternative specifications, including analyses that address endogeneity concerns via instrumental variable (IV) estimation. A more particular examination of the theoretical mechanisms also supports the argument. These findings challenge widely held beliefs in the literature of a strong, direct effect of economic crisis on autocratic leader survival; they explain why economic crisis seems to destabilize some autocrats, but not others.

Natural resource and post-resource relations: the hierarchy of branches and the ratio of subjects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deineha Maryna ◽  
◽  
Marinich Volodymyr ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Forest Law ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines the place of Natural Resource Law and post-resource branches of law in the legal system, proposes a hierarchy of these branches and outlines the relationship between the subjects of natural resource and post-resource relations. The subject of legal regulation of Natural Resource Law is defined as qualitatively homogeneous natural resource relations, consisting of the use and reproduction of natural resources – a legally defined part of the environment that have signs of natural origin and are in ecological relationship with the environment and with each other, can be used as a source of meeting human needs. All natural resources, as well as the relationship to their use and reproduction, are closely linked. This connection will always be inseparable and reciprocal. It is established that in the system of Natural Resource Law public relations regarding the use and reproduction of certain natural resources are in fact its subsectors and provide a differentiated approach to the environmentally sound use of each of the relevant natural resources. Natural Resource Law is not a conglomeration of land, water, forest and subsoil law, but their qualitative unity based on a single nature, factors of development and the internal structure of social relations. It is concluded that neither the long history of legislation, nor a significant amount of regulations that are sources of post-resource industries, are grounds for denying the inseparable and mutual connection of post-resource branches of law with each other and with Natural Resource Law and the objective need for separation independent branch of Natural Resource Law. Keywords: Natural Resource Law, land law, water law, forest law, subsoil law, faunal law, floristic law, natural resource relations, post-resource relations, legal system, branch of law

scholarly journals Determination of natural assets of territorial communities: theoretical discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
K. Patytska
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
User Cost ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Dual Approach ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
The Relationship

The paper determines the natural assets of territorial communities and reveals their components in the context of domestic legislation. Scientific approaches to the specified problem in domestic and western scientific thought are developed. The essence of the concept «natural assets» is revealed and their main features – the presence of the identified owner, active manager and user; cost; Legal Status; economic return are defined. The relationship between the categories «natural assets», «natural resources» and «natural resource potential» are established. The main difference between natural resources as the asset of territorial community and other types of assets – the need for dual approach to their management: to generate income, ensure community development and in the interests of all stakeholder groups; in order to preserve the natural environment is revealed. The scientific approach to natural resource management with the participation of local communities, which is based on the principles of subsidiarity, sustainability, fairness, accountability, efficiency, activity, adaptability, environmental responsibility, inclusiveness is analyzed. This approach has the following common features: decentralization of powers to manage natural assets; reconciling the interests of stakeholders and opportunities for efficient of natural resources use; combination of environmental and socio-economic goals in the process of natural asset management; development of institutions for increasing decision-making efficiency in the field of natural asset management at the community level; stakeholders education and notification. Scientific approaches to the systematization of natural assets of territorial communities in terms of stakeholders groups (by ownership of the asset, the possibility of access to the asset and competition in their use) are studied. The expediency of classifying stakeholders as natural assets of territorial communities by their interests is substantiated. The peculiarities of the use/utilization and possession of natural resources in accordance with the legislative acts regulating natural resource relations in Ukraine are revealed.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of natural resources and conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205316801881823 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O’Brochta
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aggregate Effect ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Variable Measurement

The relationship between natural resource wealth and civil conflict remains unclear, despite prolonged scholarly attention. Conducting a meta-analysis—a quantitative literature review—can help synthesize this broad and disparate field to provide clearer directions for future research. Meta-analysis tools determine both the aggregate effect of natural resources on conflict and whether any particular ways in which variables are measured systematically bias the estimated effect. I conduct a meta-analysis using sixty-nine studies from sixty-two authors. I find that there is no aggregate relationship between natural resources and conflict. Most variation in variable measurement does not alter the estimated effect. However, measuring natural resource wealth using Primary Commodity Exports and including controls for mountainous terrain and ethnic fractionalization all do significantly impact the results. These findings suggest that it may be worth exploring more nuanced connections between natural resources and conflict instead of continuing to study the overall relationship.

No taxation, no representation: An investigation of the relationship between natural resources and fiscal decentralization

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1234-1255
Author(s):  
Mohammad Arzaghi ◽  
Andrew Balthrop
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Resource Rents ◽  
Natural Resource Rents ◽  
The Relationship

Rents from natural resources can alter the relationship between central and local governments by providing a new source of government financing. We develop a model to explore the relationship between fiscal decentralization and resource abundance. Our model indicates that natural resource rents can detach central government expenditures from the tax base so that the central government can spend more to persuade a fractious periphery to remain under central government control. Thus, other things being equal, higher natural resource rents can result in less decentralized government expenditures. We empirically explore the relationship between fiscal decentralization and natural resource rents using a panel of 60 countries over the past 40 years. Empirical results support our economic model: A 1% increase in natural resource rents as a fraction of gross domestic product results in government expenditures that are 0.53% less decentralized.

The Study of the Relationship between Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 3337-3341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhin Bin Li ◽  
Hong Juan Deng ◽  
An Shun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Resource Abundance ◽  
The Relationship

The interrelationship between natural resource and economic development, hasn't reached an agreement. Some economists believe that rich natural resources promote economic growth. On the contrary, some economists think that rich natural resources hinder economic growth. Based on previous studies, this paper studies the relationship between natural resource and economic growth in our country. We try to explain the "Curse of Resources" through an example of Shanxi. Finally, we give some policy recommendations to avoid the "Curse of Resources".

scholarly journals Short-term effects of national-level natural resource rents on life expectancy: A cross-country panel data analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0252336
Author(s):  
Isaac Lyatuu ◽  
Georg Loss ◽  
Andrea Farnham ◽  
Mirko S. Winkler ◽  
Günther Fink
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Resource Rents ◽  
Natural Resource Rents ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Relationship

While a substantial amount of literature addresses the relationship between natural resources and economic growth, relatively little is known regarding the relationship between natural resource endowment and health at the population level. We construct a 5-year cross-country panel to assess the impact of natural resource rents on changes in life expectancy at birth as a proxy indicator for population health during the period 1970–2015. To estimate the causal effects of interest, we use global commodity prices as instrumental variables for natural resource rent incomes in two-stage-least squares regressions. Controlling for country and year fixed effects, we show that each standard deviation increase in resource rents results in life expectancy increase of 6.72% (CI: 2.01%, 11.44%). This corresponds to approximately one additional year of life expectancy gained over five years. We find a larger positive effect of rents on life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) compared to other world regions. We do not find short-term effects of rents on economic growth, but show that increases in resource rents result in sizeable increases in government revenues in the short run, which likely translate into increased spending across government sectors. This suggests that natural resources can help governments finance health and other development-oriented programs needed to improve population health.

scholarly journals CANDI TINGKIP DAN LINGKUNGANNYA

Siddhayatra ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Surini Widyawati ◽  
Sondang Martini Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Environmental Analysis ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Plantation Crops ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research Show

Environment and humans are two variables that are interrelated and influence each other, as well as their culture and environment. The environment chosen as a place to live and the construction of religious buildings need to consider the potential and resources they have. In building sacred buildings Hindu-Buddhist religions have special consideration for the environment. Tingkip Temple is one of the temples in the Musi Rawas area. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between the establishment of Tingkip temple buildings and natural resources in the Musi Rawas area. This research uses qualitative methods, with inductive reasoning, by collecting library and field data, as well as data processing by conducting environmental analysis. The results of the research show that Musi Rawas has natural potential that is suitable as a place for the establishment of sacred buildings, because it has the type of soil that is suitable for organic farming, besides being surrounded by rivers and creeks, and the vegetation around it in the form of agricultural and plantation crops. Musi Rawas natural resource potential affects the establishment of the Tingkip Temple.

scholarly journals Natural Resource Rent and Financial Development Nexuses in Bangladesh: The Role of Institutional Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
Muhammad Atif Khan ◽  
Kishwar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Resource Rent ◽  
Natural Resource Rent ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between the development of the financial sector of the economy and natural rents. The financial sector of the economy is currently an important driver of economic growth. The study was conducted through the prism of addressing two key issues: determining the nature of the impact of natural rents on the financial development of Bangladesh; study of the role of the quality of institutional mechanisms in the relationship between natural rent and financial development of Bangladesh. The study period includes 35 years, from 1984 to 2019. The calculations were performed using an autoregressive model with a distributed lag, based on the order of integration and stationary properties of the variables of this study. The article presents the results of an empirical analysis, which showed a significant negative impact of the lease of natural resources on the financial development of Bangladesh. It is empirically confirmed that the quality of institutional mechanisms for the functioning of economic entities has a positive effect on the relationship between natural rents and the financial development of Bangladesh. The results of the study empirically confirm the hypothesis of insufficient natural resources in Bangladesh. The article emphasizes that the positive moderating role of the quality of the institutional base indicates that due to the strengthening of the institutional base, insufficient resources can become a benefit for the financial sector. The results of the study can be useful for representatives of the Government of Bangladesh from the standpoint of improving the quality of institutional infrastructure in order to ensure financial development, in which there will be positive effects from the implementation of natural resource lease processes. In the future, a study is planned to expand potential sources for the proper use of natural resource leases in Bangladesh. Keywords: natural resource rent, financial development, institutional quality, Pakistan.

Is Coca Worth Killing For? Natural Resources and Civil Conflict Intensity: The Shining Path in Peru

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willow Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Shining Path ◽  
Country Case Study ◽  
International Attention ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Conflict Intensity

This paper focuses on the effect natural resources have on the intensity ofcivil conflict in the context of states developing natural resource and counterinsurgency policies. This paper conducts a comparative within-country case study to test the relationship between natural resources and civil conflict intensity. Through a comparative within-country case study, the effect of coca cultivation on the intensity of Peru’s civil war is examined to test the hypothesis that natural resources cause more intense civil conflict. This hypothesis is deemed plausible, as evidence is used to test three causal mechanisms: natural resources provide insurgents with wealth, increase the “prize value” of a region, and draw more international attention and intervention. These mechanisms are confirmed for the case of Peru, and a fourth, and initially unexpected, mechanism emerges.

scholarly journals Natural Resources and Civil Conflict: The Role of Military Expenditures

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 575
Author(s):  
Rabah Arezki ◽  
Markus Brueckner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Resource Rents ◽  
Important Message ◽  
Military Expenditures ◽  
Natural Resource Rents ◽  
The Relationship

Military expenditures significantly affect the relationship between the risk of civil conflict outbreak and natural resources. We show that a significant positive effect of natural resource rents on the risk of civil conflict outbreak is limited to countries with low military expenditures. In countries with high military expenditures, there is no significant effect of natural resource rents on civil conflict onset. An important message is thus that a conflict resource curse is absent in countries with sufficiently large military expenditures.

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