Determination of Geographical Origin of Spices. I. Cassia and Cinnamon by Thin Layer Chromatography

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 852-856
Author(s):  
William A Voelker ◽  
Jean N Skarzynski ◽  
William H Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Dimensional System ◽  
Quality Control Tool ◽  
Ceylon Cinnamon ◽  
The One

Abstract A thin layer chromatographic method has been devised to differentiate the geographical origin of cinnamons (cassias). For the one-dimensional screening method, benzene-ethyl acetate-glacial acetic acid (90: 10:1, v/v/v), was used as the solvent system. The two-dimensional system first used hexane-acetone (85:15) and then benzene- ethyl acetate (85:15). The following products were differentiated on the basis of fluorescing spots, some spots common to all and some spots unique: Saigon cassia, Batavia cassia, Korintji cassia, Ceylon cinnamon, and Seychelles cinnamon. The technique is primarily designed as a quality control tool to evaluate incoming shipments of raw materials. However, it can he used to determine composition of unknown mixtures of the ground cinnamons. The technique permits judgment within ± 2 0 % of one type in a mixture

scholarly journals Determination of Aflatoxins in Bread and Bakery Products

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 627-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. CUTULI de SIMÓN ◽  
G. SUÁREZ FERNÁNDEZ
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The possible presence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 was studied on 50 samples of bread and 50 samples of bakery products. The methods used in sample analysis were the following: (a) aflatoxin determination by thin layer chromatography (TLC) with chloroform/acetone solvent system (88/12); and (b) by high pressure liquid chromatography, with the toluene/ethyl acetate/methanol solvent system (68/29/3). With both methods, separations obtained of the different aflatoxins were optimal for accurate identification. Presence of aflatoxins B1 and G1 was detected in the extract from a sample of the bakery products group, using both methods mentioned.

Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification of Some Sympathomimetic Amines

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1416-1418
Author(s):  
Jitendra J Shah ◽  
Ramila J Shah
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Chromatographic Behavior ◽  
Bromocresol Green ◽  
Sympathomimetic Amines ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
Glass Plates

Abstract Thin layer chromatographic behavior of some sympathomimetic amines in the presence of acids in neutral and organic solvent systems is reported. The sympathomimetic amines were dissolved in 0.1N HCl or ethanol and treated with bromocresol green or p-nitrobenzoyl chloride reagents on fiber sheets or precoated glass plates. Two-, 3-, and 4-component solvent systems were tested. Benzene-ethyl acetate gave 2 spots for each amine standard; the more polar spots were satisfactorily separated. Amines in pharmaceuticals were not separated by any solvent system tested.

The Belt and Road Initiative and Sino-Russian economic cooperation: Is there one more chance for us?

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Petr M. Mozias
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
The One ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Current Stage

China’s Belt and Road Initiative could be treated ambiguously. On the one hand, it is intended to transform the newly acquired economic potential of that country into its higher status in the world. China invites a lot of nations to build up gigantic transit corridors by joint efforts, and doing so it applies productively its capital and technologies. International transactions in RMB are also being expanded. But, on the other hand, the Belt and Road Initiative is also a necessity for China to cope with some evident problems of its current stage of development, such as industrial overcapacity, overdependence on imports of raw materials from a narrow circle of countries, and a subordinate status in global value chains. For Russia participation in the Belt and Road Initiative may be fruitful, since the very character of that project provides us with a space to manoeuvre. By now, Russian exports to China consist primarily of fuels and other commodities. More active industrial policy is needed to correct this situation . A flexible framework of the Belt and Road Initiative is more suitable for this objective to be achieved, rather than traditional forms of regional integration, such as a free trade zone.

OPTIMIZATION OF THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY METHODS FOR SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN THEIR MIXTURE

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Daiva Kazlauskienė ◽  
Guoda Kiliuvienė ◽  
Palma Nenortienė ◽  
Giedrė Kasparavičienė ◽  
Ieva Matukaitytė
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Ammonia Solution ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
Paroxetine Hydrochloride ◽  
Fluvoxamine Maleate ◽  
Layer Chromatography

By conducting the toxicological analysis it is meaningful to determine the analytical system that could identify simultaneously several medicinal preparations quickly and precisely. The purpose of this work was to create and validate the method of thin-layer chromatography that would be suitable to separate the components of antidepressant mixture (amitriptyline hydrochloride, paroxetine hydrochloride, sertraline hydrochloride, fluvoxamine maleate and buspirone hydrochloride) and to identify them. The system was validated with regard to the sensitivity, repetition of data, resistance and particularity. The solvent systems with potential of high separation of components in their mixture were created: acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (85:10:5); acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (75:20:5); dichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (50:45:5); dichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (42:55:3); trichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (25:70:5); trichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (60:36:4). One of the most suitable solvent systems for separation of the analyzed mixture (sertraline, amitriptyline, paroxetine, buspirone, fluvoxamine) was determined – acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (85:10:5). When this solvent system was used, the average Rf values of the analyzed compounds differed the most. Validation was conducted – the relative standard deviation (RSD, percent) of the average Rf value of the analyzed compounds varied from 0,6 to 1,8 percent and did not exceed the permissible error of 5 percent. The sensitivity of methodology was determined by assessing the intensity of the mixture’s spots on the chromatographic plate. The detection limit of buspirone was 0,0012 µg; sertraline – 0,0008 µg; amitriptyline – 0,0004 µg; fluvoxamine – 0,0004 µg; paroxetine – 0,0008 µg. The resistance of results to the changed conditions – it was determined that when the amounts of the solvents acetonitrile and methanol were increased or decreased to two milliliters, the average Rf values of the analyzed compounds did not change statistically significantly

Stabilization of Dominant Structures in an Ionic Reaction-Diffusion System

1998 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 761-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Krämer ◽  
Arno F. Münster
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Reaction Diffusion System ◽  
Diffusion System ◽  
Local Perturbation ◽  
Dimensional System ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Brusselator Model ◽  
The One ◽  
Dominant Structure

We describe a method of stabilizing the dominant structure in a chaotic reaction-diffusion system, where the underlying nonlinear dynamics needs not to be known. The dominant mode is identified by the Karhunen-Loeve decomposition, also known as orthogonal decomposition. Using a ionic version of the Brusselator model in a spatially one-dimensional system, our control strategy is based on perturbations derived from the amplitude function of the dominant spatial mode. The perturbation is used in two different ways: A global perturbation is realized by forcing an electric current through the one-dimensional system, whereas the local perturbation is performed by modulating concentrations of the autocatalyst at the boundaries. Only the global method enhances the contribution of the dominant mode to the total fluctuation energy. On the other hand, the local method leads to simple bulk oscillation of the entire system.

scholarly journals Tenebrio molitor in the circular economy: a novel approach for plastic valorisation and PHA biological recovery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Sangiorgio ◽  
Alessandra Verardi ◽  
Salvatore Dimatteo ◽  
Anna Spagnoletta ◽  
Stefania Moliterni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
World Population ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Biological Recovery ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The One

AbstractThe increase in the world population leads to rising demand and consumption of plastic raw materials; only a small percentage of plastics is recovered and recycled, increasing the quantity of waste released into the environment and losing its economic value. The plastics represent a great opportunity in the circular perspective of their reuse and recycling. Research is moving, on the one hand, to implement sustainable systems for plastic waste management and on the other to find new non-fossil-based plastics such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). In this review, we focus our attention on Tenebrio molitor (TM) as a valuable solution for plastic biodegradation and biological recovery of new biopolymers (e.g. PHA) from plastic-producing microorganisms, exploiting its highly diversified gut microbiota. TM’s use for plastic pollution management is controversial. However, TM microbiota is recognised as a source of plastic-degrading microorganisms. TM-based plastic degradation is improved by co-feeding with food loss and waste as a dietary energy source, thus valorising these low-value substrates in a circular economy perspective. TM as a bioreactor is a valid alternative to traditional PHA recovery systems with the advantage of obtaining, in addition to highly pure PHA, protein biomass and rearing waste from which to produce fertilisers, chitin/chitosan, biochar and biodiesel. Finally, we describe the critical aspects of these TM-based approaches, mainly related to TM mass production, eventual food safety problems, possible release of microplastics and lack of dedicated legislation.

scholarly journals Multi-Scale Minero-Chemical Analysis of Biomass Ashes: A Key to Evaluating Their Dangers vs. Benefits

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6052
Author(s):  
Paola Comodi ◽  
Azzurra Zucchini ◽  
Umberto Susta ◽  
Costanza Cambi ◽  
Riccardo Vivani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Rietveld Analysis ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Amorphous Content ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Italian Law ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Mineralogical Study ◽  
The One

A multi-methodic analysis was performed on five samples of fly ashes coming from different biomasses. The aim of the study was to evaluate their possible re-use and their dangerousness to people and the environment. Optical granulometric analyses indicated that the average diameter of the studied fly ashes was around 20 µm, whereas only ~1 vol% had diameters lower that 2.5 µm. The chemical composition, investigated with electron probe microanalysis, indicated that all the samples had a composition in which Ca was prevalent, followed by Si and Al. Large contents of K and P were observed in some samples, whereas the amount of potentially toxic elements was always below the Italian law thresholds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were completely absent in all the samples coming from combustion plants, whereas they were present in the fly ashes from the gasification center. Quantitative mineralogical content, determined by Rietveld analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data, indicated that all the samples had high amorphous content, likely enriched in Ca, and several K and P minerals, such as sylvite and apatite. The results obtained from the chemo-mineralogical study performed make it possible to point out that biomass fly ashes could be interesting materials (1) for amendments in clayey soils, as a substitution for lime, to stimulate pozzolanic reactions and improve their geotechnical properties, thus, on the one hand, avoiding the need to mine raw materials and, on the other hand, re-cycling waste; and (2) as agricultural fertilizers made by a new and ecological source of K and P.

Direct Fluorescent Detection of Organothiophosphorus Pesticides and Some of Their Sulfur-containing Breakdown Products After Thin Layer Chromatography

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1088-1098
Author(s):  
Mohamed Tawfik H Ragab
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Fluorescent Detection ◽  
Bromine Vapor ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Dark Blue

Abstract A rapid, simple, convenient, and widely applicable method for the direct fluorescent detection of organothiophosphorus pesticides and some postulated breakdown products of these compounds is presented. The coinpounds were spotted on thin layer chromatographic sheets, developed in ethyl acetate :nhexane, and made visible by exposure to bromine vapor followed by spraying with ferric chloride and 2-(o-hydroxy phenyl) benzoxazole. Of the 47 compounds tested, 32 compounds produced fluorescent blue spots vinder longwave ultraviolet light; these consisted of 25 organothiophosphorus pesticides, 5 sulfur-containing breakdown products, and phosphoric and hypophosphorous acids. A superimposed Congo red spray destroyed the fluorescence and resulted in dark blue spots against a red backgrovind. The sensitivity of this method is in the range of 0.2 to 5.0 μg, depending on the specific compound.

Interlaboratory Validation of a Real-Time PCR 24-Hour Rapid Method for Detection of Salmonella in Foods

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 945-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHORNG-MING CHENG ◽  
KHANH T. VAN ◽  
WEN LIN ◽  
RICHARD M. RUBY
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Manual Method ◽  
Qpcr Method ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Interlaboratory Validation ◽  
Chili Powder ◽  
The One

The efficacy of a 24-h Salmonella real-time, or quantitative, PCR (qPCR) detection method was assessed through a collaborative effort involving eight Federal and state laboratories. Eleven foods including mashed potatoes, soft cheese, chili powder, chocolate, eggs, sprouts, apple juice, fish, shrimp, ground beef, and ground chicken were tested. For each food, seven blind samples were distributed to each participant for testing. These included six samples equivalently inoculated with 1 to 5 CFU/25 g of various serotypes of Salmonella (Gaminara, Weltevreden, Heidelberg, Senftenberg, Enteritidis, Newport, Typhimurium, and Kentucky for each food) and 10 to 50 CFU/25 g of the competitor Enterobacter cloacae. The seventh sample was inoculated with 10 to 50 CFU/25 g of the competitor, E. cloacae, only. These samples were tested for Salmonella by using four methods in parallel: (i) 24-h qPCR method detecting Salmonella from modified buffered peptone water enrichment medium; (ii) 48-h qPCR method detecting Salmonella from a secondary selective enrichment broth; (iii) modified Bacteriological Analytical Manual method; and (iv) VIDAS, an immunoassay system. The results of the statistical analysis showed there was no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference between either of the qPCR methods and the modified Bacteriological Analytical Manual method for 10 of 11 foods. For the one exception, sprouts, detection by qPCR required 48 h. Both qPCR methods showed a detection limit of 0.08 to 0.2 CFU/g. These results provide a solid basis for using this 24-h qPCR rapid screening method to detect Salmonella in foods.

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