Aflatoxicol and Aflatoxins B1 and M1 in the Tissues of Pigs Receiving Aflatoxin

1982 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 884-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary W Trucksess ◽  
Leonard Stoloff ◽  
William C Brumley ◽  
David M Wilson ◽  
Otha M Hale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Rice Culture ◽  
Kidney Liver

Abstract Aflatoxicol (AFL) and aflatoxins B1 and M1 were found in tissues (kidney, liver, and muscle) of feeder pigs given an estimated LD50 oral dose of B1 (1.0 mg/kg body weight) provided as a rice culture of Aspergillus flavus and of market-weight pigs fed a naturally contaminated feed, containing aflatoxin Bi at a level of 400 ng/g from corn, for 14 days. The residues in all tissues decreased with time after treatment in both groups, with no detectable residues (approximate detection limits, ng/g, B1 0.03, M1 0.05, AFL 0.01) in pig tissues from the feeding experiment 24 h after withdrawal of aflatoxin-contaminated feed. B1 and M1, when found in the feeding experiment, were at about the same levels in all tissues except the kidney, in which M1 was the dominant aflatoxin. The level of AFL, when detected, was about 10% of the B1 level.

Toxic effect and oral acute LD50 study of Nerium oleander in male guineapigs

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
MGA Chowdhury ◽  
A Azizunnesa ◽  
MA Hossain ◽  
ML Rahman ◽  
Q Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Group A

The toxic effect of Nerium oleander was studied in 36 male adult guineapigs during the period from July to December 1994. These 36 animals were divided into six equal groups (A to F), each consisting of six animals. Each animal of groups B to F was administered with a single oral dose of crude watery extract of sheath oleander @ 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 mg / kg body weight, respectively whereas animals of group A served as control. Each of the experimental animals was carefully observed and the toxic signs recorded as nausea, anorexia, dullness, depression, restlessness, abdominal pain, salivation, reluctant to move, tremor, resting of chin on the ground, respiratory distress, paralysis of the limbs, recumbency, convulsion followed by death with characteristic groaning. It may be concluded that the lowest dose 300 mg / kg body weight is non lethal to the male guineapigs and the dose of 450, 600, 750 and 900 mg / kg body weight caused 17%, 50%, 83% and 100% mortality, respectively and the LD50 is 540 mg / kg body weight.Key words: Nerium oleander; toxic signs; oral acute LD50; guineapigsdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2562Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 159-161

Studies of the Toxicological Potential of Capsinoids, XI: Pharmacokinetic and Tissue Distribution Study of 14C-Dihydrocapsiate and Metabolites in Rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 3S-14S ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Bernard ◽  
Kazuyuki Ubukata ◽  
Ryuichi Mihara ◽  
Yoshiaki Sato ◽  
Hiroyuki Nemoto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Vanillic Acid ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Vanillyl Alcohol ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Distribution Study ◽  
Maximal Plasma ◽  
Tissue Distribution Study ◽  
Kidney Liver

Pharmacokinetics of a single gavage dose of 14C-labeled dihydrocapsiate (10 mg/kg) were investigated in male rats. Maximal plasma concentration was achieved in 40 minutes and exhibited an apparent half-life of 2.4 hours. Excretion of radioactivity in the urine, feces, and expired air was 78.2%, 19.4%, and 0.5% of the dose, respectively. Highest tissue concentrations were achieved in the kidney, liver, and blood; the data indicate that radioactivity accumulation following daily exposure at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight is unlikely. Radioactivity in the plasma was associated with metabolites and their conjugates, probably vanillyl alcohol, vanillic acid, glucuronide of vanillyl alcohol, sulphate of vanillyl alcohol, and sulphate of vanillic acid. These results suggest dihydrocapsiate is metabolized by hydrolysis in the gut, or esterase or other enzymes in the blood, and the metabolites were rapidly absorbed and converted to their conjugates in the liver and eliminated by the kidneys into the urine.

Effects of Feeding Diets Containing Sucrose, Cellobiose or Glucose on the Dry Weights of Cleaned Gastrointestinal Organs in the Rat

1958 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie Fischer Moinuddin ◽  
Helen Wing-Tsit Lee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Stomach Weight ◽  
Feeding Diets

Compared to feeding basal (67%) cornstarch or 25% glucose or 25% sucrose diets, feeding a 15% cellobiose diet to rats for 4–5 weeks resulted in diarrhea, smaller body weight gains, greater small gut weight relative to body weight, greater absolute and relative weights of the cecum and of the colon plus rectum, and several differences in stomach weight. In a separate 4–4 1/2-week feeding experiment, the absolute and relative weights of the stomach in three dietary groups were in the order: 67% glucose > 67% sucrose > 67% cornstarch. Also 67% sucrose exceeded 67% cornstarch in absolute and relative small gut weights and in small gut weight: length ratio.

scholarly journals Chondrotoxicity and Toxicokinetics of Sparfloxacin in Juvenile Rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1470-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Stahlmann ◽  
Uta Zippel ◽  
Christian Förster ◽  
Rudolf Schwabe ◽  
Mehdi Shakibaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Joint Cartilage ◽  
Juvenile Rats ◽  
Cartilage Lesions ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies ◽  
Oral Doses

ABSTRACT Sparfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone with improved antibacterial activity against gram-positive pathogens. Like other quinolones, use of this drug is contraindicated in children and adolescents because of its potential chondrotoxicity in juveniles. We performed histological and immunohistochemical studies on the knee joint cartilage in 5-week-old rats after treatment with 600 or 1,800 mg of sparfloxacin/kg of body weight. Treatment with single or multiple oral doses of 600 mg of sparfloxacin/kg was not sufficient to induce joint cartilage lesions. However, five of eight rats treated with a single oral dose of 1,800 mg of sparfloxacin/kg of body weight showed typical cartilage lesions in the femoral part of the knee joint. The concentrations of the drug in plasma measured 0.25, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after the administration of an oral dose of 600 mg of sparfloxacin/kg were 6.3 ± 1.8, 9.2 ± 1.7, 9.6 ± 2.7, 13.0 ± 1.8, 12.3 ± 1.6, 3.4 ± 0.4, and 0.30 ± 0.20 mg/liter, respectively (mean ± standard deviation [SD];n = 5 to 6 per group). The concentrations in plasma measured 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h after the administration of an oral dose of 1,800 mg of sparfloxacin/kg were 10.9 ± 1.5, 15.9 ± 1.6, 19.1 ± 1.7, 14.9 ± 3.1, 4.1 ± 0.6, and 0.46 ± 0.37 mg/liter, respectively (mean ± SD;n = 3 to 4 per group). The concentrations of sparfloxacin in joint cartilage were significantly higher at all time points studied (114.8 ± 80, 99.4 ± 31.5, 84.9 ± 16.8, 44.4 ± 13.9, and 14.2 ± 4.8 mg of sparfloxacin/kg at 1.5, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h after the administration of 1,800 mg/kg, respectively). The range of concentrations in bone were similar to the range of concentrations in cartilage (peak, 115 ± 12 mg/kg after 3 h). Our data indicate that chondrotoxic doses of sparfloxacin in juvenile rats are approximately 300 times higher than the doses of sparfloxacin used therapeutically (1,800 versus approximately 6 mg/kg of body weight), but due to species differences in kinetics, concentrations in plasma differ by a factor of only approximately 15. More data on quinolone concentrations in cartilage from animals and humans could provide a better basis for a reasonable risk assessment.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Activity and Toxicological Assessment of Betula alnoides Extract against Plasmodium berghei Infections in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prapaporn Chaniad ◽  
Tachpon Techarang ◽  
Arisara Phuwajaroanpong ◽  
Chuchard Punsawad
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Stem Extract ◽  
Betula Alnoides ◽  
Dose Levels

The resistance of malaria parasites to the current antimalarial drugs has led to the search for novel effective drugs. Betula alnoides has been traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, but the scientific evidence to substantiate this claim is still lacking. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the antimalarial activity and toxicity of an aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides in a mouse model. The in vivo antimalarial activity of an aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides was determined by a 4-day suppressive test in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei ANKA. The B. alnoides extract was administered orally at different doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight. The levels of parasitaemia, survival time, body weight change, and food and water consumption of the mice were determined. The acute toxicity of the extract was assessed in the mice for 14 days after the administration of a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg. An aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides exhibited a significant dose-dependent reduction of parasitaemia in P. berghei-infected mice at all dose levels compared to the reduction in the negative control. Extract doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight suppressed the levels of parasitaemia by 46.90, 58.39, and 71.26%, respectively. The extract also significantly prolonged the survival times of the P. berghei-infected mice compared to the survival times of the negative control mice. In addition, at all dose levels, the extract prevented body weight loss in P. berghei-infected mice. For the acute toxicity, there were no significant alterations in the biochemical parameters and in the histopathology. In conclusion, the aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides possesses antimalarial properties. A single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight had no significant toxic effects on the function and structure of the kidneys and liver. These results support its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria.

scholarly journals Assessment of Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Oxidant Activities of Tinospora Cordifolia & Juglans Regia Composite Extract in STZ Induced Diabetes in Wistar Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 1681-1693
Author(s):  
Kapil Kumar ◽  
Praveen K Dixit ◽  
Harshit Takru ◽  
Nagarajan K
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Kidney Liver

The present study explored the assessment of the antidiabetic potential of Tinospora cordifolia & Juglans regia composite extract in STZ induced diabetes in wistar rats. As streptozotocin -associated infiltrations of increase glucose level has been reported to be responsible for diabetes. We evaluated the glucose lowering potential of Tinospora cordifolia & Juglans regia on the basis of its anti-diabetic property. Rats were administered streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p., once) with nicotinamide (120mg/kg) to induce experimental toxicity. The development of diabetes was assessed biochemically as well as histologically 72 hours after induction of diabetes. Body weight and blood glucose levels were determined in (0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th) days. Serum lipid profile and enzyme estimated, (kidney, liver, pancreas) tissue was measured at the end of the experimental period. Treatment with composite extracts TCAE high dose (350 gm/kg b.w.) & JRAE high dose (800 mg/kg b.w.) and TCHE high dose (350 gm/kg b.w.) & JRHE high dose (800 mg/kg b.w.) were noted to be more effective against the streptozotocin- induced toxicity as compared to Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.w.). it may be concluded that streptozotocin-induced glucose may be accountable for the induction of diabetes toxicity in rats. Interestingly, improvement in body weight, glucose level, lipid profiles, biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in kidney, liver and pancreas was observed following herbal treatment in STZ induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, composite extract of TCAE (350mg/kg b.w.) & JRAE (800mg/kg b.w.) was found to be efficacious than the composite extract of TCHE (350mg/kg b.w.) & JRHE (800mg/kg b.w.).

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic Study of Modafinil in Relation to Gender and Ethnicity in Healthy Young Chinese Volunteers

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Guo ◽  
Longshan Zhao ◽  
Dong-Ya Xia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body

Purpose. The pharmacokinetics of modafinil were investigated in relation to gender and ethnicity in healthy young volunteers from Han, Mongolian, Korean, Uygur and Hui ( n = 10/group) following administration of a single 200 mg oral dose. Methods. Blood samples were collected over 48 h for the determination of plasma levels of modafinil and its acid metabolite by High performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using noncompartmental methods. Results. Modafinil was well tolerated and safe at a single oral dose of 200 mg. All participants reported adverse events, none of which was serious or unexpected. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve for modafinil concentration versus time, which was extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞), were higher in women compared to men (p < 0.01). No gender-based difference was noted in the total body weight-normalized modafinil oral clearance. The total body weight-normalized modafinil apparent volume of distribution and the t1/2 was found to exhibit an ethnicity-based significant difference. Conclusion. The results of the current study suggest that there might be pharmacokinetic differences related to gender and ethnicity in the pharmacokinetics of modafinil.

Analgesic Activity of Tragia involucrata

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Alimuzzaman ◽  
Muniruddin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Tail Flick ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Whole Plant

The work was carried out to investigate the analgesic activity of the whole plant of Tragia involucrata Linn. The dried whole plant was successively extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol. Experiments were carried out with these extracts for their peripheral and central antinociceptive potentials on acetic acid induced writhing and radiant heat tail-flick models in mice, respectively. Both the ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts showed significant writhing inhibition while the elongation of tail-flick time was most prominent with methanolic extract at an oral dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. Key words: Tragia involucrata, Analgesic activity, Acetic acid induced writhing, Radiant heat tail-flick. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. Vol.4(1) 2005 The full text is of this article is available at the Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. website

The Effects of Dietary Vitamin C Levels on Tissue Ascorbic Acid Concentration and Growth in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.1758)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysun KOP
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽  
Sea Bass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
European Sea Bass ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Kidney Liver

The effect of different dietary levels of L-ascorbic acid on the growth and vitamin C concentration in the tissue of European Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.1753) with an initial body weight of 4.6±1.1 g was studied. Four practical diets were formulated to containing 10 (AA10), 25 (AA25), 42 (AA42) and 65 (AA65) mg ascorbic acid equivalent kg-1 diet. The results of a 20 week feeding trial showed that typical vitamin C-deficiency signs and high mortality in the fish fed with the AA10 diet. The fish fed with AA42 (42 mg kg-1 AA diet) showed a significantly higher final body weight than the other diets (P less than 0.05) and the concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) in the brain of these fish were higher than in the other experimental group (P less than 0.05). In this study, the amount of storage in the organs occurred in this order: brain, kidney, liver.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Ethionamide in Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 4594-4600 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thee ◽  
H. I. Seifart ◽  
B. Rosenkranz ◽  
A. C. Hesseling ◽  
K. Magdorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Maximum Serum ◽  
Antituberculosis Treatment ◽  
Dose Recommendations

ABSTRACTEthionamide (ETH), a second-line antituberculosis drug, is frequently used in treating childhood tuberculosis. Data supporting ETH dose recommendations in children are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters for ETH in children on antituberculosis treatment including ETH. ETH serum levels were prospectively assessed in 31 children in 3 age groups (0 to 2 years, 2 to 6 years, and 6 to 12 years). Within each age group, half received rifampin (RMP). Following an oral dose of ETH (15 to 20 mg/kg of body weight), blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h following 1 and 4 months of ETH therapy. The maximum serum concentration (Cmax), time toCmax(Tmax), and area under the time-concentration curve from 0 to 6 h (AUC0–6) were calculated. Younger children were exposed to lower ETH concentrations than older children at the same mg/kg body weight dose. Age correlated significantly with the AUC after both 1 month (r= 0.50,P= 0.001) and 4 months (r= 0.63,P= 0.001) of therapy. There was no difference in the AUC orCmaxbetween children receiving concomitant treatment with RMP and those who did not. Time on treatment did not influence the pharmacokinetic parameters of ETH following 1 and 4 months of therapy. HIV infection was associated with lower ETH exposure. In conclusion, ETH at an oral dose of 15 to 20 mg/kg results in sufficient serum concentrations compared to current adult recommended levels in the majority of children across all age groups. ETH levels were influenced by young age and HIV status but were not affected by concomitant RMP treatment and duration of therapy.

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