Toxicities and Residual Effect of Spinosad and Alpha-Cypermethrin-Based Baits to Replace Malathion for Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1798-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cléber Antonio Baronio ◽  
Inana Xavier Schutze ◽  
Marcelo Zanelato Nunes ◽  
Daniel Bernardi ◽  
Ruben Machota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Food Lures

Abstract Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) is the main insect pest of fruits worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and residual effects of the ready-to-use toxic baits Success 0.02CB (0.24 g of active ingredient [a.i.] per liter of spinosad) and Gelsura (6 g of a.i./liter of alpha-cypermethrin) and to compare them with other food lures containing spinosad and malathion mixed with hydrolyzed protein (Biofruit 5% and Flyral 1.25%), Anamed without dilution or sugarcane molasses (7%) against adult C. capitata in laboratory and greenhouse trials. Ceratitis capitata adults were highly susceptible to all toxic bait formulations (mortality > 80%) until 96 h after exposure. The lowest LT50 (hours) of toxic baits were 2.32 (Gelsura at 4,000 mg/liter), 4.26 (Gelsura at 2,000 mg/liter), 4.28 (Anamed + malathion) and 4.89 (sugarcane molasses + malathion), while formulations containing spinosad (Biofruit, Flyral, Anamed and Success 0.02CB) showed LT50 of approximately 11 h. Without rain, Gelsura (2,000 mg/liter) and all spinosad formulations provided mortality superior to 80% 14 d after application. Gelsura and Anamed + spinosad showed higher resistance to a 5-mm simulated rain, similar to Anamed + malathion, while the other formulations had its efficacy decreased. All toxic baits were effective on adult C. capitata in residual experiments without rain while Anamed + spinosad caused high adult mortality after 5 to 25 mm rains. Gelsura and Anamed + spinosad can be used to replace toxic baits containing malathion for C. capitata population management.

scholarly journals Toxicity and residual effects of toxic baits with spinosyns on the South American fruit fly

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inana Xavier Schutze ◽  
Cléber Antonio Baronio ◽  
Morgana Mattiello Baldin ◽  
Alci Enimar Loek ◽  
Marcos Botton
Keyword(s):  
Residual Effect ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
South American ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Anastrepha Fraterculus ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
The One ◽  
Food Lures ◽  
South American Fruit Fly

Abstract: The objective of this work was to assess the lethal concentration and lethal time (LC and LT) of spinosad and spinetoram, combined with different food lures, and their residual effects on South American fruit fly (Anastrepha fraterculus). The toxic baits were offered in eight concentrations (2, 6, 14, 35, 84, 204, 495, and 1,200 mg L-1), combined with the following food lures: 7% sugarcane molasses, 3% Biofruit, 1.5% CeraTrap, 1.25% Flyral, 3% Samaritá Bait, and 3% Samaritá Tradicional; diluted food lures in water were used as controls. The residual effect of the formulations at 96 mg L-1 concentration were evaluated for 21 days and were compared with that of the commercial bait Success 0.02 CB. Both insecticides were toxic to adults of A. fraterculus, and mortality varied with the food lure used. The LC50and LT50ranged from 15.19 to 318.86 mg L-1and from 11.43 to 85.93 hours, respectively. Spinosad was 2 to 36 times as toxic as spinetoram when combined with different hydrolyzed proteins. Toxic baits formulated with spinosad and spinetoram (96 mg L-1) caused mortality equivalent to the one by Success 0.02 CB (90.2%), when assessed on the day of application. Toxic baits formulated with 3% Biofruit + spinosad and 3% Samaritá Bait + spinetoram are effective for managingA. fraterculusand provide up to seven days of residual effect in the absence of rain; however, only Success 0.02 CB caused more than 80% mortality for up to 21 days.

scholarly journals Concentration and lethal time of toxic baits based on spinosyns on Ceratitis capitata and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata 1

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgana Mattiello Baldin ◽  
Inana Xavier Schutze ◽  
Cléber Antonio Baronio ◽  
Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia ◽  
Marcos Botton
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Diachasmimorpha Longicaudata ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
Food Lures

ABSTRACT The use of toxic baits with spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram), along with the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, is a sustainable alternative for the management of Ceratitis capitata. This study aimed to evaluate the lethal concentration (LC) and lethal time (LT) of spinosad and spinetoram, associated with the food lures sugarcane molasses at 7 %, Biofruit at 3 %, Ceratrap® at 1.5 %, Flyral® at 1.25 %, Isca Samaritá® and Samaritá Tradicional® at 3 %, on C. capitata, under laboratory conditions, as well as their effect, at the concentration of 96 mg L-1, on D. longicaudata. For the lethal time data, mortality was assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 h after the exposure to the toxic baits. The lowest lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC95), to spinetoram (0.5 mg L-1 and 3.7 mg L-1, respectively) and spinosad (0.8 mg L-1 and 7.8 mg L-1, respectively), corresponded to the association with Samaritá Tradicional® at 3 %. The lowest lethal time (TL50), in hours, for the spinosad insecticide, corresponded to the formulation containing Biofruit at 3 % (6.6), and, to spinetoram, Samaritá Tradicional® at 3 % (7.9). For D. longicaudata, the formulations that caused the lowest mortality corresponded to the association of Biofruit® at 3 % with spinosad (4.7 %) and Samaritá Tradicional® at 3 % with espinetoram (3.5 %). The toxic baits formulated with spinosad and espinetoram, associated with Isca Samaritá® at 3 %, caused a mortality rate of more than 60 % to the parasitoid D. longicaudata.

scholarly journals Bio-pesticides alternative diazinon to control peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail R. El-Gendy ◽  
Mona I. El-Banobi ◽  
Juan A. Villanueva-Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Bactrocera Zonata

Abstract Background The bio-pesticide abamectin has been used to control a large variety of insects, including Diptera species, attributed to its high toxicity with virtually no residual effects on treated crops. Its low residual effect ensures the survival of natural enemies and other non-target organisms. Imidacloprid is also widely used for insect pest control due to its potency and high insect selectivity in comparison to mammals. On the other hand, diazinon has been applied extensively to control immature fruit fly stages, mature larvae, pre-pupae, and pupae in soil drench application, thus, affecting the whole agroecosystem, including the natural enemies. Results The toxic effects of abamectin and imidaclopride proposed as a replacement for diazinone in soil treatment, were studied against a laboratory strain of the peach fruit fly (PFF), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) under field-caged conditions. Five days old PFF pupae were treated by each pesticide. PFF pupae exhibited different levels of susceptibility to the tested pesticides. Non-significant differences in the pupal mortality rates were obtained between imidacloprid (77.52%), abamectin (77.22%), or diazinon (73.89%). Diazinon and abamectin achieved the highest percentages of total mortality (100%), followed by imidacloprid (98.89%). Real mortality rates were mostly concentration-dependent, while the deformed flies rate depended on the chemical sub-group of insecticide and concentration. Additionally, the biochemical studies revealed different acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) inhibition levels caused by the pesticides on the treated flies sampled at 24, 48, and 72 hours post fly emergence. Conclusion The bio-insecticide abamectin is an option to diazinon for the control of PFF pupae. Also, soil treatment might be an alternative for PFF pupae control.

Toxicity of Bacterial Isolates on Adults of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Parasitoids Trichopria anastrephae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2817-2823
Author(s):  
Fernanda Carla Santos Geisler ◽  
Nicole de Souza Cunha ◽  
Liliane Natigal Martins ◽  
Daiana da Costa Oliveira ◽  
Paloma Stupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Zaprionus Indianus ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Total Fecundity ◽  
Food Attractants

Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) has demonstrated potential use in insect pest management. We evaluated the toxicity and sublethal effects of formulations of toxic baits composed of bacterial isolates (Bt) B. thuringiensis var. oswaldo cruzi (Bto), B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), and B. circulars (Bc) in combination with three food attractants 50% grape juice, 7% sugar cane molasses, and 7% hydrolyzed protein on adults of Zaprionus indianus (Gupta, 1970), the main pest of fig fruit (Ficus carica) in Brazil. Likewise, we evaluated the toxicity on the parasitoids Trichopria anastrephae Lima, 1940 and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani, 1875) in ingestion bioassays. Adults of Z. indianus showed high susceptibility to Bacterial isolates. However, the Bto isolate (1013 CFU. ml−1) caused adult mortality of 100%, in 72 h after exposure, with LT50 values of ≈20 h. By using the lethal concentrations (LC90) of the Bto isolate, estimated via the concentration–response curves with the food attractants, a significant reduction (40 to 50%) in the total fecundity and in the embryonic viability of eggs from females fed with the toxic baits was observed. The food attractants + Bto (80 × 108 CFU. ml−1) did not cause significant mortality of T. anastrephae and P. vindemmiae adults (mortality < 20%). The bacterial isolates Bti, Btk, Bc, and Bto are considered promising for the formulation of toxic baits, because, besides providing toxic effect on adults of Z. indianus, they showed no toxicity on T. anastrephae and P. vindemmiae adults.

RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF COMPACTION AND TILLAGE ON THE SOIL PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CLAY-TEXTURED SOIL

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. DUVAL ◽  
G. R. MEHUYS ◽  
G. S. V. RAGHAVAN ◽  
S. GAMEDA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Profile Characteristics

Detailed soil profile descriptions were made to assess the residual effect of compaction and tillage treatments applied 10 yr ago on a Ste-Rosalie clay. The treatments applied consisted of five passes at a contact pressure of 61.8 kPa with no tillage, 15 passes of 61.8 kPa with chiselling, moldboard plowing, no tillage, subsoiling, and a control. The results were analyzed using nonparametric statistics. The untilled plots that received 15 wheel passes showed mottling that was more abundant and closer to the surface than the other plots while the subsoiled plots had a finer, less abundant and deeper mottling than the other plots. Peds in the Ae horizon were finer in the subsoiled and chiselled plots and coarser in the untilled plots and conventionally tilled plots that received 15 vehicle passes. It appears from this work that the effect of compaction is very persistent in clay soil and that subsoiling followed by reduced traffic can have a long-term effect on soil structure. Key words: Compaction, tillage, profile descriptions, clay soil

Toxicities of Insecticidal Toxic Baits to Control Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): Implications for Field Management

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cléber Antonio Baronio ◽  
Daniel Bernardi ◽  
Inana Xavier Schutze ◽  
Morgana Mattiello Baldin ◽  
Ruben Machota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticides ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Field Management ◽  
Food Lures

Abstract Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) is a significant insect pest of fruits produced worldwide and is capable of causing direct and indirect damage to fruit. Chemical control is the most frequently used management strategy, mainly involving organophosphate insecticides. However, the frequent use of this chemical group has resulted in unacceptable chemical residues on fruits. In this study, the toxicity of 18 insecticides was evaluated in adults and larvae of C. capitata in a laboratory. The organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 480BR), phosmet (Imidan 500WP), and malathion (Malathion 1000EC); the spinosyns spinetoram (Delegate 250WG) and spinosad (Tracer); and the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac 100SC) caused high mortality (>80%) in C. capitata adults in topical application bioassays and by ingestion when mixed with Biofruit 5% food lures. However, the insecticides chlorfenapyr (Pirate), spinetoram and chlorpyrifos produced a significant reduction in larval infestation of the fruits (67, 74, and 84% larval mortality, respectively). Insecticides based on spinosyns, alpha-cypermethrin, and cyantraniliprole are alternatives that can replace organophosphates in the management of C. capitata in the field.

scholarly journals Yeast extract plus blood plasma in diets for piglets from 36 to 60 days old

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1107-1112
Author(s):  
Cinthia Maria Carlos Pereira ◽  
Juarez Lopes Donzele ◽  
Rita Flávia Miranda de Oliveira Donzele ◽  
Charles Kiefer ◽  
Verônica Maria Pereira Bernardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Performance Variables

ABSTRACT: To evaluate inclusion levels and residual effects of diets containing yeast extract (YE) plus blood plasma (BP) on the performance of 36 to 60-days old piglets, 105 piglets were used (8.75±0.72kg), and they were distributed under a randomized block experimental design with five treatments (control - 2.0% BP; 1.0% BP plus 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0% YE), seven repetitions, and three animals per experimental unit. Piglets were given experimental diets from 36 to 49 days of age. From 50 to 60 day of age, all piglets received the same diet. No effects from treatments (P>0.10) were observed on the performance variables from 36 to 49 day of age. From 50 to 60 day of age, an effect was observed from YE levels on the daily feed consumption (P<0.03), daily weight gain (p<0.01), and final weight (P<0.06), which increased quadratically up to 1.67, 1.67, and 1.55% YE levels, respectively. Piglets which were fed with the diet containing 1.0% BP + 2.0% YE were observed to have better feed conversion ratios (P<0.01) as compared to the control diet (2.0% BP). As it provides a better residual effect, the inclusion of 1.67% yeast extract may replace 50% of blood plasma in 36 to 49-days old piglet diets.

NITROGEN FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS FOR BARLEY WHEN APPLIED WITH CATTLE MANURE CONTAINING WOOD SHAVINGS AS A SOIL AMENDMENT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. MACKAY ◽  
J. M. CAREFOOT ◽  
T. G. SOMMERFELDT
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Chernozemic Soil ◽  
Mineralizable N

In an 8-yr experiment on an irrigated Dark Brown Chernozemic soil, four rates of N (0, 34, 67 and 101 kg ha−1), applied annually with 45 t ha−1 of manure containing softwood shavings (avg. of 46% dry wt) produced a linear yield response (from 3.5 with the check to 4.3 t ha−1 at the highest rate) of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Galt'). There were large differences in yields among years, which could be attributed to weather factors, but there was no significant N × year response. Protein content increased linearly (from 11.2 to 13.5%), and both kernel weights and "test weights" (kg hL−1) decreased slightly but significantly with N applications. There was a pronounced "residual" effect of N rates on both grain yield (from 3.8 to 6.3 t ha−1) and protein content (from 10 to 13%) in the first year after applications of manure and N fertilizer ceased. These effects decreased rapidly and had practically disappeared by the end of the 3rd yr, although yields of all treatments remained high (about 5 t ha−1). Organic matter and N contents of the soil were increased by 70 and 41%, respectively, from the cumulative applications of shavings manure. It is concluded that application of manure containing large quantities of softwood shavings has a negligible effect on the N fertilizer requirements of the crop being grown. Beneficial residual effects of N fertilizer applied with the manure may result because of buildup of NO3-N throughout the soil profile, and likely also because of N release from readily mineralized organic compounds or microbial biomass. However, this effect was not reflected in soil tests for readily mineralizable N by NO3 incubation or KCl digestion methods and the effects were practically dissipated after 3 yr. The recovery of applied N fertilizer by the crops was high at all rates (61–79%), and essentially all of the N applied (fertilizer + manure) was accounted for by crop removal + increased soil N. Key words: Mineralizable-N soil tests, Chernozemic soil, repeated fertilizer applications, residual effects

Residual effects of nitrogen fertiliser on the yield and N composition of succeeding cereal crops and on soil chemical properties of an Ethiopian highland Vertisol

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selamyihun Kidanu ◽  
D. G. Tanner ◽  
Tekalign Mamo
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Current Season ◽  
The Mean

A trial was conducted on an Ethiopian Vertisol from 1990 to 1995 to determine the residual effects of fertiliser N applied to tef [Eragrostistef (Zucc.) Trotter] on the grain and straw yield, N content, and total N uptake of succeeding crops of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) and tef. The mean agronomic efficiency of 60 kg fertiliser N ha−1 was 13.1 kg grain kg−1 fertiliser N applied in the current year and 5.4 kg grain kg−1 fertiliser N applied in the previous year. Thus, the residual fertiliser N benefit was equivalent to 41.2% of the response to current season N application for the two cereal crops. The mean rates of apparent recovery of fertiliser N were 65.8% for current season N application and 31.0% for previous season N application. Soil organic matter and nitrate levels increased linearly in response to both previous and current season N application rates. The current study demonstrates that the residual effect of fertiliser N enhanced the yields and N contents of the grain and straw of both wheat and tef, resulting in a significant increase in total N uptake. Any analysis of the profitability of fertiliser N response should reflect the multi-year benefit period. Key words: N recovery, N residue, N uptake, tef, wheat

scholarly journals Cryphalus eriobotryae sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), a New Insect Pest of Loquat Eriobotrya japonica in China

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sizhu Zheng ◽  
Andrew J. Johnson ◽  
You Li ◽  
Chunrong Chu ◽  
Jiri Hulcr
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eriobotrya Japonica ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Ornamental Trees

A previously unknown bark beetle species, Cryphalus eriobotryae sp. nov. Johnson, 2019 has emerged as a lethal pest of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) in China. The description of new species has been provided. The new species is distinguished from the other Cryphalus by the weakly aciculate frons, by the antennae, with unevenly spaced procurved sutures, by the short pronotal disc, with hair-like setae, and by the widely spaced mesocoxae. The survey of plantation records from around Suzhou suggests that this beetle was introduced from another area not long before 2017. In the surveyed loquat plantation in 2018, 20–90% of trees showed signs of infestation, and 5% were killed in 2018, resulting in the death of over 1000 trees. Outbreaks of the apparently loquat-specific Cryphalus eriobotryae can be diagnosed by hundreds of cankers on the trunk, and wilted foliage. This pest is of concern as a loquat plantation pest and as a pest of fruit production and ornamental trees within Suzhou, and globally.

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