scholarly journals 56 Impact of Electronically-Controlled Cooling Pads on Physiological Signs of Heat Stress in Early Lactation Sows

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 152-153
Author(s):  
Flannery J Whitmore ◽  
Allan P Schinckel ◽  
Robert Stwalley ◽  
Tyler Field ◽  
Morgan Burgett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Controlled Cooling ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Time Parity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The study objective was to evaluate the impact of electronically controlled cooling pads on physiological measurements of heat stress during early lactation. Twelve sows (d 3 to 11 of lactation) were provided with a specially designed cooling pad. Sows randomly received no cooling (CONTROL, n=6) or pads set to flush 2L cool water every 30s when aluminum plate reached 29.5°C (TREAT, n=6). Respiration rates (RR), rectal temperatures (RT) and skin temperatures (ST, 15 cm posterior to the ear) were recorded daily (0700 and 1500 h) for seven days of early lactation. Feed intake (DFI) was measured daily at 0700 h. RR, RT, and ST were fitted to a model that included the effects of day, time, parity, cooling pad treatment, and interactions. DFI was fitted to the same model, excluding time of day. For RR: treatment, day, time, treatment by day, treatment by time, and day by time interactions were significant (P< 0.0004, CONTROL=49, TREAT= 30). Pad treatment had greater impact on RR during the first two days of the trial when the temperature was greater (32°C maximum CONTROL mean=66 vs. TREAT mean=30) than the following five days: 42, and 30 respectively). There was greater treatment impact on RR at 1500 versus 0700 h (0700 h: CONTROL= 35, TREAT= 25; 1500 h: CONTROL= 61, TREAT= 36). For RT: treatment, day, time, parity and interaction of day by time were significant (P< 0.01, CONTROL= 37, treat= 35.). For ST: treatment, day, time, parity and the interactions of time by parity, treatment by time, and day by time were significant (P< 0.0006, mean CONTROL=36.5, TREAT= 35.1). For DFI: day and the interaction of day by treatment were significant. The difference in feed intake between treatments increased as day increased. The use of electronically controlled cooling pads reduced measures of heat stress in early lactating sows.

PSIII-11 Evaluating the Performance of Grow-finish Pigs Supplemented with Butipearl® Z and Kemtrace® Chromium During Natural Heat Stress Exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 174-174
Author(s):  
Mark Knauer ◽  
Venkatesh Mani ◽  
Tom Marsteller ◽  
Vanessa Iseri ◽  
Brian Kremer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Curvilinear Relationships ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Heat stress (HS) severely impacts swine leading to compromised barrier integrity, diminished intestinal health and decreased performance. ButiPEARL® Z (BPZ) is an encapsulated formulation of zinc and butyrate shown to alleviate the impact of HS by improving intestinal health. KemTRACE® Chromium (KTCr) is an organic trace mineral shown to decrease the impact of stress and improve glucose utilization, leading to muscle growth and improved performance. To test the efficacy of BPZ and KTCr on mitigating stress from natural heat exposure, a grow-finish trial was conducted from June-September. There were four treatments: negative control (NC), NC+.45kg BPZ, NC+.91kg BPZ and NC+1.82kg BPZ. Three BPZ treatments were also supplemented with 200ppb KTCr. Pigs (n=480) were randomly assigned to 96 pens at 22.5kg. Performance was measured at d0, 28, 56 and at marketing. From d56 to market, ADFI was greater (P< 0.05) for 0.45kg and 0.91kg BPZ when compared to NC and 1.82kg BPZ (3.40 and 3.35 vs. 3.26 and 3.27kg, respectively). Therefore, relationships between ADFI day 56 to market and ADFI day 0 to market with BPZ level were curvilinear (P< 0.05). Both market weight and overall ADG tended (P< 0.10) to have curvilinear relationships with BPZ level. While not different, 0.45kg and .91kg BPZ supplemented pigs were .97kg and 1.25kg heavier, respectively, on marketing day compared to control. No differences (P >0.10) were observed for Feed:Gain. Part of the negative effects of HS include decrease in feed intake which contributes to intestinal damage and decreased performance. Data from this study show that both treatment combinations were able to improve feed intake and decrease stress which might have led to the improved weight gain at the end. The data provides evidence that the combination of BPZ and KTCr may alleviate the negative effects of HS and help with the performance of grow-finish pigs during heat stress.

Behavioural effects of yearling grain-finished heifers exposed to differing environmental conditions and growth-promoting agents

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Mader ◽  
J. B. Gaughan ◽  
W. M. Kreikemeier ◽  
A. M. Parkhurst
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Growth Promotants

Two groups of 108 Angus cross yearling heifers were utilised to determine the effects of growth-promoting agents on behaviour, when utilised under thermoneutral, hot and cold environmental conditions. Pens of heifers were observed throughout the day for feed intake pattern via bunk score, panting (hot), degree of bunching and shivering (cold). For cattle that were exposed to cold stress, feed intake was greater earlier in the day, with the majority of the feed consumed by 1500 hours and little or no feed consumed at night, while the opposite trend occurred under heat stress. Nearly 46% of the pens containing heat-stressed heifers had greater than 50% of their feed remaining in the bunk at 1900 hours. Pens of heifers exposed to thermoneutral conditions had a tendency to show elevated panting scores at 0700 hours, while heifers exposed to hot conditions did not, indicating some acclimation to heat stress had already taken place for the heifers exposed to hot conditions. Panting score did not appear to be affected by growth-promoting treatment. Under cold stress, 100% of the cattle displayed bunching behaviour throughout the day, while under hot and thermoneutral conditions, maximum bunching (25 to 30%) occurred at 1500 hours. Within an environmental condition, trenbolone acetate cattle tended to bunch more under thermoneutral and hot conditions, particularly in the morning, when compared with other treatment groups; control and oestrogen-treated cattle tended to bunch less under the same conditions, regardless of the time of day. Although data were inconclusive as to overall effects of growth promotants on mitigating cold stress, shivering scores were increased with a more aggressive growth-promoting treatment (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that if growth promotants, which are used in feedlot cattle, impact cattle exposed to adverse environmental conditions, then they tend to be more effective at mitigating heat stress than cold stress.

PSII-2 Daily patterns for respiration rates and internal temperatures of heat stressed lactating sows with or without electronically controlled cooling pads

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 321-321
Author(s):  
Jason R Graham ◽  
Michaiah J Galvin ◽  
Taylor L Jansen ◽  
Tyler C Field ◽  
Robert M Stwalley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Controlled Cooling ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Periodic Regression ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Lactating sows are especially sensitive to heat stress (HS) due to high metabolic demands resulting from milk output. Therefore, there is a need to develop effective cooling technologies that reduce the impact of HS on lactating sows. The study objective was to determine whether electronically controlled cooling pads (ECP) would allow sows to remain euthermic under HS conditions. Twelve multiparous (2.69 ± 0.85) lactating sows (265.4 ± 26.1 kg) and litters (11.4 ± 0.7 piglets/litter) were assigned to either a non-functional ECP (NECP; n = 6) or an ECP (n = 6), housed in farrowing crates, and tested over two repetitions. Sows were provided feed and water ad libitum and all sows were exposed to HS (28.27 ± 1.42°C nighttime to 35.14 ± 0.70°C daytime). Body temperature (TB), was measured hourly using vaginal implants, and respiration rate (RR) was measured in 30 min intervals from 0600 to 2100 hrs over 2 d representing mid- and late lactation. Mixed model periodic regression equations were fitted to the TB and RR to time. The final model for TB included the effect of replicate, random effect of sow, day of lactation as a covariate, single-phase sine and cosine variables for each treatment and 2-phase sine and cosine periodic regression variables. The final model for RR included the random effect of sow, effect of treatment, replicate, day of lactation, sleeping, and single-phase sine and cosine functions for each treatment. An interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between treatment and sine or cosine was observed for TB. For RR there was no interaction for treatment and cosine (P = 0.07), but an interaction (P &lt; 0.05; -9.94) was observed for sine. The significant treatment by wavelength interactions observed indicate a change in RR and TB patterns when sows are placed on ECPs.

Conflicts and Consistencies in Creativity Research and Teaching

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareike B. Wieth ◽  
Andrea P. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Creativity Research ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Everyday Creativity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

The interdisciplinary topic of creativity is both fascinating and controversial. In this review, we begin by highlighting the many ways that researchers conceptualize and define creativity, focusing in particular on the difference between everyday creativity and creativity associated with exceptional breakthroughs in thinking. In addition, we discuss the role of divergent and convergent creativity and the role that domain knowledge plays in creativity. Furthermore, we highlight how specific factors such as individual differences and time of day influence creativity. We conclude by discussing the impact of current educational practices on creativity in psychology classrooms.

scholarly journals Heat stress-induced deficits in growth, metabolic efficiency, and cardiovascular function coincided with chronic systemic inflammation and hypercatecholaminemia in ractopamine-supplemented feedlot lambs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M Swanson ◽  
Richard G Tait ◽  
Beth M Galles ◽  
Erin M Duffy ◽  
Ty B Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Feedlot Lambs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Heat stress hinders growth and well-being in livestock, an effect that is perhaps exacerbated by the β1 agonist ractopamine. Heat stress deficits are mediated in part by reduced feed intake, but other mechanisms involved are less understood. Our objective was to determine the direct impact of heat stress on growth and well-being in ractopamine-supplemented feedlot lambs. Commercial wethers were fed under heat stress (40 °C) for 30 d, and controls (18 °C) were pair-fed. In a 2 × 2 factorial, lambs were also given a daily gavage of 0 or 60 mg ractopamine. Growth, metabolic, cardiovascular, and stress indicators were assessed throughout the study. At necropsy, 9th to 12th rib sections (four-rib), internal organs, and feet were assessed, and sartorius muscles were collected for ex vivo glucose metabolic studies. Heat stress increased (P &lt; 0.05) rectal temperatures and respiration rates throughout the study and reduced (P &lt; 0.05) weight gain and feed efficiency over the first week, ultrasonic loin-eye area and loin depth near the end of the study, and four-rib weight at necropsy. Fat content of the four-rib and loin were also reduced (P &lt; 0.05) by heat stress. Ractopamine increased (P &lt; 0.05) loin weight and fat content and partially moderated the impact of heat stress on rectal temperature and four-rib weight. Heat stress reduced (P &lt; 0.05) spleen weight, increased (P &lt; 0.05) adrenal and lung weights, and was associated with hoof wall overgrowth but not organ lesions. Ractopamine did not affect any measured indicators of well-being. Heat stress reduced (P &lt; 0.05) blood urea nitrogen and increased (P &lt; 0.05) circulating monocytes, granulocytes, and total white blood cells as well as epinephrine, TNFα, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Cortisol and insulin were not affected. Heat stress reduced (P &lt; 0.05) blood pressure and heart rates in all lambs and increased (P &lt; 0.05) left ventricular wall thickness in unsupplemented but not ractopamine-supplemented lambs. No cardiac arrhythmias were observed. Muscle glucose uptake did not differ among groups, but insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in muscle from heat-stressed lambs. These findings demonstrate that heat stress impairs growth, metabolism, and well-being even when the impact of feed intake is eliminated by pair-feeding and that systemic inflammation and hypercatecholaminemia likely contribute to these deficits. Moreover, ractopamine improved muscle growth indicators without worsening the effects of heat stress.

scholarly journals Evaluating a New Shade for Feedlot Cattle Performance and Heat Stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1301-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan D. Hayes ◽  
Tami M. Brown-Brandl ◽  
Roger A. Eigenberg ◽  
Larry A. Kuehn ◽  
R. Mark Thallman
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Ground Temperature ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Black Globe Temperature ◽  
Cattle Performance

Abstract. Heat stress in cattle results in decreased feed intake, lower daily gain, and potentially death in susceptible animals under intense conditions. A study was carried out during the summer of 2013 at the USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center feedlot evaluating the impact of shade on environmental conditions and cattle performance. A novel two-tiered shade was used in half of the 14 pens, each holding 30 animals. The shades were designed to reduce solar heat load by 40% to 60% and to provide traveling shade across the pen, providing varied amounts of shade area as well as varied solar reduction potential. The objective of this study was to determine if the shade was effective at improving performance (evaluated as average daily gain, feed intake, and feed to gain ratio) and reducing environmental conditions that cause heat stress. A group of mixed-breed cattle with varied genetics including both and were selected, penned on the basis of sex, and blocked by color. Production parameters of pen feed usage were measured daily, and individual body weights were taken monthly. Environmental conditions including air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, ground temperature, and black globe temperature with and without shade were measured. Solar load on the pens was reduced when shade was provided, with both ground temperature and black globe temperature showing reductions. Cattle showed nominally better performance; however, no significant differences were found in gain or feed intake. Panting scores were significantly lower with shade provided; slopes of cattle respiration rate versus ambient temperature were significantly lower with shade during the afternoon period. Keywords: Cattle, Feedlot, Heat stress, Respiration, Shade.

PSI-9 Evaluation of an Electronically-controlled Floor Cooling Pad on Semen Quality in Boars During Moderate Heat Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 222-223
Author(s):  
Hailey M Hedrick ◽  
Larissa K Shirley ◽  
Tyler Fields ◽  
Allan P Schinckel ◽  
Jay S Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Controlled Cooling ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Motion Parameters ◽  
Kinematic Motion

Abstract Heat stress (HS) decreases semen quality and production in boars. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate the use of electronically-controlled cooling pads to reduce the negative effects of HS on semen quality. Boars (n=24) were randomly allotted to two treatment groups: boars housed on a non-functional cooling pad (CON) or pads flushing water every 8 minutes or when the pad reached 28.5°C (FLUSH). For 3 d, boars were subjected to cyclical HS (28 to 32°C; &gt;50% relative humidity). Semen was collected for 7 weeks (2 weeks prior to determine baseline semen parameters, the day after HS, and weekly for 4 weeks post HS), and evaluated for volume, sperm concentration, motility, progressive motility, morphology, viability, and kinematic motion parameters. FLUSH boars had higher semen volumes compared to CON (P=0.011) without a corresponding increase in total sperm produced (P=0.852). Boars in FLUSH had higher motility in all weeks (87.0–90.8%) when compared to CON boars. FLUSH boars had higher motility starting in week 4 after HS compared to CON (P=0.017). No differences in progressive motility or kinematic motion parameters were found. There was a tendency for FLUSH boars to have a higher percent normal morphology compared to CON boars (83.1 vs 77.5%, P=0.083) resulting from decreased proximal and distal droplets in the FLUSH boars (P=0.029 and P=.0014, respectively). During week 2 post HS, there was a tendency for FLUSH boars to have a lower percentage of non-viable cells compared to all other weeks for FLUSH and CON boars (P=0.088). Cooling pads were effective at reducing the negative impacts of HS on semen volume, motility, and morphological abnormalities.

scholarly journals Climate change and its impact on livestock: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
A. A. Saka ◽  
O. O. Awodola-Peters ◽  
T. A. Olaniyi ◽  
O. Y. Adedeji ◽  
M. O. Bolarinwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Changement Climatique ◽  
Stress Thermique ◽  
The Impact

As the demand for livestock products is on the increase due to improved standard of living, the fear of its negative effect of climate is also on the increase. The impact of climate change on livestock production was reviewed in this study. Livestock through contributes to the emissions which in turn has negative impact on livestock production. Humans, animals and mixed farming, produce emissions which contribute so much to the change in climate. Heat stress associated with climate change has an enormous effect on poultry production as it affects chicken growth and productivity as poultry meat and eggs play an important food security role across Africa and world at large. Understanding how farmers deal with the realities of poultry production due to climate change is critical. In pig production the influence of climate change may differ slightly depending on the breed types and locality but common problems are lack of water, pests and diseases, death of the animal at extreme heat stress and possible alteration in grazing behavior which will lead ultimately to decrease in feed intake and feed digestibility and efficiency of feed utilization which can be seen in terms of growth, pork yield and milk production. Ruminants which are the primary producers of methane (CH4) has many factors influencing these emissions such as level of feed intake, type of carbohydrate in the diet and feed processing. Manipulation of these factors can reduce methane emissions from cattle.     La demande de produits de bétail étant en agrandissement en raison de l'amélioration du niveau de vie, la crainte de son effet négatif sur le climat est également en augmentation. L'impact du changement climatique sur la production animale a été examiné dans cette étude. L'élevage contribue aux émissions qui à leur tour ont un impact négatif sur la production animale. Les humains, les animaux et l'agriculture mixte, produisent des émissions qui contribuent beaucoup au changement climatique. Le stress thermique associé au changement climatique a un effet énorme sur la production de volaille car il affecte la croissance et la productivité des poulets, car la viande et les œufs de volaille jouent un rôle important dans la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique et dans le monde en général. Il est essentiel de comprendre comment les agriculteurs gèrent les réalités de la production de volaille en raison du changement climatique. Dans la production porcine, l'influence du changement climatique peut différer légèrement selon le type de race et la localité, mais les problèmes courants sont le manque d'eau, les ravageurs et les maladies, la mort de l'animal en cas de stress thermique extrême et une éventuelle modification du comportement de pâturage qui entraînera finalement une diminution dans l'ingestion et la digestibilité des aliments et l'efficacité de l'utilisation des aliments qui peuvent être vus en termes de croissance, de rendement de porc et de production de lait. Les ruminants qui sont les principaux producteurs de méthane (CH4) ont de nombreux facteurs influençant ces émissions tels que le niveau de consommation alimentaire, le type de glucides dans l'alimentation et la transformation des aliments. La manipulation de ces facteurs peut réduire les émissions de méthane des bovins.

PSII-6 Electronically controlled cooling pads improve litter growth and thermoregulatory measures and increase total heat production in heat stressed lactating sows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 312-312
Author(s):  
Taylor L Jansen ◽  
Michaiah J Galvin ◽  
Tyler C Field ◽  
Jason R Graham ◽  
Robert M Stwalley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Controlled Cooling ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Lactating Sows

Abstract Heat stress (HS) decreases lactation output in sows due to an attempt to reduce metabolic heat production; however, this negatively affects litter growth performance. Therefore, the study objective was to determine whether electronically controlled cooling pads (ECP) would improve indirect measures of lactation output (e.g., metabolic heat production) and litter growth performance in HS exposed sows. Over two repetitions, 12 multiparous (2.69 ± 0.85) lactating sows (265.4 ± 26.1 kg) and litters were assigned to either an ECP (n = 6) or a non-functional ECP (NECP; n = 6) and placed into farrowing crates within indirect calorimeters from d 3.7 ± 0.5 to d 18.7 ± 0.5 of lactation. Litters were standardized across all sows (11.4 ± 0.7 piglets/litter), and sows were provided ad libitum feed and water. All sows were exposed to cyclical HS (28.27 ± 1.42°C nighttime to 35.14 ± 0.70°C daytime). On d 4, 8, 14, and 18 of lactation, indirect calorimetry was performed on each individual sow and litter to determine total heat production (THP). Body temperature (TB), was measured hourly using vaginal implants, and respiration rate (RR) was measured daily at 0700, 1100, 1300, 1500, and 1900 h. Litter weights were obtained at birth and weaning. An overall decrease (P &lt; 0.01; 25 bpm) in RR and maximum daily TB (P = 0.02; 0.40°C) was observed in ECP versus NECP sows. An increase in THP (P &lt; 0.01; 20.4%) and THP/kg0.75 (P &lt; 0.01; 23.1%) was observed for ECP when compared to NECP sows and litters. Litter growth rate was increased (P &lt; 0.01; 20.8%) in ECP versus NECP sows. In summary, the use of ECP improves litter growth, thermoregulatory measures, and bioenergetic parameters associated with greater milk production in lactating sows exposed to cyclical heat stress.

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