Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Tryptamines in the Poison of Incilius alvarius (Amphibia: Bufonidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes M Schwelm ◽  
Nicole Zimmermann ◽  
Tobias Scholl ◽  
Johannes Penner ◽  
Amy Autret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Acetone Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trace Compounds ◽  
First Time

Abstract Rising numbers of psychoactive tryptamine derivatives have become available on the drug market over the last decade, making these naturally occurring or synthetically manufactured compounds highly relevant for forensic analyses. One of these compounds is 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a constituent of the dried poison of Incilius alvarius (Colorado River toad), which has a history of ritual and/or recreational use. Still, comprehensive and validated qualitative as well as quantitative analytical data on the psychoactive components of this poison are scarce. In this study, samples of the poison of Incilius alvarius were collected from live toads in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona (USA), and analyzed with a set of complementary methods. Acetone/water (70/30, v/v) proved to be the solvent of choice for the extraction of tryptamine derivatives. Trace compounds were enriched, and overload with 5-MeO-DMT was prevented by chromatographic separation of 5-MeO-DMT prior to qualitative analyses. The method for quantification was validated. Attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was suitable to identify 5-MeO-DMT as the main tryptamine in samples of the poison. The combined evaluation of analytical data gained from gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution MS (HPLC–qToF–HRMS) and HPLC–MS/MS confirmed the presence of 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-N-methyltryptamine, 5-MeO-tryptamine, 5-MeO-tryptophol, 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-acetic-acid (5-MIAA), 5-HO-N-methyltryptamine, bufotenin, DMT and tryptophan. For the first time, 5-MeO-tryptamine and two positional isomers of hydroxylated MeO-DMT were detected in the poison of Incilius alvarius. The tryptamine present in the highest concentrations was 5-MeO-DMT (mean ± SD: 410,000 ± 30,000 mg/g). Mean concentrations of 5-MeO-tryptamine (490 ± 260 mg/g), 5-HO-N-methyltryptamine (270 ± 120 mg/g), bufotenin (2,800 ± 1,900 mg/g) and DMT (250 ± 80 mg/g) showed a relatively high variability between individual samples. The comprehensive analytical reference data of Incilius alvarius poison presented here might prove useful for forensic chemists.

scholarly journals Histochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Lamium album subsp. album L. Corolla: Essential Oil, Triterpenes, and Iridoids

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4166
Author(s):  
Agata Konarska ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Anna Matysik-Woźniak ◽  
Aneta Sulborska ◽  
Beata Polak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Trichome Types ◽  
First Time

The aim of this study was to conduct a histochemical analysis to localize lipids, terpenes, essential oil, and iridoids in the trichomes of the L. album subsp. album corolla. Morphometric examinations of individual trichome types were performed. Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to show the micromorphology and localization of lipophilic compounds and iridoids in secretory trichomes with the use of histochemical tests. Additionally, the content of essential oil and its components were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Qualitative analyses of triterpenes carried out using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with densitometric detection, and the iridoid content expressed as aucubin was examined with spectrophotometric techniques. We showed the presence of iridoids and different lipophilic compounds in papillae and glandular and non-glandular trichomes. On average, the flowers of L. album subsp. album yielded 0.04 mL/kg of essential oil, which was dominated by aldehydes, sesquiterpenes, and alkanes. The extract of the L. album subsp. album corolla contained 1.5 × 10−3 ± 4.3 × 10−4 mg/mL of iridoid aucubin and three triterpenes: oleanolic acid, β-amyrin, and β-amyrin acetate. Aucubin and β-amyrin acetate were detected for the first time. We suggest the use of L. album subsp. album flowers as supplements in human nutrition.

scholarly journals Identification of the designer benzodiazepine 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine (flualprazolam) in an anesthesia robbery case

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Qian ◽  
Cuimei Liu ◽  
Jian Huang ◽  
Qingqing Deng ◽  
Zhendong Hua
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Designer Drug ◽  
New Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Emerging Compounds ◽  
Analytical Properties

Abstract Purpose This publication reports analytical properties of the designer benzodiazepine 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine (flualprazolam) seized in an anesthesia robbery case. Methods The target compound was identified by liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF-MS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results We could obtain detailed analytical data of flualprazolam—a new designer benzodiazepine available on the designer drug market. Conclusions More designer benzodiazepines have been detected and seized on the illegal drug scene as new psychoactive substances during the last 5 years. In this study, we presented analytical data of flualprazolam to assist forensic laboratories that encounter these newly emerging compounds in casework. This is the first report on this compound in illegal products.

scholarly journals Extraction and Analyses of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids from Canadian Goldenrod and Giant Goldenrod

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Jure Zekič ◽  
Irena Vovk ◽  
Vesna Glavnik
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
Invasive Alien Plant ◽  
Chromatographic Fingerprints ◽  
Acetone Water ◽  
Sample Test ◽  
First Time ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Invasive alien plant species Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) and giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Aiton) were investigated as a source of phytochemicals and yellow dyes. Flavonoids and phenolic acids were extracted from the inflorescence of Canadian goldenrod with thirteen extraction solvents ethanol, methanol, acetone, water, and mixtures of organic solvents (70%, 80%, and 90%) with water. High performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to densitometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with photo-diode array detector (HPLC-PDA) were used for analyses of the obtained sample test solutions (STSs), which showed the best and comparable extraction efficiencies for 70% acetone(aq), 70% methanol(aq), and 70% ethanol(aq). HPTLC combined with image analyses in fluorescent mode resulted in different chromatographic fingerprints for Canadian goldenrod and giant goldenrod STSs (70% acetone(aq)) after development, after post-chromatographic derivatization with NP reagent and after use of PEG reagent. The developed HPLC methods enabled analyses of phenolic acids and flavonoids (aglycones and glycosylated) in STSs and hydrolyzed STSs form inflorescence of Canadian and giant goldenrod. Different contents of chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetin, and quercetin were observed in STSs of both goldenrod species. The analyses of hydrolyzed STSs confirmed that glycosylated flavonoids in Canadian and giant goldenrod inflorescence are mainly glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin. Additional analyses using HPTLC and HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS; HPTLC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS) enabled tentative identification of phenolic acids and flavonoids (10 with HPTLC-MS/MS and 15 with LC-MS/MS), from which several were identified in Canadian (4 with HPTLC-MS/MS and 8 with LC-MS/MS) and in giant (7 with HPTLC-MS/MS and 9 with LC-MS/MS) goldenrod for the first time.

scholarly journals Determining Undeclared Synthetic Pharmaceuticals as Adulterants in Weight Loss Herbal Medicines

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26253
Author(s):  
Babak Salahshour ◽  
Sajjad Sadeghi ◽  
Hajar Nazari ◽  
Kambiz Soltaninejad
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Diode Array Detector ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Health Authorities

Background: The popularity and use of herbal medicines and supplements are growing worldwide. Herbal anti-obesity products have been considered as suitable alternatives to synthetic pharmaceuticals as they are introduced as harmless natural products. However, some manufacturers often add undeclared synthetic pharmaceuticals to the anti-obesity herbal medicine products to improve their efficacy and potency. The present study aimed to analyze herbal weight loss products collected from the drug market in Bojnurd City, Iran.Methods: Ninety-six herbal drug samples, as weight loss products, were obtained from herb shops and pharmacies in Bojnurd City, Iran. All samples were analyzed to detect undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques.Results: Caffeine, trimethoxyamphetamine, and vitamin E were identified in herbal weight loss products. Caffeine was detected in 21.8% of the obtained samples, as the most common undeclared active pharmaceutical adulterant. Conclusion: Undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients in herbal weight loss products could threaten patients’ health. Thus, it is necessary to create awareness through health authorities in this regard.

scholarly journals Use of Whole Cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for Synthesis of the Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol via Conversion of Tyrosol

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 2105-2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Allouche ◽  
M. Damak ◽  
R. Ellouz ◽  
S. Sayadi
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Growth State ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Resting Cell ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT For the first time, a soil bacterium, designated Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was isolated based on its ability to grow on tyrosol as a sole source of carbon and energy. During growth on tyrosol, this strain was capable of promoting the formation of a significant amount of hydroxytyrosol and trace quantities of parahydroxyphenyl acetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid. The products were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Using an optimized tyrosol concentration of 2 g liter−1, the maximal hydroxytyrosol yield (80%) was achieved after a 7-h reaction in a growth experiment. To enhance the formation of hydroxytyrosol and prevent its degradation, a resting-cell method using P. aeruginosa was performed. The growth state of the culture utilized for biomass production, the carbon source on which the biomass was grown, the concentration of the biomass, and the amount of tyrosol that was treated were optimized. The optimal yield of hydroxytyrosol (96%) was obtained after a 7-h reaction using 4 g of tyrosol liter−1 and 5 g of cells liter−1 pregrown on tyrosol and harvested at the end of the exponential phase. This proposed procedure is an alternative approach to obtain hydroxytyrosol in an environmentally friendly way. In addition, the reaction is easy to perform and can be adapted to a bioreactor for industrial purposes.

scholarly journals Cannabinoids determination in bronchoalveolar lavages of cannabis smokers with lung disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Concetta Rotolo ◽  
Manuela Pellegrini ◽  
Paola Martucci ◽  
Raffaela Giacobbe ◽  
Angela De Palma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Disease ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Analytical Recovery ◽  
Cannabis Consumption ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cannabis Smoking ◽  
Trimethylsilyl Derivatives ◽  
First Time ◽  
Current Tobacco

Abstract Background Cannabis smoke affects the lungs similarly to tobacco smoke, causing symptoms such as increased cough, sputum, hyperinflation and chronic bronchitis. Chronic use can also cause serious lung diseases and airway obstruction. We developed and validated a method for the identification and quantification of cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its metabolites 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) in bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) from hospitalized former or current tobacco smoking patients with lung disease and a long history of cannabis consumption and limited current tobacco use. Methods For the extraction of cannabinoids from BALs, a 1 mL sample was added with 300 µL of 0.1 N NaOH and 3 mL of hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1). The solvent was then evaporated to dryness. Trimethylsilyl derivatives were prepared and then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results The method was linear for the analytes under investigation with coefficients of determination of at least 0.99. Absolute analytical recovery was always better than 80%, imprecision and inaccuracy was always under 15%. Six cases out of 15 were positive for THC, CBN and CBD. In two BALs samples, the presence of 11-OH-THC was also measured while THC-COOH was not detected. In the six positive cases, the last cannabis smoking occurred in the previous 2–14 days. Conclusions This is the first time that cannabinoids have been detected in BALs, demonstrating the presence of a drug with its metabolites in a target organ of consumers who present with a lung disease. This occurrence let us hypothesize a role of cannabinoids in the development of the disease and prompted an investigation on possible associations between cannabis smoking and clinical outcomes in patients with lung disease and eventually evaluate a cytotoxic effect of cannabinoids themselves.

Isolation and Characterization of a Dibenzofuran-Degrading Yeast: Identification of Oxidation and Ring Cleavage Products

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2215-2219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Hammer ◽  
Dirk Krowas ◽  
Annett Schäfer ◽  
Michael Specht ◽  
Wittko Francke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ring Cleavage ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Yeast Identification ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Incubation Experiments

ABSTRACT We characterized the ability of a yeast to cleave the aromatic structure of the dioxin-like compound dibenzofuran. The yeast strain was isolated from a dioxin-contaminated soil sample and identified asTrichosporon mucoides. During incubation of glucose-pregrown cells with dibenzofuran, six major metabolites were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The formation of four different monohydroxylated dibenzofurans was proven by comparison of analytical data (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) with that for authentic standards. Further oxidation produced 2,3-dihydroxydibenzofuran and its ring cleavage product 2-(1-carboxy methylidene)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furanylidene glycolic acid, which were characterized by mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These two metabolites are derived from 2-hydroxydibenzofuran and 3-hydroxydibenzofuran, as shown by incubation experiments using these monohydroxylated dibenzofurans as substrates.

Michigan's Fisheater Cohorts: a Prospective History of Exposure

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold E.B. Humphrey ◽  
Marvin L. Budd
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Packed Column ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Human Exposure Assessment ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Capillary Column Gas Chromatography

Interest in environmental contaminants and their effect on human health emerged as a primary focus in the 1970s following the discovery of significant levels of mercury, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), and polychlorinated bihpenyls (PCBs) in recreationally caught Great Lakes fish. In response to these findings, the Michigan Department of Public Health, in 1971, initiated a series of "fisheater" cohort studies. These studies continue to be conducted today. The evolution of human exposure assessment by serum PCB determination parallels the evolution of more precise and sensitive analytical laboratory procedures over the past 25 years. Early work quantitated PCB with Aroclor 1254 standards. By 1980, the Webb and McCall packed-column method (Webb and McCall, 1972, 1973), which quantitates total PCB with Aroclor 1016 and 1260 standards, had gained the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) approval and became the accepted method. This method was used in the 1978-1980 Michigan Great Lakes Fisheater Study, the first sizable study of this kind in the nation. The study confirmed that fisheaters had significantly more exposure (median 21.4 ppb vs 6.6 ppb) than controls. Toxicology studies have indicated the need to quantitate individual PCB congeners, in order to correlate exposure with possible toxicological and health outcomes. Today, capillary column gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry are used to search for trace components of the total PCB dose (Mullen et al., 1984). Because of the legacy of the earlier analytical data, Michigan also continues to conduct packed-column analysis for longitudinalcomparisons. The Michigan fisheater study database and registry provide a significantly exposed and historic foundation for research testing health outcome hypotheses.

Adam Zalužanský’s “De sexu plantarum” (1592): an early pioneering chapter on plant sexuality

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Funk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
English Translation ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
Main Work ◽  
Botanical History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time

In the history of botany, Adam Zalužanský (d. 1613), a Bohemian physician, apothecary, botanist and professor at the University of Prague, is a little-known personality. Linnaeus's first biographers, for example, only knew Zalužanský from hearsay and suspected he was a native of Poland. This ignorance still pervades botanical history. Zalužanský is mentioned only peripherally or not at all. As late as the nineteenth century, a researcher would be unaware that Zalužanský’s main work Methodi herbariae libri tres actually existed in two editions from two different publishers (1592, Prague; 1604, Frankfurt). This paper introduces the life and work of Zalužanský. Special attention is paid to the chapter “De sexu plantarum” of Zalužanský’s Methodus, in which, more than one hundred years before the well-known De sexu plantarum epistola of R. J. Camerarius, the sexuality of plants is suggested. Additionally, for the first time, an English translation of Zalužanský’s chapter on plant sexuality is provided.

A Confrontation between Two Doctrines: The Birth of Struggle for Hegemony in Hebrew Children's Literature during the 1930s and 1940s

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAEL DARR
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
The Political ◽  
Literary Creation ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time ◽  
Literary Quality

This article describes a crucial and fundamental stage in the transformation of Hebrew children's literature, during the late 1930s and 1940s, from a single channel of expression to a multi-layered polyphony of models and voices. It claims that for the first time in the history of Hebrew children's literature there took place a doctrinal confrontation between two groups of taste-makers. The article outlines the pedagogical and ideological designs of traditionalist Zionist educators, and suggests how these were challenged by a group of prominent writers of adult poetry, members of the Modernist movement. These writers, it is argued, advocated autonomous literary creation, and insisted on a high level of literary quality. Their intervention not only dramatically changed the repertoire of Hebrew children's literature, but also the rules of literary discourse. The article suggests that, through the Modernists’ polemical efforts, Hebrew children's literature was able to free itself from its position as an apparatus controlled by the political-educational system and to become a dynamic and multi-layered field.

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