scholarly journals Optimal definition of contemporary groups for crossbred pigs in a joint purebred and crossbred genetic evaluation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette Steyn ◽  
Daniela A Lourenco ◽  
Ching-Yi Chen ◽  
Bruno D Valente ◽  
Justin Holl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Variance Components ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Average Information

Abstract In the pig industry, purebred animals are raised in nucleus herds and selected to produce crossbred progeny to perform in commercial environments. Crossbred and purebred performances are different, correlated traits. All purebreds in a pen have their performance assessed together at the end of a performance test. However, only selected crossbreds are removed (based on visual inspection) and measured at different times, creating many small contemporary groups (CG). This may reduce EBV prediction accuracies. Considering this sequential recording of crossbreds, the objective was to investigate the impact of different CG definitions on genetic parameters and EBV prediction accuracy for crossbred traits. Growth rate (GP) and ultrasound backfat (BFP) records were available for purebreds. Lifetime growth (GX) and backfat (BFX) were recorded on crossbreds. Different CG were tested: CG_all included farm, sex, birth year and birth week, CG_week added slaughter week, and CG_day used slaughter day instead of week. Data of 124,709 crossbreds were used. The purebred phenotypes (62,274 animals) included 3 generations of purebred ancestors of these crossbreds and their CG mates. Variance components for 4-trait models with different CG definitions were estimated with average information REML. Purebred traits’ variance components remained stable across CG definitions and varied slightly for BFX. Additive genetic variances (and heritabilities) for GX fluctuated more: 812 ± 36 (0.28 ± 0.01), 257 ± 15 (0.17 ± 0.01) and 204 ± 13 (0.15 ± 0.01) for CG_all, CG_week, and CG_day, respectively. Age at slaughter (AAS) and HCW adjusted for age were investigated as alternatives for GX. Both have potential for selection but lower heritabilities compared to GX: 0.21 ± 0.01 (0.18 ± 0.01), 0.16 ± 0.02 (0.16 + 0.01), and 0.10 ± 0.01 (0.14 ± 0.01) for AAS (HCW) using CG_all, CG_week, and CG_day, respectively. The predictive ability, linear regression (LR) accuracy, bias, and dispersion of crossbred traits in crossbreds favored CG_day, but correlations with unadjusted phenotypes favored CG_all. In purebreds, CG_all showed the best LR accuracy, while showing small relative differences in bias and dispersion. Different GC scenarios showed no relevant impact on BFX EBV. This study shows that different CG definitions may affect evaluation stability and animal ranking. Results suggest that ignoring slaughter dates in CG is more appropriate for estimating crossbred trait EBV for purebred animals

28 Optimal Definition of Contemporary Groups for Crossbred Pigs in a Joint Purebred and Crossbred Genetic Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 17-18
Author(s):  
Yvette Steyn ◽  
Daniela Lourenco ◽  
Ching-Yi Chen ◽  
Bruno Valente ◽  
Justin W Holl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Variance Components ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Abstract In the pig industry, purebred animals are raised in nucleus herds and selected to produce crossbred progeny for commercial environments. Crossbred and purebred performances are different, correlated traits. All purebreds in a pen are assessed together at the end of a performance test. However, only selected crossbreds are removed (based on visual inspection) and measured at different times, creating many small contemporary groups (CG). This may reduce EBV prediction accuracies. Considering this sequential recording of crossbreds, the objective was to investigate the impact of different CG definitions on genetic parameters and EBV prediction accuracy for crossbred traits. Growth rate (GP) and ultrasound backfat (BFP) records were available for purebreds. Lifetime growth (GX) and backfat (BFX) were recorded on crossbreds. Different CG were tested: CG_all included farm, sex, birth year and birth week, CG_week added slaughter week, and CG_day used slaughter day instead of week. Data of 124,709 crossbreds were used. The purebred phenotypes (62,274 animals) included 3 generations of purebred ancestors of these crossbreds and their CG mates. Variance components for 4-trait models with different CG definitions were estimated with AIREML. Purebred traits’ variance components remained stable across CG definitions and varied slightly for BFX. Additive genetic variances (and heritabilities) for GX fluctuated more: 812±36 (0.28±0.01), 257±15 (0.17±0.01) and 204±13 (0.15±0.01) for CG_all, CG_week, and CG_day, respectively. The predictive ability, linear regression (LR) accuracy, bias, and dispersion of crossbred traits in crossbreds favored CG_day, but correlations with unadjusted phenotypes favored CG_all. In purebreds, CG_all showed the best LR accuracy, while showing small relative differences in bias and dispersion. Different GC scenarios showed no relevant impact on BFX EBV. This study shows that different CG definitions may affect evaluation stability and ranking. Results suggest that ignoring slaughter dates in CG is more appropriate for estimating crossbred trait EBV for purebred animals.

scholarly journals Applying the Metafounders Approach for Genomic Evaluation in a Multibreed Beef Cattle Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius Silva Junqueira ◽  
Paulo Sávio Lopes ◽  
Daniela Lourenco ◽  
Fabyano Fonseca e Silva ◽  
Fernando Flores Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Pedigree Information ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Genomic Information ◽  
The Impact

Pedigree information is incomplete by nature and commonly not well-established because many of the genetic ties are not known a priori or can be wrong. The genomic era brought new opportunities to assess relationships between individuals. However, when pedigree and genomic information are used simultaneously, which is the case of single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP), defining the genetic base is still a challenge. One alternative to overcome this challenge is to use metafounders, which are pseudo-individuals that describe the genetic relationship between the base population individuals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of metafounders on the estimation of breeding values for tick resistance under ssGBLUP for a multibreed population composed by Hereford, Braford, and Zebu animals. Three different scenarios were studied: pedigree-based model (BLUP), ssGBLUP, and ssGBLUP with metafounders (ssGBLUPm). In ssGBLUPm, a total of four different metafounders based on breed of origin (i.e., Hereford, Braford, Zebu, and unknown) were included for the animals with missing parents. The relationship coefficient between metafounders was in average 0.54 (ranging from 0.34 to 0.96) suggesting an overlap between ancestor populations. The estimates of metafounder relationships indicate that Hereford and Zebu breeds have a possible common ancestral relationship. Inbreeding coefficients calculated following the metafounder approach had less negative values, suggesting that ancestral populations were large enough and that gametes inherited from the historical population were not identical. Variance components were estimated based on ssGBLUPm, ssGBLUP, and BLUP, but the values from ssGBLUPm were scaled to provide a fair comparison with estimates from the other two models. In general, additive, residual, and phenotypic variance components in the Hereford population were smaller than in Braford across different models. The addition of genomic information increased heritability for Hereford, possibly because of improved genetic relationships. As expected, genomic models had greater predictive ability, with an additional gain for ssGBLUPm over ssGBLUP. The increase in predictive ability was greater for Herefords. Our results show the potential of using metafounders to increase accuracy of GEBV, and therefore, the rate of genetic gain in beef cattle populations with partial levels of missing pedigree information.

scholarly journals Genetic parameters for weight, morphometry and oviposition of Africanized honeybee queens using simulated data

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1959-1964
Author(s):  
E.H. Martins ◽  
G. Tarôco ◽  
G.A. Rovadoscki ◽  
M.H.V. Oliveira ◽  
G.B. Mourão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Variance Components ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Evaluations ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for simulated data of body weight (BW), abdominal width (AW), abdominal length (AL), and oviposition. Simulation was performed based on real data collected at apiaries in the region of Campo das Vertentes, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Genetic evaluations were performed using single- and two-trait models and (co)variance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method. The heritability for BW, AW, AL and oviposition were 0.54, 0.47, 0.31 and 0.66, respectively. Positive genetic correlations of high magnitude were obtained between BW and AW (0.80), BW and oviposition (0.69), AW and oviposition (0.82), and AL and oviposition (0.96). The genetic correlations between BW and AL (0.11) and between AW and AL (0.26) were considered moderate and low. In contrast, the phenotypic correlations were positive and high between BW and AW (0.97), BW and AL (0.96), and AW and AL (0.98). Phenotypic correlations of low magnitude and close to zero were obtained for oviposition with AL (0.02), AW (-0.02), and BW (-0.03). New studies involving these characteristics should be conducted on populations with biological data in order to evaluate the impact of selection on traits of economic interest.

scholarly journals Heritability and repeatability of the number of lambs born and reared estimated using linear and threshold models

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
D. Piwczyński ◽  
B. Kowaliszyn ◽  
S. Mroczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Gibbs Sampling ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Threshold Models ◽  
Similar Tendency ◽  
Average Information

Abstract. The research was conducted on 3 844 Polish Merino lamb dams born in 1991‑2001, used in 15 flocks from the Pomerania and Kujawy region in Poland. The assessed parameters were the number of lambs born from a dam after lambing (LSB) (1, 2, 3) and the number of lambs reared (LSW) (0, 1, 2, 3). The genetic parameters LSB and LSW were estimated with the use of two methods: Average Information – REML (AI-REML) and Gibbs sampling (GS). For estimation of components by means of the AI-REML method the animal’s linear model was used, and in the case of the GS method a threshold model was also used alongside the linear one. The LSB heritability estimated using the AI-REML and GS methods in combination with a linear model were similar and their values were respectively 0.025 and 0.029, with similar standard errors for variance components. Applying the GS method combined with a threshold model resulted in a two times higher heritability (0.054) compared to when linear models were used. A similar tendency was found to exist in respect of estimated repeatability. When using linear models, the obtained values were closely matched: 0.064 (AI-REML) and 0.065 (GS). The highest repeatability occurred when a threshold model was used (0.118). The LSW heritability was low and, depending on the model and method (0.016-0.020). Similar values LSW repeatability were obtained with the use of linear models (0.048 – REML and 0.049 – GS), and when a threshold model was used the result was higher – 0.070.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Genetic Parameters for Semen Traits in Spanish Dairy Sheep

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Pelayo ◽  
Manuel Ramón ◽  
Itsasne Granado-Tajada ◽  
Eva Ugarte ◽  
Malena Serrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Variance Components ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Response To Selection ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Multiple Trait ◽  
Adequate Response ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
Average Information ◽  
Moderate Magnitude

This work aimed to estimate genetic parameters for traits related to semen production and quality in Spanish dairy sheep breeds. For that, ejaculates of rams from Assaf, Churra, Latxa Cara Negra, Latxa Cara Rubia, and Manchega breeds were analyzed to measure volume, semen concentration, and motility. Estimates of variance components were obtained with multiple-trait animal models using the average information REML method in the BLUPF90 family of programs. Repeatability estimates for all the traits were also calculated, with values ranging from 0.077 to 0.304 for the motility and the semen concentration traits, respectively. Heritability estimates were of low to moderate magnitude, ranging from 0.014 (motility in Latxa Cara Rubia) to 0.198 (volume in Churra), although the estimates differed among the breeds. The estimated genetic correlations among the three semen traits showed adequate precision only in the MAN breed. The heritability estimates for the semen traits reported in the present paper suggest an adequate response to selection. The practical extension of these results to the other breeds studied here will be secondary to the estimation of more reliable genetic correlations in these breeds.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN KERUGIAN NEGARA DALAM PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH

EDUKASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Karianga
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Regional Finance ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
State Finance ◽  
Budget Policy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Sources of revenue and expenditure of APBD (regional budget) can be allocated to finance the compulsory affairs and optional affairs in the form of programs and activities related to the improvement of public services, job creation, poverty alleviation, improvement of environmental quality, and regional economic growth. The implications of these policies is the need for funds to finance the implementation of the functions, that have become regional authority, is also increasing. In practice, regional financial management still poses a complicated issue because the regional head are reluctant to release pro-people regional budget policy, even implication of regional autonomy is likely to give birth to little kings in region causing losses to state finance and most end up in legal proceedings. This paper discusses the loss of state finance and forms of liability for losses to the state finance. The result of the study can be concluded firstly,  there are still many differences in giving meaning and definition of the loss of state finace and no standard definition of state losses, can cause difficulties. The difficulty there is in an effort to determine the amount of the state finance losses. The calculation of state/regions losses that occur today is simply assessing the suitability of the size of the budget and expenditure without considering profits earned by the community and the impact of the use of budget to the community. Secondly, the liability for losses to the state finance is the fulfillment of the consequences for a person to give or to do something in the regional financial management by giving birth to three forms of liability, namely the Criminal liability, Civil liability, and Administrative liability.Keywords: state finance losses, liability, regional finance.

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs Through Microfinance - A Case of Rural Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Saida Parvin
Keyword(s):  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Women’s empowerment has been at the centre of research focus for many decades. Extant literature examined the process, outcome and various challenges. Some claimed substantial success, while others contradicted with evidence of failure. But the success remains a matter of debate due to lack of empirical evidence of actual empowerment of women around the world. The current study aimed to address this gap by taking a case study method. The study critically evaluates 20 cases carefully sampled to include representatives from the entire country of Bangladesh. The study demonstrates popular beliefs about microfinance often misguide even the borrowers and they start living in a fabricated feeling of empowerment, facing real challenges to achieve true empowerment in their lives. The impact of this finding is twofold; firstly there is a theoretical contribution, where the definition of women’s empowerment is proposed to be revisited considering findings from these cases. And lastly, the policy makers at governmental and non-governmental organisations, and multinational donor agencies need to revise their assessment tools for funding.

Defining Preterm Birth and Stillbirth in the Western Pacific: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 101053952110260
Author(s):  
Mairead Connolly ◽  
Laura Phung ◽  
Elise Farrington ◽  
Michelle J. L. Scoullar ◽  
Alyce N. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
World Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Preterm birth and stillbirth are important global perinatal health indicators. Definitions of these indicators can differ between countries, affecting comparability of preterm birth and stillbirth rates across countries. This study aimed to document national-level adherence to World Health Organization (WHO) definitions of preterm birth and stillbirth in the WHO Western Pacific region. A systematic search of government health websites and 4 electronic databases was conducted. Any official report or published study describing the national definition of preterm birth or stillbirth published between 2000 and 2020 was eligible for inclusion. A total of 58 data sources from 21 countries were identified. There was considerable variation in how preterm birth and stillbirth was defined across the region. The most frequently used lower gestational age threshold for viability of preterm birth was 28 weeks gestation (range 20-28 weeks), and stillbirth was most frequently classified from 20 weeks gestation (range 12-28 weeks). High-income countries more frequently used earlier gestational ages for preterm birth and stillbirth compared with low- to middle-income countries. The findings highlight the importance of clear, standardized, internationally comparable definitions for perinatal indicators. Further research is needed to determine the impact on regional preterm birth and stillbirth rates.

Value assessment of antimicrobials and the implications for development, access, and funding of effective treatments: Australian stakeholder perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nadine T. Hillock ◽  
Tracy L. Merlin ◽  
Jonathan Karnon ◽  
John Turnidge ◽  
Jaklin Eliott
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Healthcare Resource ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Value Assessment ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Stakeholder Perspective ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Background The frameworks used by Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agencies for value assessment of medicines aim to optimize healthcare resource allocation. However, they may not be effective at capturing the value of antimicrobial drugs. Objectives To analyze stakeholder perceptions regarding how antimicrobials are assessed for value for reimbursement purposes and how the Australian HTA framework accommodates the unique attributes of antimicrobials in cost-effectiveness evaluation. Methods Eighteen individuals representing the pharmaceutical industry or policy-makers were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and thematically analyzed. Results Key emergent themes were that reimbursement decision-making should consider the antibiotic spectrum when assessing value, risk of shortages, the impact of procurement processes on low-priced comparators, and the need for methodological transparency when antimicrobials are incorporated into the economic evaluation of other treatments. Conclusions Participants agreed that the current HTA framework for antimicrobial value assessment is inadequate to properly inform funding decisions, as the contemporary definition of cost-effectiveness fails to explicitly incorporate the risk of future resistance. Policy-makers were uncertain about how to incorporate future resistance into economic evaluations without a systematic method to capture costs avoided due to good stewardship. Lacking financial reward for the benefits of narrower-spectrum antimicrobials, companies will likely focus on developing broad-spectrum agents with wider potential use. The perceived risks of shortages have influenced the funding of generic antimicrobials in Australia, with policy-makers suggesting a willingness to pay more for assured supply. Although antibiotics often underpin the effectiveness of other medicines, it is unclear how this is incorporated into economic models.

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