Reevaluating the Economic Injury Level for Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) at Various Growth Stages of Maize

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 2250-2258
Author(s):  
Tim B Bryant ◽  
Seth J Dorman ◽  
Dominic D Reisig ◽  
DeShae Dillard ◽  
Roger Schürch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Infestation Level ◽  
Economic Injury Level ◽  
Euschistus Servus ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Late Stages

Abstract Economic yield loss and reduction in grain quality from brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), feeding injury in early and late stages of maize, Zea mays (Poales: Poaceae, Linnaeus), development was assessed in Virginia and North Carolina in 2018 and 2019. Varying levels of stink bug infestations were introduced to seedling maize (V2—early stage), and a range of late-stages of maize, including 1) the last stage of vegetative development (V12/V14), 2) prior to tasseling, 3) at tasseling (VT), and 4) across all tested late growth stages. Euschistus servus infestation levels included 33, 67, and 100% of maize seedlings, and 25, 50, 100, and 200% of plants during later stages. Infestations were maintained on seedling maize for 7 d, and 8 or 16 d in reproductive stages. Infestation level in seedling maize had an impact on grain yield. Infestation level and growth stage both had an impact on grain yield in reproductive maize. The percentage of discolored kernels was also affected by infestation level, but not growth stage. Regression analysis between grain yield and infestation level indicated that the average economic injury level is 7% in seedling maize (7 bugs/100 plants) and 12% (12 bugs/100 plants) from the last vegetative stages (V12/V14) through pollination (VT). The economic injury level in the late vegetative stages is only applicable when infestations are present for an extended period of time (16 d), emphasizing the need for continued scouting of maize throughout the season to make informed management decisions.

Trap-Based Economic Injury Levels and Thresholds for Euschistus servus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Florida Peach Orchards

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1347-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory Penca ◽  
Amanda C Hodges ◽  
Norman C Leppla ◽  
Ted E Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Stink Bug ◽  
Economic Injury Level ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Economic Thresholds ◽  
Euschistus Servus ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
And Control ◽  
Time Of Harvest

Abstract Populations of the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), in Florida peach orchards were monitored during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons using yellow pheromone-baited pyramid traps. Peaches were evaluated at harvest for the presence of stink bug injury. A relationship between E. servus trap capture and fruit injury was used to estimate the economic injury level (EIL) for varying scenarios of crop price, per-hectare yield, and control costs. Economic thresholds were then set based on observed E. servus population trends and expected rates of increase. Thresholds were lowest in the period immediately following shuck split due to the rapid increase in E. servus populations during this period. Euschistus servus trap capture trended downward at the time of harvest. Therefore, increased E. servus management early in the Florida peach season provides the greatest overall benefit, whereas late season populations decline independent of management actions. The proposed EIL for Florida peaches determined by this study is 5.53 E. servus per trap over a 14-d trapping period, which was surpassed in only 16 of the 60 recorded trapping periods. This suggests that the current recommended spray frequency may not be economically justified.

scholarly journals Pest status of the leafhopper Empoasca dolichi Paoli on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the Zaria area of northern Nigeria

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Egwurube ◽  
O. Ogunlana M ◽  
C. Dike M ◽  
I. Onu
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Economic Injury Level ◽  
Pest Status ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
One Year ◽  
Empoasca Dolichi ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Population studies and tests on the relationship between density and damage were conducted in 1999 to 2001 to determine the pest status of <I>Empoasca dolichi</I> on groundnut (<I>Arachis hypogaea </I>L.) in the Zaria area of northern Nigeria. Analyses showed that <I>Empoasca</I> numbers varied significantly from one year to another, and within each year the numbers of leafhoppers observed at the different growth stages of the plant were significantly different (<I>P</I> = 0.01). There was an inverse and highly significant relationship between the mean kernel yield and the <I>Empoasca </I>damage at the different growth stages of the plant. When natural population densities were plotted against economic injury level (EIL), the densities did not reach the EIL throughout the groundnut growing seasons. The insect was thus not an economic pest on groundnut in Zaria during the period of the study.

Relative effectiveness of various sources, methods, times and rates of copper fertilizers in improving grain yield of wheat on a Cu-deficient soil

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
L. Cowell ◽  
H. R. Kutcher
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cu Deficiency

A field experiment was conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of various sources, methods, times and rates of Cu fertilizers on grain yield, protein concentration in grain, concentration of Cu in grain and uptake of Cu in grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and residual concentration of DTPA-extractable Cu in soil on a Cu-deficient soil near Porcupine Plain in northeastern Saskatchewan. The experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2002 on the same site, but the results for 2002 were not presented because of very low grain yield due to drought in the growing season. The 25 treatments included soil application of four granular Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate, Cu oxysulphate I and Cu oxysulphate II) as soil-incorporated (at 0.5 and 2.0 kg Cu ha-1), seedrow-placed (at 0.25 and 1.0 kg Cu ha-1) and foliar application of four solution Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I, Cu sulphate/chelate and Cu sequestered II at 0.25 kg Cu ha-1) at the four-leaf and flag-leaf growth stages, plus a zero-Cu check. Soil was tilled only once to incorporate all designated Cu and blanket fertilizers into the soil a few days prior to seeding. Wheat plants in the zero-Cu treatment exhibited Cu deficiency in all years. For foliar application at the flag-leaf stage, grain yield increased with all four of the Cu fertilizers in 2000 and 2001, and in all but Cu sequestered II in 1999. Foliar application at the four-leaf growth stage of three Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I and Cu sulphate/chelate), soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha-1 and two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 0.5 kg Cu ha-1 rate, and seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 1 kg Cu ha-1 increased grain yield of wheat only in 2001. There was no effect of Cu fertilization on protein concentration in grain. The increase in concentration and uptake of Cu in grain from Cu fertilization usually showed a trend similar to grain yield. There was some increase in residual DTPA-extractable Cu in the 0–60 cm soil in Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate and Cu oxysulphate II soil incorporation treatments, particularly at the 2 kg Cu ha-1 rate. In summary, the results indicate that foliar application of Cu fertilizers at the flag-leaf growth stage can be used for immediate correction of Cu deficiency in wheat. Because Cu deficiency in crops often occurs in irregular patches within fields, foliar application may be the most practical and economical way to correct Cu deficiency during the growing season, as lower Cu rates can correct Cu deficiency. Key words: Application time, Cu source, foliar application, granular Cu, growth stage, placement method, rate of Cu, seedrow-placed Cu, soil incorporation

The effect of foliar copper application on grain yield and quality of wheat

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Karamanos ◽  
Q. Pomarenski ◽  
T. B. Goh ◽  
N. A Flore
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Available Cu concentrations in prairie soils (DTPA-extractable Cu) are extremely variable, thus resulting in areas within fields that are Cu deficient. These areas are difficult to characterize by a soil test based on a composite field sample; thus, when they are identified in the growing season, foliar Cu application possibly represents the only method of correcting them. A project, carried out over a period of 8 yr that consisted of four experiments and a total of 22 trials, was designed to ascertain whether foliar Cu applications indeed provide a satisfactory means of correcting Cu deficiency. Experiments included comparison of foliar applications at Feekes growth stages 6 (first node of stem visible at base of shoot) and 6 plus 10 (sheath of last leaf completely grown out) to soil broadcast and incorporation of 4 to 5.5 kg Cu ha-1 as copper sulphate (CuSO4·5H2O) or seed placement of 2 kg Cu ha-1 in three forms (two oxysulphates and one sulphate); foliar application of a variety of products representing different chemistries (chelate, lignin sulphonate, humic acid, oxychloride and citric acid) on a number of wheat cultivars at Feekes growth stage 10 or one cultivar at Feekes growth stages 2 (beginning of tillering), 6, 10 and 2 plus 10. Foliar applications appear to provide a solution to Cu deficiency that is identified during the growing season. However, foliar applications were not always as effective as broadcast and incorporation of at least 4 kg Cu ha-1 in the form of CuSO4·5H2O, which still remains the preferred method to correct a Cu deficiency. Foliar application at Feekes growth stage 2 was ineffective, whereas a single foliar application at Feekes growth stage 10 was not as satisfactory as a single one at Feekes growth stage 6. Thus, the latter stage appears to be preferable; however, maximum grain yield in some cases was obtained by the combination of two foliar Cu applications, one each at Feekes growth stages 6 and 10. Responses of wheat to foliar Cu application were obtained on soils that contained DTPA-extractable Cu concentration of less than 0.4 mg kg-1. Foliar Cu applications did not have an appreciable effect on grain quality parameters, such as hectolitre weight, moisture or protein content. Key words: DTPA-extractable, Feekes growth stage, deficient, marginal, plant tissue

scholarly journals The influence of fertilization and tillage method on the formation root system capacity and grain production of spring barley

2011 ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Andrej Kupecsek ◽  
Juliana Monárová
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root System ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Lcr Meter ◽  
Tillage Method

To evaluate the interaction of year x variety, year x tillage method and year x fertilization on the grain yield and root system capacity (RSC) of spring barley, we ran polyfactorial field trials in agroecological conditions of a warm corn production area in Slovakia, at  Malanta, in 2009 and 2010. The RSC measurements were done using LCR - meter at a frequency of 1 kHz and they took place in four growth stages: at leaf development in the stage of four leaves (RSC1), in full tillering (RSC2), in the stage heading (RSC 3) and at the stage of ripening (RSC4). The values of grain yield, RSC1, RSC2, RSC3, RSC4 reached in 2009 comparison to 2010 were significantly lower. The highest yield in 2009 was reached by variety Marthe (4.49 t.ha-1) and by variety Bojos (7.19 t ha-1) in 2010. The highest values of RSC in observed growth stages were achieved by variety Bojos in 2009, and in 2010 also besides RSC1. Within both years, difference in yields between tillage methods was not observed. The values of RSC in growth stage of 4 leaves and tillering was higher at conventional tillage, butthe values of RSC3 and RSC4 were higher with minimized tillage. The highest grain yield and values of RSC in every growth stage were achieved on the fertilization variant “c“ in 2009 and on the fertilization variant “b“ in 2010. The correlation relationships between grain yield and RSC were significant and positive in every growth stage. The strongest relationship was found among grain yield and RSC (r=0.6047).

scholarly journals Subdoses of Dicamba Herbicide on Yield Componentes in Function of the Soybean Growth Stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 407
Author(s):  
T. Schneider ◽  
M. A. Rizzardi ◽  
A. P. Rockenbach ◽  
S. T. Peruzzo
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Soybean cultivars without tolerance can suffer injury from exposure to tank herbicide residues. This study aimed at assessing the potential effects of the broad spectrum herbicide dicamba on sensitive soybean during its vegetative and reproductive stages. The trial was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Six rates (1.4, 2.8, 5.6, 11.2, 16.8 and 28.0 g ae ha-1) of dicamba were applied at two soybean growth stages (V3 and R2). The soybeans were planted in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul state in 2015/16 agricultural year. The dicamba induced symptoms of soybean phytotoxicity showed a steady rise at all the assessment times. The soybean decreased in height as the subdose of the herbicide increased. Dicamba was observed to negatively affect the number of nodes alone, during the V3 and R2 stages. The grain yield was adversely affected at the 28.0 g ae ha-1 subdose, in the V3 application stage, and in response to the 16.8 and 28.0 g ae ha-1 subdoses in the R2 stage.

scholarly journals Establishing Defoliation Thresholds for Insect Pest of Peanut in Mississippi

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Abbott ◽  
J. M. Sarver ◽  
J. Gore ◽  
D. Cook ◽  
A. Catchot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Canopy Height ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Economic Injury Level ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Defoliation of peanut by foliage-feeding insects reduces photosynthetic capacity, and in turn, may reduce pod yield, particularly when canopy loss occurs at critical growth stages, i.e., 40 or 80 d after full plant emergence (DAE). The objective of this research was to determine the impact of peanut defoliation levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%, at 40 or 80 DAE on canopy height and width, plant biomass, pod grade and yield, and economic injury level. Research was conducted in Stoneville and Starkville MS in 2015 and 2016. The experimental design was a six (defoliation level) by two (defoliation timing) factorial arranged in a randomized complete block. Up to four wk after defoliation, canopy height, canopy width, and plant biomass were negatively correlated with defoliation level regardless of defoliation timing (40 and 80 DAE). Neither defoliation level nor timing had an effect on peanut grade or maturity. Similarly, defoliation at 40 DAE did not affect pod yield but when damage occurred 80 DAE, pod yield was reduced 18.6 kg/ha for every 1% increase in defoliation. Considering average crop value and insect control costs, the economic injury for peanut defoliation at 80 DAE is 5% defoliation. These data indicate that control of canopy-feeding insects is only economically viable when defoliation exceeds 5% defoliation at 80 DAE.

ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS AND ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF CEREAL APHIDS ON BARLEY IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (8) ◽  
pp. 759-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Ba-Angood ◽  
R. K. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Economic Thresholds ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Ripe Stage ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Percentage Protein

AbstractArtificial infestations of cereal aphids in caged plants were made at different growth stages of barley in the field in 1978 and 1979. Forty, 80, 160, and 200 aphids/tiller reduced grain yield significantly (P < 0.01) when introduced into caged plants at flowering and milky stages for 2 weeks. Only the 150 and 200 aphids/tiller-treatments gave significant reductions in yield when introduction was at the mealy ripe stage. Twenty aphids/tiller gave a significant reduction in yield only when they were introduced at the beginning of ear emergence and flowering, but not at the milky ripe stage. Significant reduction in percentage protein was obtained only when 160 and 200 aphids/tiller were introduced at flowering and milky ripe stages. The economic injury and threshold levels were calculated as 10–18 and 8–16 aphids/tiller, respectively, depending on rate of increase of aphids, costs of chemical control, and the value of the crop in 1978 and 1979.

scholarly journals Yield prediction and nitrogen recommendation in maize using normalized difference vegetation index

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
TB Karki
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Seed Sowing

A study was carried out using three maize genotypes with three levels of nitrogen (30 kg, 60 kg and 120 kg per hectare) during the summer season of 2010 and 2011with the aim of predicting maize (Zea mays L.) yield through the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The NDVI was recorded at different times throughout the growing season using a Greenseeker™ handheld sensor. Significant effect of genotypes and nutrient levels on the NDVI was observed at different growth stages of maize. There was positive correlation between the NDVI and grain yield. In the first season, the correlation coefficients were 0.90, 0.92, 0.76 and 0.73, respectively at 15, 45, 75 and 110 days after seeding. In the second season, the correlation coefficients were 0.80, 0.92, 0.77 and 0.75 respectively at 15, 45, 75 and 110 days after seeding. The NDVI based N calculator showed that irrespective of genotypes, yield potentials under farmers' levels of nutrient management were almost half of the recommended doses of nitrogen. The amount of N to be top dressed decreased with increased crop duration. Grain yield varied significantly due to season, genotypes and nutrient levels. NDVI was affected due to season, stages of the crop (DAS), genotypes and nutrient levels. Interaction effects were significant for season x genotype, growth stage x genotype, growth stage x nutrient levels, genotype x nutrient levels and genotype x growth stage x nutrient levels. There was a strong positive correlation between NDVI and grain yields of hybrid maize at 15 and 45 DAS, but this correlation declined thereafter. This means that N top-dressed at or after 75 days of seed sowing will not increase grain yield as significantly as N applied earlier in the season. In contrast, topdressed N was producing significant effects on the open pollinated Rampur Composite even after 75 days of seed sowing. Further confirmation of the finding could be useful for top dressing N in the maize crop. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 3. 2013, Page 82-88 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9009

Response of eight Canadian spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to copper: Copper content in the leaves and grain

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Owuoche ◽  
K. G. Briggs ◽  
G. J. Taylor ◽  
D. C. Penney
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Unlimited Growth ◽  
Young Leaves

Concentrations of copper (Cu) in the youngest fully emerged leaves (YFEL) and grain of eight widely grown Canadian spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Biggar, Columbus, Conway, Katepwa, Laura, Oslo, Park and Roblin, were determined. Leaves were sampled at five growth stages from field plots grown in 1990 and 1991 on Cu-deficient soil or soil treated with 12.2 kg Cu ha−1 as Cu sulphate. Symptoms of Cu deficiency, mainly rolling and wilting of young leaves and twisting and terminal dieback, were noted on Katepwa, Park and Roblin at Zadok growth stage 24. Significant (P ≤ 0.01) effects on Cu concentration in the YFEL were found due to cultivar, copper treatment, year and growth stage. The Cu concentrations in Katepwa, Park and Roblin not treated with Cu ranged between 4.6 and 5.7 μg g−1 in 1990 and between 2.8 and 3.5 μg g−1 in 1991 at Zadok growth stage 22. Cultivars Biggar, Columbus, Conway, Laura and Oslo did not show symptoms of Cu deficiency and had Cu concentrations in the range of 4.6–5.4 μg g−1 in 1990 and 2.3–3.1 μg g−1 in 1991. Deficiency symptoms were observed on Katepwa and Park supplied with Cu, although concentrations of Cu in the YFEL were relatively high. Grains sampled from the tillers generally had lower Cu concentrations than those from main stems, but the magnitude of this difference varied with the year. Significant correlations were found between Cu concentrations in the YFEL and grain yield (r = 0.90* in 1990 and 0.89* in 1991) and with floret fertility (r = 0.74* in 1990 and 0.94** in 1991). These large and significant correlations confirm the important role of Cu nutritional status in influencing floret fertility and grain yield. Critical levels of Cu in the leaves needed for unlimited growth could not be defined because of year-to-year variability. In this study, Cu concentration in the YFEL was not a useful indicator of potential Cu use efficiency in different wheat cultivars. However, for individual plants under Cu-deficiency stress, Cu concentration in the YFEL was a good indicator of the grain yield potential of different cultivars. Key words:Triticum aestivum, copper, youngest fully emerged leaves, tissue analysis

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