scholarly journals 189 Efficiency of utilizing standardized ileal digestible Thr for whole body protein retention in pregnant gilts during early, mid and late gestation.

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (suppl_3) ◽  
pp. 303-303
Author(s):  
R Navales ◽  
J Dunn ◽  
J Htoo ◽  
K Touchette ◽  
R Thaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Gestation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Retention

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilizing standardized ileal digestible lysine and threonine for whole-body protein retention in pregnant gilts during early, mid-, and late gestation1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 3016-3026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald A S Navales ◽  
Jim Dunn ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Kevin Touchette ◽  
Robert C Thaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Increase ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Total Urine

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of utilizing SID Lys and Thr for whole-body protein retention (kSIDLys and kSIDThr) in pregnant gilts. In Exp. 1, 45 gilts (158.0 ± 8.0 kg at day 39.4 ± 1 of gestation) in 2 groups were used in a 3-period nitrogen (N)-balance study. Gilts were assigned to 1 of 4 diets set to provide 60, 70, 80, and 90% of predicted daily SID Lys requirement for protein retention (NRC, 2012) in each of early (day 41 to 52, 10.44 g/d), mid- (day 68 to 79, 9.60 g/d), and late gestation (day 96 to 107, 16.04 g/d). Diets contained 3,300 kcal ME/kg and 11.6% CP; given at a rate of 2.13 kg/d in early and mid-gestation and at 2.53 kg/d during late gestation. The 12-d balance period (7-d adaptation; 5-d urine and fecal collection) was based on total urine collection using urinary catheters and determination of fecal N digestibility using indigestible marker. The SID Lys required for whole-body protein retention was estimated using the NRC (2012) model and the predicted Lys content of each gestation pool. Lysine efficiency at each diet Lys level was calculated as the ratio of daily Lys retention and SID Lys intake. The linear and quadratic response in whole-body N and Lys retention and Lys efficiency for each balance period was determined. The kSIDLys was determined from the slope generated by regressing whole-body Lys retention vs. SID Lys intake, with y-intercept set to 0. In Exp. 2, 45 gilts (165.7 ± 13.6 kg at day 39.1 ± 2 of gestation) were assigned to 1 of 4 diets set to provide 60, 70, 80, and 90% of the predicted daily SID Thr requirement for protein retention in each of early (6.46 g/d), mid- (6.05 g/d), and late gestation (9.75 g/d). Animal management, N-balance procedure, data collection and calculation, and statistical analyses were patterned from Exp. 1. In early and mid-gestation, whole-body N retention, as well as Lys and Thr retention, was not affected by the dietary SID Lys and Thr. In late gestation, there was a linear increase (P < 0.001) in whole-body N, Lys and Thr retention. The kSIDLys and kSIDThr in late gestation were determined to be 0.54. The lack of response in whole-body protein retention in early and mid-gestation may in partly reflect excess Lys and Thr intake. Lysine and Thr efficiency calculated at the lowest dietary Lys and Thr was 0.49 and 0.32 in early gestation and 0.61 and 0.52 in mid-gestation, respectively. Based on the available evidence, kSIDLys and kSIDThr do not appear to be constant throughout gestation.

Anemic Hypoxemia Reduces Myoblast Proliferation and Muscle Growth in Late Gestation Fetal Sheep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Rozance ◽  
Stephanie R Wesolowski ◽  
Sonnet S. Jonker ◽  
Laura D Brown
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Myoblast Differentiation ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Growth ◽  
Myoblast Proliferation

Fetal skeletal muscle growth requires myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion into myofibers in addition to protein accretion for fiber hypertrophy. Oxygen is an important regulator of this process. Therefore, we hypothesized that fetal anemic hypoxemia would inhibit skeletal muscle growth. Studies were performed in late gestation fetal sheep that were bled to anemic, and therefore hypoxemic, conditions beginning at ~125 days of gestation (term = 148 days) for 9 ± 0 days (n=19) and compared to control fetuses (n=16). A metabolic study was performed on gestational day ~134 to measure fetal protein kinetic rates. Myoblast proliferation and myofiber area were determined in biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscles. mRNA expression of muscle regulatory factors was determined in BF. Fetal arterial hematocrit and oxygen content were 28% and 52% lower, respectively, in anemic fetuses. Fetal weight and whole-body protein synthesis, breakdown, and accretion rates were not different between groups. Hindlimb length, however, was 7% shorter in anemic fetuses. TA and FDS muscles weighed less and FDS myofiber area was smaller in anemic fetuses compared to controls. The percentage of Pax7+ myoblasts that expressed Ki67 was lower in BF and tended to be lower in FDS from anemic fetuses indicating reduced myoblast proliferation. There was less MYOD and MYF6 mRNA expression in anemic vs. control BF consistent with reduced myoblast differentiation. These results indicate that fetal anemic hypoxemia reduced muscle growth. We speculate that fetal muscle growth may be improved by strategies that increase oxygen availability.

Resistance training reduces whole-body protein turnover and improves net protein retention in untrained young males

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Hartman ◽  
Daniel R. Moore ◽  
Stuart M. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Net Protein ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

It is thought that resistance exercise results in an increased need for dietary protein; however, data also exists to support the opposite conclusion. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of resistance exercise training on protein metabolism in novices with the hypothesis that resistance training would reduce protein turnover and improve whole-body protein retention. Healthy males (n = 8, 22 ± 1 y, BMI = 25.3 ± 1.8 kg·m–2) participated in a progressive whole-body split routine resistance-training program 5d/week for 12 weeks. Before (PRE) and after (POST) the training, oral [15N]-glycine ingestion was used to assess nitrogen flux (Q), protein synthesis (PS), protein breakdown (PB), and net protein balance (NPB = PS – PB). Macronutrient intake was controlled over a 5d period PRE and POST, while estimates of protein turnover and urinary nitrogen balance (Nbal = Nin – urine Nout) were conducted. Bench press and leg press increased 40% and 50%, respectively (p < 0.01). Fat- and bone-free mass (i.e., lean muscle mass) increased from PRE to POST (2.5 ± 0.8 kg, p < 0.05). Significant PRE to POST decreases (p <0.05) occurred in Q (0.9 ± 0.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1 g N·kg–1·d–1), PS (4.6 ± 0.7 vs. 2.9 ± 0.3 g·kg–1·d–1), and PB (4.3 ± 0.7 vs. 2.4 ± 0.2 g·kg–1·d–1). Significant training-induced increases in both NPB (PRE = 0.22 ± 0.13 g·kg–1·d–1; POST = 0.54 ± 0.08 g·kg–1·d–1) and urinary nitrogen balance (PRE = 2.8 ± 1.7 g N·d–1; POST = 6.5 ± 0.9 g N·d–1) were observed. A program of resistance training that induced significant muscle hypertrophy resulted in reductions of both whole-body PS and PB, but an improved NPB, which favoured the accretion of skeletal muscle protein. Urinary nitrogen balance increased after training. The reduction in PS and PB and a higher NPB in combination with an increased nitrogen balance after training suggest that dietary requirements for protein in novice resistance-trained athletes are not higher, but lower, after resistance training.

Level of cottonseed meal but not frequency of feeding regulates whole-body protein synthesis and growth of sheep fed a roughage diet

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1023
Author(s):  
L. P. Kahn ◽  
Somu B. N. Rao ◽  
J. V. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Protein Rich

An incomplete factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effect of level and frequency of feeding of a protein-rich supplement on the growth and whole-body protein metabolism of young sheep fed a medium quality roughage diet. Cottonseed meal (CSM) was used as the protein supplement and provided at 0, 0.2 or 0.4% liveweight per day at a frequency of 1 or 3 times each week and chopped oaten (0.95) and lucerne (0.05) hay was the roughage. Growth rate more than doubled (P < 0.01) following provision of CSM but there was no advantage of feeding CSM at the highest level. Frequency of feeding CSM did not alter growth rate. Intake of hay was little affected by CSM and as a consequence the food conversion ratio declined (P < 0.01) favourably from 22 : 1 (nil CSM) to 9 : 1 as a result of supplementation. The rate of whole-body protein synthesis increased (P < 0.01) in response to the highest level of CSM with no apparent change in protein degradation, underpinning an increase (P < 0.01) in protein retention. These results highlight the role of protein supplements for promoting growth of young sheep on roughage diets and indicate that these supplements need to be provided only once a week.

Incorporating turn-over in whole body protein retention efficiency in cattle and sheep

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Z. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regression Estimate ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Turn Over

AbstractIn pigs the quantification of breakdown and synthesis by powers of body protein led to the estimation of turn-over related protein retention efficiency by the equation kP= {1 + [1 − (P/α)(2/9)Q]−1/6}−1, with α the limit value of whole body protein (P) maturity, so that 0 ≤(P/α)≤1. The factor 2/9 is derived from diffusion attributes indicated by cell and nucleus geometries α and Q represents a scaled transformation of intake, 0 ≤ Q ≤ 1, such that a value of Q = 1 may represent ad libitum intake and Q = 0 the intake at the maintenance requirement. Published observations on finishing steers provide estimates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown at pre-determined levels of intake in confirmation of the theoretical (2/9)Q power associated with (P/α) inkP. Further confirmation of the (2/9)Q power in cattle follows from satisfactory agreement between an estimate of conventional multiple regression retention efficiency and the turn-over related retention efficiency calculated at the given level of intake, for the mid point of the body mass interval covered by the regression estimate. In addition, a simulation experiment on cattle from the literature gives power estimates of protein breakdown and synthesis in general agreement with those accepted for pigs. Examples on both fine and coarse diets are employed to suggest a general rule for prediction on diets causing submaximal efficiency due to suboptimal intakes.In sheep, evidence derived from estimates of conventional multiple regression efficiencies suggests that the rule (a-b) = (2/9) Q for the calculation ofkPshould be reserved for the description of compensatory growth. Protein retention efficiency for ordinary growth should be described by an adaptation of the rule derived for suboptimal intakes.

scholarly journals Efficiency of standardized ileal digestible lysine utilization for whole body protein deposition in pregnant gilts and sows during early-, mid-, and late-gestation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian D Ramirez-Camba ◽  
James L Dunn ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Jolie C González-Vega ◽  
Kevin Touchette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Response ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Pregnant Females

Abstract The efficiency of SID Lys utilization (kSID Lys) in gilts and sows during early (days 48 to 52), mid (days 75 to 79), and late gestation (days 103 to 107) was investigated using 88 pregnant females (PIC 1050; 27 gilts, 27 parity 1 sows, 34 parity 2+ sows; 192.96 ± 22.84 kg at days 42 ±1 of gestation) and whole body nitrogen (N) retention balance studies. Females were assigned to 1 of 4 SID Lys levels ranging from 40% to 70% of the daily SID Lys requirements above maintenance for a parity 1 sow according to the NRC (2012) gestating sow model in each gestation period. Experimental diets were isocaloric (3,335 kcal ME/kg) and isoproteic (11.75 % CP) and dietary indispensable AA were set to meet or exceed 100% of AA:Lys ratios. The slope of the linear response to graded SID Lys intake was defined as kSID Lys. With the aim of increasing the accuracy of kSID Lys estimates, gilt data from the current study was combined with gilt data from a previous study conducted at the same facility using 4 SID Lys levels ranging from 60% to 90% of the daily SID Lys requirements above maintenance for gilts according to the NRC (2012) gestating sow model. Whole body Lys retention of the combined gilt data set was assessed with different broken-line and nonlinear models. The kSID Lys was 0.65, 0.38, and 0.52 for early-, mid-, and late-gestation, respectively, in gilts. A linear response to graded SID Lys intake was found in late gestation only in parity 1 and 2+ sows; kSID Lys was determined as 0.44 and 0.52 in late gestation for parity 1 and parity 2+ sows, respectively. There were no differences in kSID Lys in late gestation between parities. For the combined gilt data, the model of best performance (reduced error and greater goodness of fit) was the Hoerl model. Maximum kSID Lys (i.e., g SID Lys retention/g SID Lys intake) in gilts was 0.67, 0.54, and 0.53 in early, mid, and late gestation predicted at 7.2, 9.1, and 13.5 g of SID Lys intake/d, respectively, based on the Hoerl model. Maximum SID Lys retention in gilts was similarly predicted at 8.5, 10.5, and 20.9 g of SID Lys intake per day in early, mid, and late gestation and resultant kSID Lys of 0.61, 0.51, and 0.44, respectively. The findings of this study demonstrate that kSID Lys varies by stage of gestation and SID Lys intake level and that, at least in gilts, a dynamic kSID adjusted for daily intake more adequately reflects biological response and hence allows more precise feeding of pregnant females.

Incorporating turn-over in whole body protein retention ef.ciency in pigs

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Turn Over

The magnitude of the discrepancy between conventional regression estimates of protein retention efficiency and theoretical estimates of synthesis efficiency indicates a major contribution ascribable to protein turn-over in the generally accepted estimates. As protein turn-over is known to be influenced by diet, feeding level and degree of maturity, this suggests the development of an estimator of protein efficiency that can be adapted for such differences. Therefore, based on generally accepted formulas for growth description, a method of estimating protein retention efficiency was developed which is flexible enough to accommodate different diets, feeding levels and degrees of maturity. Moreover, a formula was derived to convert one type of estimate to the other by regarding constant efficiency as equivalent to variable efficiency at the mid point of the estimation interval. Increase in scientific depth to this descriptive approach is provided by a theoretical consideration of a possible mechanism of hormonal control of protein synthesis and breakdown, ultimately expressed as proportionalities to powers of whole body protein (P). Molecular considerations on cellular synthesis and breakdown indicate a difference between breakdown and synthesis powers equal to (2/9)Q. The factor (2/9) is indicated by an argument based on insulinlike growth factor derived activator diffusion attributes by nucleus and body tissue geometries, whileQis equal to the proportion of nuclei activated by insulin-like growth factor. This proportion is likely to be a function of the concentration of growth factor in the blood. Hence, a linear relationship between intake and blood insulin-like growth factor concentration suggests thatQcan be represented by a scaled transformation of intake, 0 ≤Q≤ 1, such that a value ofQ= 1 represents ad libitum intake on a suitable diet andQ= 0 intake at the maintenance requirement. The quantification of breakdown and synthesis power differences by (2/9)Qleads to kP= {1 + [1 − (P/α)(2/9)Q]−1/6}−1, for turn-over related protein retention efficiency (kP), with α the limit value of P at maturity, so that 0 ≤ (P/α) ≤ 1. Experimental estimates, derived from direct estimates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown at predetermined levels of intake, are in excellent agreement with the theoretical (2/9)Qin the power associated with (P/α) in kP. Furthermore, conventional multiple regression retention efficiencies satisfactorily approximate the turn-over related retention efficiency that can be calculated at a given level of intake for the mid point of the interval covered by the regression estimates.

scholarly journals 373 Efficiency of standardized ileal digestible lysine utilization for whole body protein retention in pregnant gilts and sows during early and mid gestation

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 104-105
Author(s):  
Christian D Ramirez-Camba ◽  
James L Dunn ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Kevin J Touchette ◽  
Ryan S Samuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Total Urine ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine ◽  
Fecal Sampling

Abstract NRC (2012) gestating sow model assumes the efficiency of AA use is constant across gestation, which may not reflect changes in metabolic demand during gestation. Efficiency of utilization is determined as the slope of the response to graded levels of test AA. Previous work reported a lack of response to graded Lys [60–90% of NRC (2012) predicted requirement] in early and mid gestation. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine efficiency of SID Lys utilization for whole body protein retention in gilts and sows during early (d 48–52) and mid (d 75–79) gestation. Four isocaloric (3,373 kcal ME/kg) and isoproteic (12.75 % CP) diets containing 40, 50, 60, and 70% of NRC (2012) model-predicted daily SID Lys requirement (10.1 and 9.3 g/d in early and mid gestation, respectively) were randomly assigned to 50 females (PIC 1050; 12 gilts, 21 Parity 1, 17 Parity 2). Dietary indispensable AA contents were set to meet 100–200% of AA:Lys ratios. Whole body nitrogen (N) retention was based on N-balance studies in early and mid gestation (7-d diet adaptation and 5 d total urine collection and grab fecal sampling). Lysine efficiency was determined by simple linear regression using PROC GLM procedure of SAS. Reproductive performance data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Reproductive performance of sows (birth weight, born alive, stillborn, and mummies) was not different by parity or diet. Whole body N and SID Lys retention increased linearly (P < 0.0001) with increasing SID Lys intake in early and mid gestation. Efficiency of Lys utilization in early gestation was 0.60, 0.46, and 0.50, and in mid gestation 0.58, 0.44, and 0.48 for gilts, parity 1, and parity 2 sows, respectively. Parity may play a greater role in efficiency of AA use than stage of gestation.

scholarly journals Effects of Partial Substitution of Fish Meal by Soybean Meal with or without Heat-KilledLactobacillus plantarum(LP20) on Growth Performance, Digestibility, and Immune Response of Amberjack,Seriola dumeriliJuveniles

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud A. O. Dawood ◽  
Shunsuke Koshio ◽  
Manabu Ishikawa ◽  
Saichiro Yokoyama
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Bactericidal Activities ◽  
Lipid Digestibility

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemented diets with heat-killedLactobacillus plantarum(HK-LP) with graded levels of soybean meal (SBM) on growth, digestibility, blood parameters, and immune response ofSeriola dumerili(initial weight, 25.05 ± 0.1 g). Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated to contain 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% SBM, and each SBM level was supplemented with HK-LP at 0.0 and 0.1%. Fish fed diet which contains 30% SBM with HK-LP grew significantly faster than the other groups with notable feed intake and protein retention. Further, protein gain, whole body protein content, protease activity, protein, and lipid digestibility were significantly increased for all fish groups except for fish fed diet which contains 45% SBM with or without HK-LP. Interestingly, lysozyme activity was significantly enhanced in fish fed diets that contain 15% and 30% SBM with HK-LP. Hematocrit, peroxidase, and bactericidal activities revealed a significant increase in 30% SBM with HK-LP group. In addition, fish fed diets which contain 0% and 30% SBM with HK-LP showed higher tolerance against low-salinity stress compared with other groups. In conclusion, the addition of HK-LP to amberjack diets appeared to improve SBM utilization, immune response, and stress resistance.

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