scholarly journals PSVII-14 Effects of birth characteristics, nursing behaviors, and supplemental milk on piglet pre-weaning growth and survival

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 213-214
Author(s):  
Courtney Moore Clemons ◽  
William Flowers
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Birth Characteristics ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Nursing Behaviors

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine effects of birth characteristics, nursing behaviors and an oral gavage of milk replacer on pre-weaning growth and survival of piglets. Sixty-one sows were monitored during farrowing and length, timing, order and other birth characteristics were recorded for 789 piglets. Nursing behaviors and body weights were obtained on days 1, 8, 15, and 21 of lactation. Pairs of piglets (n=205) nursing the same teats were selected and one was given 1 mL milk replacer at 24 hours postpartum while the other was the control. Birth weight (p< 0.0001) and teat location nursed (p< 0.0001) were significant sources of variation for both growth and survival. Both decreased (p< 0.05) as nursing location became more posterior. Piglets nursing the first pair of teats had the highest gain (5.43 + 0.13 kg) and survival (86.2%) while those nursing the seventh pair (3.82 + 0.18 kg and 67.1%) had the lowest. The largest piglets at birth (1.88 + 0.01 kg, n=204) had better (p< 0.05) growth (5.38 + 0.10 vs. 4.09 + 1.0 kg) and survival (91.1 vs 70.5%) compared with the smallest pigs (1.08 + 0.1 kg, n=207). Milk replacer did not influence piglet growth (p=0.84) but improved survival (84.9 vs 79.3%; p=0.04). Birth order (p >0.21), farrowing length (p >0.42) and birth interval (p >0.38) did not affect growth or survival. These results indicate that teat location and birth weight have significant effects on pre-weaning growth and survival while the duration, timing and order of piglet births do not and that an oral gavage of milk has potential for improving pre-weaning survival.

BODY WEIGHTS AND GAINS OF CALVES FROM PUREBRED AND CROSSBRED SHORTHORN COWS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. FAHMY ◽  
M. HIDIROGLOU
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Breed Group ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Group Sex

Body weights and average daily gains of 187 calves obtained by mating Angus × Shorthorn, Charolais × Shorthorn, Hereford × Shorthorn and Shorthorn cows with Shorthorn bulls were compared to evaluate the performance of the crossbred cows. Birth weights of calves from Hereford- and Charolais-sired crossbred cows (34.7 and 34.4 kg, respectively) were significantly heavier than those from the Angus cross (31.9 kg) or purebred Shorthorns (31.8 kg). The calves with Charolais ancestry weighed 209 kg at weaning and were 16, 18 and 32 kg (P < 0.05) heavier than those with Angus, Hereford or pure Shorthorn ancestry, respectively. They were also superior (P < 0.05) to the other three groups in preweaning average daily gains at three intervals. Breed group, sex, and parity were significant sources of variation in most of the traits studied. Phenotypic correlations between weights and gains were positive and highly significant. The highest estimate (0.89) was found between weights at 120 and 180 days of age.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF BREED AND CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON BIRTH AND WEANING TRAITS OF RANGE SHEEP

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Vesely ◽  
H. F. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Total Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Body Conformation ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Face ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Sources Of Variation

Data collected during a 4-year period from 830 lambs of the Rambouillet, Romnelet, Canadian Corriedale, and Romeldale breeds were used to estimate the effects of breed and certain environmental factors on birth weight, weaning weight, face cover, conformation, and condition score.Rambouillets ranked first in birth weight and weaning weight, had most wool on the face, and scored poorest in conformation. Romnelets ranked second in weaning weight, had least wool-covering on the face, and were judged superior to the other breeds in conformation and condition. Canadian Corriedales had heavier lambs at birth than Romeldales; however, the Romeldales were more open in the face and scored better in conformation and condition.Year was one of the major sources of variation in weaning weight and conformation. Breed and sex contributed largely to variation in face-cover score. Effects of birth and rearing type (single, twin, or twin raised singly) on birth weight, weaning weight, conformation, and condition were significant (P < 0.01) and accounted for a large part of the total variation in birth weight, weaning weight, and condition score. Age of dam had significant effects on birth weight (P < 0.01) and weaning weight (P < 0.05) but was relatively unimportant as a source of variation. Birth weight increased with advancing date of birth, and weaning weight, body conformation score, and condition score improved with age at weaning.The percentage of total variability (sum of squares) due to the fitting of constants for the factors studied was: birth weight, 47; weaning weight, 47; face cover, 19; conformation, 37; and condition, 24.

Reproductive performance and growth of Shorthorn purebred and crossbred cows

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Fahmy ◽  
G. Lalande ◽  
M. Hidiroglou
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
First Time ◽  
Maximum Body

SUMMARYData were obtained from 27 pure Shorthorn, 22 Angus × Shorthorn, 31 Charolais × Shorthorn and 27 Hereford × Shorthorn cows, during 10 years. Angus × Shorthorn cows required the least number of services per conception (1·17), had the shortest average gestation lengths (280·6 days), and had a calving percentage of 88·2% and birth weight of calf of 29·8 kg. The respective figures for Charolais × Shorthorn were 1·21 services, 281·6 days, 88·3% (the highest) and 32·9 kg (the heaviest), for Hereford × Shorthorn 1·23 services, 283·6 days, 84·4% and 31·6 kg, and for pure Shorthorn 1·20 services, 282·2 days, 82·7% and 29·6 kg. Average calf weight at birth increased with the advance in age of cow up to 5 years, then showed little change. Seventy-two per cent of the crossbred cows calved for the first time at 2 years old compared with 65% of the Shorthorns. On the other hand, Shorthorn cows had the highest twinning percentage (2·9%) and the lowest single calf mortality at birth (1·4%). The maximum body weights of Angus, Charolais, and Hereford crossbreds and Shorthorn cows were 576·8, 655·8, 6254 and 553·8 kg respectively at 7–8 years of age.

The comparative productivity of five ewe breeds. 1. Lamb growth and survival

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (104) ◽  
pp. 272 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Lamb Growth

An experiment was conducted at Temora Agricultural Research Station to compare birth weights, growth rates to weaning, and survival of lambs from five breeds. These data formed part of a larger study comparing the productivity of these breeds as possible dual-purpose ewe breeds. The breeds were a Border Leicester X Merino fixed halfbred (BLM), Corriedale, Polwarth, and a South Australian strong wool (S.A. Merino) and a medium wool Peppin strain of Merino. The descending order of ranking of the breeds on birth weight and growth rate to weaning was BLM, Corriedale, S.A. Merino, Polwarth and Peppin Merino. A significant breed x year interaction in pre-weaning growth rate was recorded, since the absolute differences between breeds increased as the overall mean growth rate increased. Breed means for the survival rate of single-born lambs ranged from 80.7 to 86.4 lambs weaned per 100 lambs born and they were not significantly different from each other. The mean survival rate of multipleborn lambs from the S.A. Merino and Polwarth breeds were 65.0 and 69.5 respectively, and these were significantly lower than the survival rate of multiples from the other breeds (76.8 to 80.4). Within breeds, birth weight was found to be positively related to survival at low birth weights but negatively related to survival at high body weights

HEIFER GROWTH IN SEVERAL STRAINS OF HOLSTEINS AND AYRSHIRES AND IN PROGENY OF AYRSHIRE COWS MATED TO BROW SWISS AND NORWEGIAN RED BULLS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. LEE ◽  
A. J. McALLISTER ◽  
T. R. BATRA ◽  
A. E. EMSLEY ◽  
J. P. F. DARISSE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Key Words ◽  
The Other ◽  
Season Of Birth ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Key Words Growth ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
First Time

Body weights and measurements were compared among several genetic groups from the 496 Holstein-based H line heifers and 344 Ayrshire-based A line heifers. Differences among herds (Charlottetown, P.E.I., Lennoxville and Normandin, Que.; Ottawa, Ont., and Lethbridge, Alta) were large and highly significant (P < 0.01) for age at first calving and all weights and measurements except birth weight. Year and season of birth effects were small and generally not significant (P > 0.05). Birth weights were 4.1 kg lighter for calves from first parity dams and 1.4 kg lighter for second parity dams than fourth or later parity dams. Heifers calving at earlier ages for the first time were generally heavier and larger at 66 and 82 wk than those calving later, reflecting the effects of concurrent pregnancy. H line heifers were significantly heavier and larger in all measurements than A line heifers. Differences among the Canadian, American, and Research Branch Holstein sire groups were small and generally not significant (P > 0.05). Brown Swiss progeny were significantly (P < 0.05) taller at the withers and longer in the rump and generally larger than progeny of other A line sire groups. Norwegian Red progeny were the most similar to the Brown Swiss, followed by the other Ayrshire groups. Key words: Growth, heifers, Holsteins, Ayrshires, Brown Swiss, Norwegian Red

INFLUENCE OF FEED ALLOWANCE DURING PREGNANCY ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF EWES AND GROWTH OF SUCKLED AND ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. LODGE ◽  
D. P. HEANEY
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Ad Libitum

Eighty mature ewes (Rambouillet × Columbia type) were allocated on the basis of initial weight among four pregnancy treatments: (T1) fed a maintenance level throughout; (T2) fed the same total as T1 but distributed so as to increase exponentially from 15% below maintenance post-mating to 57% above maintenance by parturition; (T3) fed 80% of maintenance throughout; (T4) the same as T3 except ewes were resheared after mating. At lambing each treatment group was subdivided so that half the ewes reared their lambs, while those from the other half were reared, from within 16 h of birth, on milk replacer to 7 wk of age. Postpartum feed allowances for the ewes were ad libitum for the first 35 days, after which those not lactating were reduced to maintenance while those suckling lambs were given a recommended allowance for lactation. From 9 to 12 wk, all were fed a maintenance level. All ewes lost weight from conception to immediate postpartum but there were highly significant differences between treatments, with treatment 2 losing the least (4.5%) and treatment 4 losing the most (25%). Lamb birth weights were also significantly different, with treatment 2 heavier and treatments 3 and 4 lighter than treatment 1. Among suckled lambs, survival was 100% on treatments 1 and 2 but only 67 and 44%, respectively, on treatments 3 and 4. With artificial rearing, survival on treatments 1 to 4, respectively, was 45, 80, 56 and 30%. Birth weight did not influence survival among artificially reared lambs but suckled lamb survivors were approximately 50% heavier at birth than those which died. Suckled lambs were 33% heavier at 12 wk than artificially reared lambs, partly through faster early growth but mainly through a growth check in the latter following termination of milk replacer at 7 wk.

Estimates of combining abilities and maternal influence in crosses between Merino, Ossimi and Barki sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Salah E. Galal ◽  
A. Aboul-Naga ◽  
E. A. Eltawil ◽  
E. S. Khishin
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
General Combining Ability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maternal Influence ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Lamb Survival ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Staple Length

SUMMARYA total of 523 lambing records were used to study general combining ability (g.c.a.), maternal ability and specific combining ability (s.c.a.) for three breeds of sheep, the native Ossimi and Barki and the Fleisch Merino. All possible combinations along with the pure breeds were represented. Traits studied were: birth, weaning (4-months) and yearling body weights; lamb survival at weaning; fleece weight and staple length.Ossimi showed the highest g.c.a. estimates for all traits except birth weight and fleece weight where Merino was the best, and survival where Barki was the best. Barki showed the worst g.c.a. in all traits except survival and staple length for which Merino had the lowest estimates.Barki exhibited the best maternal ability in weaning and yearling body weights and lamb survival, while Ossimi was best in the other traits. Merino was consistently worst in maternal ability. The two native breeds interacted more favourably with each other than with Merino in lamb production traits. Among the purebred lambs, the Ossimis performed the best in all traits except fleece weight where they were excelled by the Merinos. It was concluded that for marketing weights (i.e. weaning and yearling) and especially when viewed with respect to survival, the Ossimi × Barki cross offers the highest production; while for fleece weight the Merino × Ossimi is the best.

A comparison of the Charolais, British Friesian and Hereford breeds as sires of crossbred singlesuckled calves for beef production

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Haycock ◽  
D. A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Beef Cattle Production ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARYIn three successive years cows from an Aberdeen Angus cross Shorthorn herd were mated to pedigree Charolais, British Friesian and Hereford bulls. A comparison of the progeny of the three breeds of sire under controlled conditions was therefore possible using a random selection of dams for mating, and identical rearing of the calves. Results for live-weight gain of the suckled progeny were analysed and showed superiority of the Charolais breed over the other two when used in this form of beef cattle production.For birth weights and daily live-weight gains, particularly during the grazing period, the Charolais cross progeny showed superiority over the other two. There was a consistent although not always statistically significant tendency for these differences between the breed crosses to occur in the male calves only, the females showing little difference between breeds. The data also showed highly significant relationships between gestation period and birth weight, both within and between breed crosses.

Umbilical Morphology: Normal Values for Neonatal Periumbilical Skin Length

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-49
Author(s):  
Aengus S. O'Marcaigh ◽  
Lora B. Folz ◽  
Virginia V. Michels
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Rieger Syndrome ◽  
Neonatal Diagnosis ◽  
Robinow Syndrome ◽  
Aarskog Syndrome

Malformations of the umbilicus are a feature of many dysmorphic syndromes including Rieger syndrome, Robinow syndrome, and Aarskog syndrome. The characteristic umbilical malformation in Rieger syndrome consists of redundant periumbilical skin which extends along the cord for an excessive distance. Although the measurement of umbilical skin length plays an important role in the neonatal diagnosis of Rieger syndrome, normal values for this measurement in healthy neonates have not been established. Umbilical skin length was measured in 104 healthy neonates. The length to which the umbilical skin extended along the cranial aspect of cord (mean 11.53 mm, SD 3.58) was significantly longer than the umbilical skin length along the caudal aspect (mean 8.71 mm, SD 2.89) (P &lt; .05). Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between age and umbilical skin length. Birth weight, length, and gestational age were not significantly associated with umbilical skin length when adjusted for the other three variables. No significant differences in umbilical skin length were observed between male and female groups. The above normal values should aid in the neonatal diagnosis of Rieger syndrome, and furthermore it is recommended that cranial umbilical skin length measurement be included in the examination of the dysmorphic child.

THE AGE OF ATTAINING BLADDER CONTROL

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-626
Author(s):  
Wallace C. Oppel ◽  
Paul A. Harper ◽  
Rowland V. Rider
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Median Length ◽  
Bladder Control ◽  
Study Population

Data in life table form are presented from a 12-year prospective study of 859 children on the age of attaining bladder control for waking and sleeping hours by three indices: (1) age of initial dryness, (2) age of final dryness, and (3) the prevalence of dryness. By use of these indices the large contribution of relapsers to enuresis is seen. The prevalence of bedwetting in the study population was greater than that reported in other studies; the validity of this finding is defended. A larger proportion of female than male children attained both day and night dryness during the first 2 years of life. The percentage of Negro boys who first attained dryness was less than that of the other three race-sex groups after 2 years of age and was significantly less than that of Negro girls until 9 years of age. One quarter of the 817 children who attained initial nighttime dryness by age 12 relapsed; these relapsing episodes had a median duration of 2.5 years. One tenth of 855 children who attained initial daytime dryness had relapses, and the median length of these was 1.2 years. Relapsing occurred much more frequently in Negro than Caucasian children; it also was seen more often in Caucasian males than in Caucasian females. Low birth weight children had a higher percentage of children wet for both waking and sleeping hours than did full birth weight children.

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