Use of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid to inhibit Salmonella and Listeria in raw meat for feline diets and palatability in domestic cats

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiana G Owens ◽  
Broghan A King ◽  
Devon R Radford ◽  
Philip Strange ◽  
Laura Arvaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Quality ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Ground Meat ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Liquid Environment

Abstract While the raw pet food market continues to grow, the risk of bacterial contamination in these types of diets is a major concern, with Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes being the most frequently associated pathogens in raw pet food product recalls. dl-Methionine is included in some commercial feline kibble and canned diets to improve protein quality; however, an alternative to this is a liquid methionine supplement, 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMTBa), which is also an organic acid. 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid has previously demonstrated similar efficacy to formic acid against pathogens in a liquid environment and may be a good candidate to inhibit S. enterica and L. monocytogenes in raw ground meat. First, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of HMTBa against these pathogens under laboratory growth conditions were determined by measuring growth of pathogens over 36 h when exposed to 10 concentrations of HMTBa (0.10% to 1.00%) mixed with tryptic soy broth. 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid included at ≥0.50% was bactericidal to S. enterica and L. monocytogenes (P < 0.05). Next, five levels of HMTBa (0.50% to 1.25%) were included in raw ground meat mixtures inoculated with cocktails of S. enterica or L. monocytogenes, and contamination levels were determined at four timepoints: immediately, and after refrigerated storage (4 °C) at 24, 48, and 72 h after removal from freezer (24 h at −20 °C). 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid included as 1.25% of the meat mixture reduced S. enterica and L. monocytogenes compared with the control (P < 0.05); however, it did not result in total kill of either of these pathogens. Following this, feeding behaviors of seven domestic cats were assessed when offered a raw chicken diet treated with or without 1.25% HMTBa for 5 d each, after which a 2-d 2-choice preference test was conducted. Cats demonstrated a preference for raw diets without HMTBa, but still readily consumed diets with 1.25% HMTBa, suggesting that such a diet was still palatable to them.

scholarly journals Analysis of protein content and level of 7S and 11S globulins, their ratio in the soybean seed of F6 - F8 hybrid lines

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167
Author(s):  
V. G. Adamovskaya ◽  
O. O. Molodchenkova ◽  
V. I. Sichkar ◽  
T. V. Kartuzova ◽  
L. Y. Bezkrovnaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
7S And 11S Globulins ◽  
Hybrid Lines ◽  
11S Globulins

Aims. The goal of research was to study a character of changes and relationship between level of 7S and 11S globulins, their ratio and protein content  in the soybean seed of F6-F8 hybrid lines and their parental forms of different genetic origin in the connection of protein quality breeding. Methods. 7S and 11S globulins were isolated by method, which was developed in the Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry (Patent # 42181). Results. The features of 7S and 11S globulins content and their ratio in the soybean seed of F6 -F8 hybrid lines and their parental forms of different genetic origin were identified. It was established, that varieties and hybrid lines are characterized by considerable distinctions of 7S and 11S globulins contents and their ratio in the soybean protein. A connection between 7S and 11S globulins levels and protein content in the seed of soybean F6- F8 hybrid lines wasn’t established. Conclusions. It was elucidated that the growth conditions influence on the protein content, 11S and 7S globulins level, their ratio and relationship between these parameters in the soybean seeds of F6-F8 hybrid lines and their parental forms of different genetic origin, so that have to be introduced in the selection program of  soybean genotypes  of food direction soybean breeding as these parameters connected with the   food nutritional quality.Key words: Glicine max L., protein, 11S globulin, 7S globulin.

scholarly journals Oxidative stress-induced parkin misfolding, aggregation, and toxicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Duennwald ◽  
Gary S. Shaw ◽  
Mohammad A. Esmaeili ◽  
Jane R. Rylett ◽  
Susanne Schmid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Protein Misfolding ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background: Excess oxidative stress and protein misfolding are major hallmarks of neurodegenerative disease, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations in the genes encoding the ubiquitin ligase parkin cause autosomal recessive juvenile forms of Parkinsonism by the loss of parkin function in mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular protein quality control, generally. Dysfunction of parkin might also contribute to sporadic forms of PD, yet the underlying mechanisms remain mostly unexplored. Methods: We obtained key results from studies in human PD brains, a mouse model, yeast, cultured neuronal cells, and in vitro biochemistry. Human postmortem Medial Temporal Gyrus tissue was fixed for immunohistochemistry. We performed biochemical analyses of protein lysates from human brain, mouse brain, yeast and cells to assess parkin modification by oxidative stress under normal growth conditions and more so under oxidative stress. Results: Our results reveal that oxidative stress damages parkin by inducing the formation of aberrant intra- and inter-molecular disulfide bonds, leading to parkin misfolding and inclusion formation, which is toxic to cells. We furthermore find that parkin is most severely oxidized in its active conformation. Conclusion: Collectively, our study identifies a mechanism by which protein oxidation can contribute to neurodegeneration in PD by combining loss of function with toxic gain of function mechanisms.

Evaluating Pediococcus acidilactici and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as Thermal Surrogate Microorganisms for Salmonella for In-Plant Validation Studies of Low-Moisture Pet Food Products

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 934-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERDOGAN CEYLAN ◽  
DERRICK A. BAUTISTA
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Pediococcus Acidilactici ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Salmonella Serovars ◽  
D Values ◽  
Thermal Death Time

Pediococcus acidilactici ATCC 8042 and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 were investigated as potential surrogates for Salmonella serovars using thermal death time kinetics in products such as dry pet foods. The D-values of P. acidilactici ATCC 8042, E. faecium NRRL B-2354, and a cocktail of seven Salmonella serovars associated with low-moisture products were determined in a preservative-free dry pet food product at moisture levels of 9.1, 17.9, and 27.0% and heated between 76.7 and 87.8°C. The D-values were calculated by least squares linear regression. The D-values of P. acidilactici ATCC 8042 were higher than those for the Salmonella serovar cocktail but lower than those for E. faecium NRRL 2354. At 9.1% moisture, D-values of 6.54, 11.51, and 11.66 min at 76.7°C, 2.66, 3.22, and 4.08 min at 82.2°C, and 1.07, 1.29, and 1.69 min at 87.8°C were calculated for Salmonella serovars, P. acidilactici ATCC 8042, and E. faecium NRRL B-2354, respectively. The data suggest that the thermal inactivation characteristics of P. acidilactici ATCC 8042 can be utilized as a surrogate to predict the response of Salmonella in dry pet food products that are thermally processed at <90°C.

scholarly journals Case Report: A Case Series Linked to Vitamin D Excess in Pet Food: Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Toxicity Observed in Five Cats

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla G. Vecchiato ◽  
Costanza Delsante ◽  
Giorgia Galiazzo ◽  
Simone Perfetti ◽  
Carlo Pinna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Degrees Of Severity

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) toxicity caused by defective pet food formulations is a rare occurrence described in cats. Nevertheless, it poses a health risk, even though the affected pet food is not fed as the sole diet. Excessive vitamin D3 intake might cause hypercalcemia and soft tissue mineralization, which are findings that prompt clinicians to further investigate the feasible etiology. This case series describes the effects of an extremely high vitamin D3 intake in five young cats caused by the consumption of a fish-based complementary kitten pet food (KPF) that was fed to all of the cats as part of their diet (cases 1, 2, and 3) or eaten exclusively (cases 4 and 5). Due to the different amounts of vitamin D3 consumed, diagnostic examinations showed different degrees of severity of hypercalcemia and azotemia as well as different radiographic findings in cases where diagnostic imaging was performed (cases 2, 4, and 5). All of the cats were treated by withdrawing the affected food and providing medical management of the hypercalcemia. All of the cats recovered, except for two persistent azotemic cats, which developed chronic kidney disease. The goal of this case series is, therefore, to describe the occurrence and resolution of an acute vitamin D3 toxicity due to the highest amount of dietary vitamin D3 intake that has ever been described in domestic cats.

scholarly journals Use of the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay to determine standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content, and digestible indispensable amino acid scores of plant-based protein by-products used in canine and feline diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Pamela L Utterback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
By Products

Abstract Traditionally, protein by-products from oil seeds and cereal grains have been used in pet foods as sustainable, inexpensive, and protein-rich ingredients. However, the on-going demonization of soy- and corn-based ingredients continue to hinder their use in pet food and treat formulations. Ideally, the further demonstration of their protein quality and nutrient composition may encourage their favorable return as acceptable ingredients in pet foods and treats. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the macronutrient composition, indispensable amino acid profile, standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content corrected for nitrogen (TMEn), and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of soy flakes (SF), peanut flour (PF), soybean meal (SBM), and corn gluten meal (CGM). Standardized amino acid digestibility was assessed using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All test ingredients demonstrated a profile of highly digestible indispensable amino acids except for lysine in PF, which was lowest (P < 0.05) at 45.5%. The SBM and CGM had the highest (P > 0.05) digestibilities of indispensable amino acids. A DIAAS-like values was calculated for each ingredient using either AAFCO (2020) recommended values or NRC (2006) recommended allowances as the reference protein pattern. For adult dogs compared to AAFCO recommended values, the first-limiting amino acid was lysine for PF and CGM but it was methionine for SF and SBM. For adult cats compared to AAFCO recommended values, the first-limiting amino acid was lysine for PF and CGM but it was threonine for SF. There was no first-limiting amino acid in SBM for cats as DIAAS-like values were over 100% for all indispensable amino acids. The TMEn values were highest (P < 0.05) for PF and CGM (4.58 and 4.31 kcal/g [dry matter basis], respectively). The protein quality of these plant-based protein by-products reflect their value as nutritional ingredients for canine and feline diets. However, the prior processing of these by-products must be considered before exposing them to additional processing methods, such as extrusion. Additionally, the inclusion of complementary proteins or supplemental amino acids will be needed to meet all indispensable amino acid requirements for a nutritionally complete and balanced pet food.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Added Value of Fortified Sago Analog Rice Enriched with Nutritious Fish Oil Supplement

2021 ◽  
Vol 934 (1) ◽  
pp. 012025
Author(s):  
S Syahrul ◽  
D Dewita ◽  
S W Sidauruk
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Food Product ◽  
The Body ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Food Consumed

Abstract Analog rice is a food product resembling rice made from starch sources other than rice, such as starch from tubers (taro), corn and sago. The advantage of analog rice is that it has a lower glycemic index than rice. This analog rice product can help efforts to diversify the food consumption patterns of people in Indonesia in order to improve the nutritional quality of the food consumed and at the same time considering that analog rice is currently rich in carbohydrates and poor in other nutrients such as protein, fat and fiber, the product needs to be fortified with functional components of food. Functional components of food are foods that contain bioactive components that provide multifunctional physiological effects for the body, including strengthening the body’s immune system, regulating the rhythm of physical conditions, slowing aging, and improving people’s nutritional status and reducing dependence on imported rice. For this reason, alternative food is needed, namely analog rice with high nutritional content. This study aims to analyze the characteristics and added value of processing sago analog rice fortified with high nutritional fish oil supplements as a superior product in the Riau region, because Riau is one of the highest sago producing regions nationally. The research method used is an experimental method, which is to experiment with making sago analog rice fortified with nutrient-rich fish oil supplements from previous research. The treatment given was in the form of analog rice formulation with two levels, namely: sago analog rice fortified with 3% fish oil (M3S), and sago analog rice fortified with 5% fish oil (M5S). Data obtained were homogenized, then tabulated and analyzed quantitatively descriptively. The results showed that based on organoleptic preference test, and proximate composition, sago analog rice (M5S) was the best analog rice, namely sago analog rice fortified with 5% fish oil and met SNI quality standards. Furthermore, the added value produced to produce sago analog rice is IDR 3,000/kg and analog rice mixed with sago and taro is IDR 11,000/kg.

scholarly journals Insights into the Regulation of Algal Proteins and Bioactive Peptides Using Proteomic and Transcriptomic Approaches

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Commercial Applications

Oceans abound in resources of various kinds for R&D and for commercial applications. Monitoring and bioprospecting allow the identification of an increasing number of key natural resources. Macroalgae are essential elements of marine ecosystems as well as a natural resource influenced by dynamic environmental factors. They are not only nutritionally attractive but have also demonstrated potential health benefits such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory activities. Several bioactive peptides have been observed following enzymatic hydrolysis of macroalgal proteins. In addition, significant differences in protein bioactivities and peptide extracts of wild and cultivated macroalgae have been highlighted, but the metabolic pathways giving rise to these bioactive molecules remain largely elusive. Surprisingly, the biochemistry that underlies the environmental stress tolerance of macroalgae has not been well investigated and remains poorly understood. Proteomic and functional genomic approaches based on identifying precursor proteins and bioactive peptides of macroalgae through integrated multi-omics analysis can give insights into their regulation as influenced by abiotic factors. These strategies allow evaluating the proteomics profile of regulation of macroalgae in response to different growth conditions as well as establishing a comparative transcriptome profiling targeting structural protein-coding genes. Elucidation of biochemical pathways in macroalgae could provide an innovative means of enhancing the protein quality of edible macroalgae. This could be ultimately viewed as a powerful way to drive the development of a tailored production and extraction of high value molecules. This review provides an overview of algal proteins and bioactive peptide characterization using proteomics and transcriptomic analyses.

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