Platforms as regulators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh Dunne
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Commission Report ◽  
Special Responsibility ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Article 102 Tfeu

Abstract The proposition that certain digital platforms act as ‘regulators’ within their own business models is a key pillar of the European Commission report on Competition Policy for the Digital Era, and the basis upon which its authors build a wide-ranging duty for dominant platforms to secure competition that is ‘fair, unbiased and pro-users’. This article seeks to shed light on this novel contention, exploring its meaning and the implications for platform operators. It considers the rationale provided within the report and compares the approach with established Article 102 TFEU case law, specifically the ‘special responsibility’ doctrine. Consideration is further given to whether the platforms-as-regulators notion aligns with alternative modes of regulation within the digital sphere. The aim is to explore whether this approach is coherent, and actually useful, as a means by which to frame and direct future enforcement against digital platforms.

scholarly journals Digital business and media platforms – enablers of manifold regional and global opportunities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigitas Brazinskas ◽  
Vida Pipirienė ◽  
Shukrullo Khayrzoda
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Industrial Internet ◽  
Digital Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Business Sectors

Purpose – digital platforms play a growing role in business development and create opportunities beyond earlier existed boundaries as countries, regions and industrial sectors. Industrial Internet concepts as a holistic application emerge, disruptive challenges trigger changes and evolution of existing business models. This paper unravels and analyses models and features of networks, market places, media platforms across various sectors along with arising opportunities. Research methodology – research is based on benchmarking across selected digital platforms and impact analysis according to defined criteria and selected business models. Findings – results justify scientific approach and contribute with a benchmarked view across different sectoral platforms, assess opportunities of the emerging digital era. The evolution of business patterns and the impact on changing models are key findings of the paper. Research limitations – a certain number of platform models and their features are analyzed as well as impact, represented sectors are largely grouped. Practical implications – results will have substantial practical application to business strategies adjustment, updated view on existing transformations across several business sectors and emerging business models. Originality/Value – a united view is possessed on different platforms across regions and sectors, it combines several integrated angles towards digital development and provides with clear and applicable solutions

An old friend is better than two new ones? Approaches to market research in the context of digital transformation for the antitrust laws enforcement

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Shastitko ◽  
O. A. Markova
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Market Definition ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Type Ii Errors

Digital transformation has led to changes in business models of traditional players in the existing markets. What is more, new entrants and new markets appeared, in particular platforms and multisided markets. The emergence and rapid development of platforms are caused primarily by the existence of so called indirect network externalities. Regarding to this, a question arises of whether the existing instruments of competition law enforcement and market analysis are still relevant when analyzing markets with digital platforms? This paper aims at discussing advantages and disadvantages of using various tools to define markets with platforms. In particular, we define the features of the SSNIP test when being applyed to markets with platforms. Furthermore, we analyze adjustment in tests for platform market definition in terms of possible type I and type II errors. All in all, it turns out that to reduce the likelihood of type I and type II errors while applying market definition technique to markets with platforms one should consider the type of platform analyzed: transaction platforms without pass-through and non-transaction matching platforms should be tackled as players in a multisided market, whereas non-transaction platforms should be analyzed as players in several interrelated markets. However, if the platform is allowed to adjust prices, there emerges additional challenge that the regulator and companies may manipulate the results of SSNIP test by applying different models of competition.

Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Brisard ◽  
Guglielmo Cantillo ◽  
Ramona Grimberger ◽  
Victoria Hanley-Emilsson ◽  
Rebeka Hevesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Grand Chamber

Council of the European Union v. European Commission, Case C-409/13, Grand Chamber, Judgment, 14 April 2015European Commission v. Vanbreda Risk & Benefits, Case C‑35/15 P(R), Order of the Vice-President of the Court, 23 April 2015Geoffrey Léger v. Ministre des Affaires sociales, de la Santé et des Droits des femmes, Établissement français du sang...

Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Brisard ◽  
Guglielmo Cantillo ◽  
Victoria Hanley-Emilsson ◽  
Ramona Grimbergen ◽  
Norbert Kucharik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Case Law

Toshiba Corp. v. European Commission, Case T-404/12, First Chamber, Judgment, 19 January 2016Ante Šumelj v. European Commission, Joined Cases T-546/13, T-108/14 and -109/14, Judgment, 26 February 2016Dextro Energy GmbH & Co. KG v. European Commission, Case T-100/15, Fifth Chamber, Judgment, 16 March 2016...

scholarly journals The European Committee of the Regions as a watchdog of the principle of subsidiarity

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-301
Author(s):  
Salvatore Fabio Nicolosi ◽  
Lisette Mustert
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
European Committee ◽  
Legislative Proposal ◽  
The Right ◽  
Committee Of The Regions ◽  
Regional Funds ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Eu

In a resolution adopted on 1 February 2018, the European Committee of the Regions noted that a legislative proposal of the European Commission concerning a Regulation that changes the rules governing the EU regional funds for 2014-2020 did not comply with the principle of subsidiarity. Accordingly, the Committee considered challenging the legislative proposal before the Court of Justice if the proposal was formally agreed upon. Although at a later stage the European Commission decided to take into account the Committee’s argument and amended the proposal accordingly, such a context offers the chance to investigate more in detail the role of the Committee of the Regions in the legislative process of the EU and, more in particular, its role as a watchdog of the principle of subsidiarity. This paper aims to shed light on a rather neglected aspect of the EU constitutional practice, such as the potential of the Committee of the Regions to contribute to the legislative process, and answer the question of whether this Committee is the right body to guarantee compliance with the principle of subsidiarity.

scholarly journals Democratizing ownership and participation in the 4th Industrial Revolution: challenges and opportunities in cellular agriculture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Chiles ◽  
Garrett Broad ◽  
Mark Gagnon ◽  
Nicole Negowetti ◽  
Leland Glenna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Status ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Industry Sectors

AbstractThe emergence of the “4th Industrial Revolution,” i.e. the convergence of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, advanced materials, and bioengineering technologies, could accelerate socioeconomic insecurities and anxieties or provide beneficial alternatives to the status quo. In the post-Covid-19 era, the entities that are best positioned to capitalize on these innovations are large firms, which use digital platforms and big data to orchestrate vast ecosystems of users and extract market share across industry sectors. Nonetheless, these technologies also have the potential to democratize ownership, broaden political-economic participation, and reduce environmental harms. We articulate the potential sociotechnical pathways in this high-stakes crossroads by analyzing cellular agriculture, an exemplary 4th Industrial Revolution technology that synergizes computer science, biopharma, tissue engineering, and food science to grow cultured meat, dairy, and egg products from cultured cells and/or genetically modified yeast. Our exploration of this space involved multi-sited ethnographic research in both (a) the cellular agriculture community and (b) alternative economic organizations devoted to open source licensing, member-owned cooperatives, social financing, and platform business models. Upon discussing how these latter approaches could potentially facilitate alternative sociotechnical pathways in cellular agriculture, we reflect upon the broader implications of this work with respect to the 4th Industrial Revolution and the enduring need for public policy reform.

Measuring the Effectiveness of Social Media in a B2B Scenario in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-300
Author(s):  
Krishanu Bhattacharyya ◽  
Bikash Ranjan Debata
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
The Social

Digitalisation is a global phenomenon that is a worthwhile proposition for the development of any nation’s economy. Social media contributes significantly to the development of an economy by the spreading and democratisation of information through global players, such as Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn etc. According to a Forbes report in 2017, these digital platforms create new ecosystems and business models for business owners and entrepreneurs. Whilst a report by Statista in 2020 states that there were 3.6 billion social media users worldwide and the number is expected to grow to 4.4 billion by 2025. Return on Investment (ROI) measurement of social media, which is a very important component for organisations to evaluate its success or effectiveness, remains a major challenge for organisations, despite number of attempts having been made by experts in the field. This study is aimed at understanding how the success and effectiveness of social media is measured in a B2B scenario. Various frameworks on social media ROI measurement are critically evaluated. Then, a tool for measuring social media ROI is developed, such that businesses will be able to evaluate their social media investments. The instrument covers 14 variables over four dimensions.  The results indicate that respondents perceived organic return as the most important dimension. It is also evident that brand testament is found the least perceived dimension for measuring the social media ROI.

scholarly journals Post-Workshop Report for Plug-N-Harvest Modular Façade Retrofit Workshop on Sustainable Places 2019

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Du ◽  
Streblow ◽  
Montalbá ◽  
Sendra
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Management System ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Energy Management System ◽  
Workshop Report ◽  
Horizon 2020

As part of the European Commission Horizon 2020 Plug-N-Harvest project consortium, authors hosted a 90-minute workshop to discuss issues related the modular façade retrofit development in Europe on Sustainable Places 2019 conference at Cagliari, Italy on 6th June 2019. This post-workshop report outlined research outputs presented by four speakers from Cardiff University, RWTH Aachen University, ETRA I+D and Eco Intelligent Growth. It also presented the key information discussed during the workshop. The representatives from about ten H2020 projects joined the discussions. Workshop participants provided technical suggestions on façade design, user interface development for the energy management system, circular economy business models for modular façade and consortium building. The representatives agreed that strengthening the synergy among different Horizon 2020 projects would be a benefit for all.

Engaging Destination Stakeholders in the Digital Era: The Best Practice of Italian Regional DMOs

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariapina Trunfio ◽  
Maria Della Lucia
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Stakeholder Engagement ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Destination Marketing ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Index

This article examines the underinvestigated topic of how destination marketing organizations (DMOs) engage stakeholders in destination management and marketing through leverage on off-line tools, official destination websites, and social media platforms. Building on a significant body of literature and advances in quantitative and qualitative research, we provide three methodological tools: two scales assessing DMO stakeholder engagement off-line and online and a social media index measuring tourist engagement. Our results confirm that in Italy regional DMOs are capitalizing on the digital platforms and off-line participatory tools to enhance stakeholder engagement in destinations’ decision making. Theoretical and managerial implications for destination management in the digital era are suggested.

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