248 Maternal Nutrient Restriction During Mid-gestation Decreases Uteroplacental Release and Fetal Uptake of Essential Amino Acids in Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 130-131
Author(s):  
Ronald J Trotta ◽  
Manuel A Vasquez-Hidalgo ◽  
Brandon I Smith ◽  
Sarah A Reed ◽  
Kristen E Govoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Umbilical Artery ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Umbilical Blood ◽  
Uteroplacental Blood Flow ◽  
Fetal Uptake

Abstract To examine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction on net uteroplacental flux during mid-gestation, 14 singleton ewes (48.2 ± 4.0 kg body weight) were fed 100% (control; CON; n = 7) or 60% of nutrient requirements (restricted; RES; n = 7) from day 50–90 (mid-gestation). On day 90, uteroplacental blood flow was measured via Doppler ultrasonography and blood samples were collected from the femoral artery, uterine vein, umbilical artery, and umbilical vein. Blood vessel glucose and amino acids (AA) concentrations were measured and arterial-venous (uterine, AV; fetal, va) differences and net fluxes were calculated. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS for effects of treatment. Nutrient restriction during mid-gestation did not influence (P ≥ 0.17) uterine or umbilical blood flows. Uterine AV and fetal va differences of total, essential, and nonessential AA were not influenced (P > 0.10) by nutrient restriction. Nutrient restriction decreased (P ≤ 0.05) uterine and uteroplacental release of total AA and tended to decrease (P = 0.07) total AA uptake by the fetus. Uteroplacental release and fetal uptake of essential AA were decreased (P = 0.03) with RES by 53.4% and 45%, respectively. Uterine and uteroplacental release of nonessential AA were decreased (P = 0.03) with RES but, fetal uptake was not affected (P = 0.14). Nutrient restriction decreased (P ≤ 0.04) fetal uptake of methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine and tended to decrease (P ≤ 0.10) fetal uptake of isoleucine, leucine, and tryptophan. Umbilical artery glucose concentrations were 32% lesser (P = 0.01) with RES and RES tended to increase (P = 0.08) fetal glucose uptake. Nutrient restriction during mid-gestation altered uteroplacental and fetal flux of AA in the current study. The results may indicate that fetal metabolism shifts to adapt to reduced AA supply which results in greater glucose utilization.

USE OF GLUTAMIC ACID-U-C14 TO DETERMINE NUTRITIONALLY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS FOR LARVAE OF THE BLOW FLY, PHORMIA REGINA

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1229-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kasting ◽  
A. J. McGinnis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Phormia Regina ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

The production of C14O2 by third-instar larvae of the blow fly, Phormia regina Meig., after it was injected with glutamic acid-U-C14, indicates that this substrate was metabolized under these conditions. However, the nutritionally essential amino acids lysine, phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine, isolated from the injected larvae, contained little radioactivity. A low level of radioactivity in arginine, histidine, and methionine suggests that they were slowly synthesized. The nutritionally non-essential amino acids alanine, serine, aspartic acid, and proline contained large quantities of radioactivity; tyrosine and glycine were exceptions. These results, in agreement with earlier work that used glucose-U-C14, show that radioactivity data are useful for determining certain of the nutritionally essential amino acids.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen fertilization on metabolisms of essential and non-essential amino acids in field-grown grain maize (Zea mays L.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 574-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lošák ◽  
J. Hlušek ◽  
R. Filipčík ◽  
L. Pospíšilová ◽  
J. Maňásek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
N Dose ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

In two-year field experiments, nitrogen (N) in the form of urea (0, 120 and 240 kg N/ha) was applied to grain maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid KWS 2376. The two-year mean content of total grain N at harvest was 1.54%. The highest N dose reduced most of the 17 amino acids (AA) analysed in the grain compared with the other treatments. Possible reasons for this could be an adverse effect on the tricarboxylic acid cycle or deficiency of carbon skeletons for the assimilation of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> into amides and amino acids. The content of the limiting amino acid lysine was not influenced by N fertilisation, with a mean two-year content of 2.02 mg/g DM. Taking into account the differences in fertilisation, the effect of the year was seen in the maximal accumulation of amino acids serine, proline, methionine, threonine, arginine and lysine. Increasing rates of nitrogen reduced the accumulation of asparagine and glycine, and, on the contrary, increased the accumulation of tyrosine. Nitrogen rates have a significant effect on the maximal accumulation of valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, cysteine and alanine and appeared as early as after the first increased rate of nitrogen (120 kg N/ha).

The effect of starvation and low nitrogen intakes on the concentration of free amino acids in the blood plasma and on the nitrogen metabolism in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Crossbred wethers were given a control diet (8 g nitrogen, 730 g dry matter daily) or a low nitrogen diet (0.5 g nitrogen, 520 g dry matter daily) or starved, for a 12 or 20 day experimental period. The concentrations of free serine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, histidine, and arginine in the plasma of the starved sheep decreased significantly while the concentrations of lysine, 3-methylhistidine, and isoleucine increased significantly. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids increased from 0.35 to 0.56 in the starved sheep. In sheep on the low nitrogen diet, the ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids in the plasma decreased from 0.40 to 0.27, with significant increases in the concentrations of glutanlic acid, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and 3-methylhistidine. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet both resulted in a reduction of the plasma urea concentrations. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet resulted in a 20-50 % reduction in the flow of saliva and a 40-78% increase in the concentration of total nitrogen. This resulted in no significant change in the daily secretion of nitrogen in the saliva. The concentration of urea in the saliva was increased by 3-54%. The concentrations of individual free amino acids in saliva are reported. The nitrogen content of the rumen was reduced, and after 7 days of starvation or on the low nitrogen diet all rumen nitrogen could be attributed to ammonia and free �-amino nitrogen.

scholarly journals Inter-Individual Nectar Chemistry Changes of Field Scabious, Knautia arvensis

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Christine Venjakob ◽  
Sara Leonhardt ◽  
Alexandra-Maria Klein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Nectar Chemistry

Nectar is crucial to maintain plant-pollinator mutualism. Nectar quality (nutritional composition) can vary strongly between individuals of the same plant species. The factors driving such inter-individual variation have however not been investigated closer. We investigated nectar quality of field scabious, Knautia arvensis in different grassland plant communities varying in species composition and richness to assess whether nectar quality can be affected by the surrounding plant community. We analyzed (with high performance liquid chromatography) the content of carbohydrates, overall amino acids, and essential amino acids. Amino acid and carbohydrate concentrations and proportions varied among plant individuals and with the surrounding plant community but were not related to the surrounding plant species richness. Total and individual carbohydrate concentrations were lowest, while proportions of the essential amino acids, valine, isoleucine, leucine (all phagostimulatory), and lysine were highest in plant species communities of the highest diversity. Our results show that K. arvensis nectar chemistry varies with the composition of the surrounding plant community, which may alter the taste and nutritional value and thus affect the plant’s visitor spectrum and visitation rate. However, the strong inter-individual variation in nectar quality requires additional studies (e.g., in semi-field studies) to disentangle different biotic and abiotic factors contributing to inter-individual nectar chemistry in a plant-community context.

USE OF GLUTAMIC ACID-U-C14 TO DETERMINE NUTRITIONALLY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS FOR LARVAE OF THE BLOW FLY, PHORMIA REGINA

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1229-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kasting ◽  
A. J. McGinnis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Phormia Regina ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

The production of C14O2 by third-instar larvae of the blow fly, Phormia regina Meig., after it was injected with glutamic acid-U-C14, indicates that this substrate was metabolized under these conditions. However, the nutritionally essential amino acids lysine, phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine, isolated from the injected larvae, contained little radioactivity. A low level of radioactivity in arginine, histidine, and methionine suggests that they were slowly synthesized. The nutritionally non-essential amino acids alanine, serine, aspartic acid, and proline contained large quantities of radioactivity; tyrosine and glycine were exceptions. These results, in agreement with earlier work that used glucose-U-C14, show that radioactivity data are useful for determining certain of the nutritionally essential amino acids.

Plasma Amino Acids in Young and Older Adult Human Subjects

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G Ackermann ◽  
Teofil Kheim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure ◽  
Older Subjects

Abstract Nineteen amino acids were determined in the plasma of young and older individuals by the chromatographic procedure of Moore, Spackman, and Stein (7,8). Of the essential amino acids, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine were found to be lower in older subjects. In all, 11 of the 19 amino acids studied showed lower values in these individuals, indicating some differences in protein metabolism between the elderly and younger adults.

THE STIMULATION OF INSULIN RELEASE BY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS FROM RABBIT PANCREAS IN VITRO

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. G. MILNER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Rabbit Pancreas

SUMMARY Pieces of rabbit pancreas were incubated in vitro in an incubation medium containing no glucose or 1·5 mg. glucose/ml. In each of these conditions the effect on insulin release of each of the essential amino acids at 5 mm concentration was studied. Leucine was the only essential amino acid that stimulated insulin release to a level which reached statistical significance in an incubation medium containing no glucose. In medium containing 1·5 mg. glucose/ml., arginine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine stimulated insulin release and phenylalanine inhibited insulin release. Glucagon, theophylline or dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate stimulated insulin release significantly in the presence of leucine but not in the presence of arginine. Arginine stimulated insulin release in the presence of leucine. The results of these experiments characterize further the difference in the mechanism of action of leucine and arginine on the pancreatic β-cell and indicate possible explanations for results obtained in other species in vivo.

Amino Acid Composition of Fishery Products

1949 ◽  
Vol 7c (9) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine P. Deas ◽  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Fish Flesh ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Fishery Products ◽  
Muscle Myosin

Fish flesh and certain waste materials were hydrolysed by tryptic enzymes of fish pyloric caeca. Fractionation of the resulting hydrolysates showed that they contained largely peptone, sub-peptone and residual (small peptides and amino acids) nitrogen, and little or no protein or proteose nitrogen. Fish flesh, milts, roes, meal, stickwater and a muscle myosin preparation were extracted to remove the fat, then dried and hydrolysed with acid or alkali. The essential amino acids arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophane and tyrosine were determined in these enzyme-, acid- and alkali-hydrolysed materials by microbiological methods. The results have been summarized.

Amino Acid Composition of Fishery Products (II)

1950 ◽  
Vol 7d (10) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis W. Ney ◽  
Catherine P. Deas ◽  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Microbiological Assay ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Fishery Products

The essential amino acids arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophane and tyrosine were determined in the following fishery products using microbiological assay technique: fish meals, stickwaters (fish solubles), condensed fish solubles, liver, commercial liver hydrolysate, frozen pink salmon viscera, chum salmon fingerlings and herring scales.

scholarly journals Changes in neurotransmitter levels associated with the deficiency of some essential amino acids in the diet

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
José L. Venero ◽  
Antonio J. Herrera ◽  
Alberto Machado ◽  
Josefina Cano
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Corpus Striatum ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Serotoninergic System ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Brain

The contents of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites were measured in rat substantia nigra and corpus striatum following dietary changes, including restriction of protein content (low-protein diet; LPD) and the contents of several large neutral amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and valine) for 25 d. The LPD produced an increase in the concentration of tyrosine (TYR) in the two regions of the brain studied. This effect was also observed with all amino acid deficiencies studied except for valine in the substantia nigra, tryptophan in the striatum and phenylalanine in both regions. Likewise, the concentration of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), the main metabolite of 5-HT, increased in the substantia nigra but not in the striatum after LPD, as well as with all the amino acid deficiencies studied, with the exception of tryptophan deficiency. In this case there was a dramatic effect on all components of the serotoninergic system, with decreases in the concentration of tryptophan (TRP; precursor), 5-HT and 5-HIAA. This behaviour clearly shows an interrelationship between precursor (TRP) availability and 5-HT synthesis and metabolism. With valine deficiency, dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems demonstrated opposite effects in the substantia nigra and the corpus striatum, and the behaviour of the two monoamines was also opposite within each structure. The significance of these changes is discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document