scholarly journals Joseph Schumpeter Lecture, EEA Annual Congress 2017: Do Tax Cuts Produce more Einsteins? The Impacts of Financial Incentives VerSus Exposure to Innovation on the Supply of Inventors

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Bell ◽  
Raj Chetty ◽  
Xavier Jaravel ◽  
Neviana Petkova ◽  
John Van Reenen
Keyword(s):  
Career Choice ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Childhood Exposure ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Many countries provide financial incentives to spur innovation, ranging from tax incentives to research and development grants. In this paper, we study how such financial incentives affect individuals’ decisions to pursue careers in innovation. We first present empirical evidence on inventors’ career trajectories and income distributions using deidentified data on 1.2 million inventors from patent records linked to tax records in the United States. We find that the private returns to innovation are extremely skewed—with the top 1% of inventors collecting more than 22% of total inventors’ income—and are highly correlated with their social impact, as measured by citations. Inventors tend to have their most impactful innovations around age 40 and their incomes rise rapidly just before they have high-impact patents. We then build a stylized model of inventor career choice that matches these facts as well as recent evidence that childhood exposure to innovation plays a critical role in determining whether individuals become inventors. The model predicts that financial incentives, such as top income tax reductions, have limited potential to increase aggregate innovation because they only affect individuals who are exposed to innovation and have essentially no impact on the decisions of star inventors, who matter most for aggregate innovation. Importantly, these results hold regardless of whether the private returns to innovation are fully known at the time of career choice or are fully stochastic. In contrast, increasing exposure to innovation (e.g., through mentorship programs) could have substantial impacts on innovation by drawing individuals who produce high-impact inventions into the innovation pipeline. Although we do not present direct evidence supporting these model-based predictions, our results call for a more careful assessment of the impacts of financial incentives and a greater focus on alternative policies to increase the supply of inventors.

scholarly journals 130. Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices in Community Pharmacies Across the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S77-S77
Author(s):  
Yuman Lee ◽  
Nicole Bradley ◽  
Saralinh Trinh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Core Elements

Abstract Background Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in the community is essential as majority of antibiotic prescribing occurs in the community. Pharmacists are recognized by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as co-leaders for leading implementation efforts to improve antibiotic use. The purpose of this study is to evaluate current AMS practices in community pharmacies across the United States (US) and identify challenges. Methods A 15-item survey was created based on CDC’s Core Elements of Outpatient AMS to assess current policies and practices in place, as well as collect baseline demographics and pharmacists’ perceptions. A survey invite was posted on the Facebook group, Pharmacist Moms, in September 2019. Participation was voluntarily and anonymous. Results Participants included 61 community pharmacists from 25 states across the US. 88.5% work in a chain pharmacy with 54.1% in staff positions and 37.7% in management. 37.7% have been practicing for > 10 years, 36.1% for 6–10 years and 26.2% 5 or less years. Minimal responses met CDC’s Core Elements of AMS: commitment (27.9%), action (24.6%), tracking and reporting (14.8%), and education and expertise (23% for pharmacists, 9.8% for patients). In regards to perception, 67.9% felt AMS is important in the community. 88.5% would participate in AMS if the opportunity were provided. 91.8% were unsure or had no plans to implement AMS within the next 2 years. Common challenges include the lack of time/staff (83.6%), pushback from prescribers (68.9%), lack of leadership (57.4%), lack of financial incentives (52.5%), pushback from patients (52.5%), lack of pharmacist knowledge/training (39.3%), lack of funding/financial support (29.5%), lack of legal requirement (21.3%), lack of information technology support (19.7%), and lack of pharmacist interest (11.5%). Current Trends of U.S. Community Pharmacies in Meeting CDC’s Core Elements of Outpatient Antimicrobial Stewardship Challenges in Implementing Antimicrobial Stewardship in Community Pharamacies Conclusion Results from this study reveal the lack of AMS practices in community pharmacies. Pharmacists have a critical role in AMS, but many challenges exist in the community setting inhibiting the full potential of pharmacists in AMS efforts. This study highlights the importance and need for addressing these issues as regulations and strategies for AMS in community settings develop. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Factors Influencing MLS Career Choice Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Schwartz ◽  
Cliff Cymrot
Keyword(s):  
Career Choice ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Parametric Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the healthcare workforce. Increased personal risk, job instability, and workplace demands due to COVID-19 may reduce individuals’ interests in pursuing a healthcare career. Yet the enhanced visibility of the critical role of healthcare professionals in addressing the crisis may have strengthened individuals’ resolve to serve others as a healthcare provider. Moving forward it will be important for higher education institutions to identify what factors may influence prospective students’ decisions to pursue a healthcare career, including medical laboratory sciences, so that recruitment efforts may be focused accordingly. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using a modified version of the Health Care Choice instrument to include questions regarding COVID-19. Seventy-two (n=72) students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate-level medical laboratory science programs at a university in the United States completed the survey. Parametric and non-parametric analyses were performed to identify relationships between factors that influence career choice and particular demographic factors, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on these factors. Results: Personal interests and nature of the work were the influencing factors rated highest, followed by job prospects. Prior healthcare exposure, self-efficacy, and social influences were rated lower. There were few significant differences based on demographic factors, except those who had military experience. Participants reported being personally impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, but for most it did not change their career choice. Conclusions: Medical laboratory sciences students report the factors that influence their career choice are similar to the factors that impact other health professionals in choosing their career. Recruitment strategies should focus on the impact that medical laboratory sciences professionals have on people’s lives and the highly skilled, hands-on nature of the work, particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Business: The Electronic Health Record: Front Line Experience

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Rosemary Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Electronic Health Record ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Record ◽  
Health Trends ◽  
Electronic Health

National legislation is in place to facilitate reform of the United States health care industry. The Health Care Information Technology and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) offers financial incentives to hospitals, physicians, and individual providers to establish an electronic health record that ultimately will link with the health information technology of other health care systems and providers. The information collected will facilitate patient safety, promote best practice, and track health trends such as smoking and childhood obesity.

Bilingual and Monolingual Students' Perceptions of the CSD Major: A Qualitative Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Keshishian ◽  
Rebecca Wiseheart
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
School Setting ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bilingual Students ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Diverse Environment ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Areas Of Interest

There is a growing demand for bilingual services in speech-language pathology and audiology. To meet this growing demand, and given their critical role in the recruitment of more bilingual professionals, higher education institutions need to know more about bilingual students' impression of Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) as a major. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate bilingual and monolingual undergraduate students' perceptions of the CSD major. One hundred and twenty-two students from a large university located in a highly multicultural metropolitan area responded to four open-ended questions aimed at discovering students' major areas of interest (and disinterest) as well as their motivations for pursuing a degree in CSD. Consistent with similar reports conducted outside the United States, students from this culturally diverse environment indicated choosing the major for altruistic reasons. A large percentage of participants were motivated by a desire to work with children, but not in a school setting. Although 42% of the participants were bilingual, few indicated an interest in taking an additional course in bilingual studies. Implications of these findings as well as practical suggestions for the recruitment of bilingual students are discussed.

Building America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean H. Baker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Water System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Early American ◽  
Transatlantic Exchange ◽  
The Us ◽  
Private Homes

Building America: The Life of Benjamin Henry Latrobe is a biography of America’s first professionally trained architect and engineer. Born in 1764, Latrobe was raised in Moravian communities in England and Germany. His parents expected him to follow his father and brother into the ministry, but he rebelled against the church. Moved to London, he studied architecture and engineering. In 1795 he emigrated to the United States and became part of the period’s Transatlantic Exchange. Latrobe soon was famous for his neoclassical architecture, designing important buildings, including the US Capitol and Baltimore Basilica as well as private homes. Carpenters and millwrights who built structures more cheaply and less permanently than Latrobe challenged his efforts to establish architecture as a profession. Rarely during his twenty-five years in the United States was he financially secure, and when he was, he speculated on risky ventures that lost money. He declared bankruptcy in 1817 and moved to New Orleans, the sixth American city that he lived in, hoping to recoup his finances by installing a municipal water system. He died there of yellow fever in 1820. The themes that emerge in this biography are the critical role Latrobe played in the culture of the early republic through his buildings and his genius in neoclassical design. Like the nation’s political founders, Latrobe was committed to creating an exceptional nation, expressed in his case by buildings and internal improvements. Additionally, given the extensive primary sources available for this biography, an examination of his life reveals early American attitudes toward class, family, and religion.

scholarly journals We Are Aging Too! Exploring the Social Impact of Late-Life Migration among Older Immigrants in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Arati Maleku ◽  
Megan España ◽  
Shannon Jarrott ◽  
Sharvari Karandikar ◽  
Rupal Parekh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Late Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Older Immigrants ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals A Technology Roadmap for Innovative Approaches to Kidney Replacement Therapies

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1539-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph V. Bonventre ◽  
Frank P. Hurst ◽  
Melissa West ◽  
Iwen Wu ◽  
Prabir Roy-Chaudhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disruptive Innovation ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Technology Roadmap ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Human Cost ◽  
Innovative Approaches

The number of patients dialyzed for ESKD exceeds 500,000 in the United States and more than 2.6 million people worldwide, with the expectation that the worldwide number will double by 2030. The human cost of health and societal financial cost of ESKD is substantial. Dialytic therapy is associated with an unacceptably high morbidity and mortality rate and poor quality of life. Although innovation in many areas of science has been transformative, there has been little innovation in dialysis or alternatives for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) since its introduction approximately 70 years ago. Advances in kidney biology, stem cells and kidney cell differentiation protocols, biomaterials, sensors, nano/microtechnology, sorbents and engineering, and interdisciplinary approaches and collaborations can lead to disruptive innovation. The Kidney Health Initiative, a public–private partnership between the American Society of Nephrology and the US Food and Drug Administration, has convened a multidisciplinary group to create a technology roadmap for innovative approaches to KRT to address patients’ needs. The Roadmap is a living document. It identifies the design criteria that must be considered to replace the myriad functions of the kidney, as well as scientific, technical, regulatory, and payor milestones required to commercialize and provide patient access to KRT alternatives. Various embodiments of potential solutions are discussed, but the Roadmap is agnostic to any particular solution set. System enablers are identified, including vascular access, biomaterial development, biologic and immunologic modulation, function, and safety monitoring. Important Roadmap supporting activities include regulatory alignment and innovative financial incentives and payment pathways. The Roadmap provides estimated timelines for replacement of specific kidney functions so that approaches can be conceptualized in ways that are actionable and attract talented innovators from multiple disciplines. The Roadmap has been used to guide the selection of KidneyX prizes for innovation in KRT.

Comparing “Individual Health” Message Framing to “Organizational Efficiency” Message Framing to Encourage Adoption of Wearable Health Technologies at Work

2020 ◽  
pp. 089011712094431
Author(s):  
Jillian K. Kwong ◽  
Ignacio Cruz ◽  
Sheila T. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wearable Technology ◽  
Organizational Efficiency ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Intention To Adopt ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adoption Intention

Purpose: To determine the relative impact of framing on employee intention to adopt wearable technology (eg, Fitbits) at work. Setting and Design: Posttest only online experiment utilizing a 2 (framing: organizational efficiency vs individual health) × 2 (financial incentive: absent vs present) between-subjects design. Participants: Participants (N = 310) were 18 years or older, currently employed, and residing in the United States. Measures: Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) subscale on behavioral intent (modified for wearable technology). Analysis: Chi-square and between-subjects analysis of variance. Results: Participants receiving the organizational efficiency frame ( M = 3.97) expressed significantly lower intention to adopt a wearable compared to the individual health frame ( M = 4.37), F 2,308 = 3.99, P = .047. Financial incentives had a positive effect on adoption intention ( M = 4.39 with incentive, M = 3.95 no incentive), F 2,308 = 4.46, P = .036. The main effects of frame and incentive were additive, with participants in the individual health with incentive condition (n = 78, M = 4.60) expressing the highest intention to adopt and organizational efficiency without incentive expressing the lowest adoption intention (n = 77, M = 3.80; P = .03). Conclusions: Messaging emphasizing individual health benefits plus financial incentives might prove most successful when encouraging adoption of wearables at work.

Confronting Soviet Power: U.S. Policy during the Early Cold War

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Avey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Distribution Of Power

Many self-identified realist, liberal, and constructivist scholars contend that ideology played a critical role in generating and shaping the United States' decision to confront the Soviet Union in the early Cold War. A close look at the history reveals that these ideological arguments fail to explain key aspects of U.S. policy. Contrary to ideological explanations, the United States initially sought to cooperate with the Soviet Union, did not initially pressure communist groups outside the Soviet orbit, and later sought to engage communist groups that promised to undermine Soviet power. The U.S. decision to confront the Soviets stemmed instead from the distribution of power. U.S. policy shifted toward a confrontational approach as the balance of power in Eurasia tilted in favor of the Soviet Union. In addition, U.S. leaders tended to think and act in a manner consistent with balance of power logic. The primacy of power over ideology in U.S. policymaking—given the strong liberal tradition in the United States and the large differences between U.S. and Soviet ideology—suggests that relative power concerns are the most important factors in generating and shaping confrontational foreign policies.

scholarly journals A comparison and analysis of seven gun law permissiveness scales

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Reeping ◽  
Christopher N. Morrison ◽  
Kara E. Rudolph ◽  
Monika K. Goyal ◽  
Charles C. Branas
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Relative Reliability ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
Gun Laws ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Background Due to the differences in the way gun law permissiveness scales were created and speculation about the politically motivated underpinnings of the various scales, there have been questions about their reliability. Methods We compared seven gun law permissiveness scales, varying by type and sources, for an enhanced understanding of the extent to which choice of a gun law permissiveness scale could affect studies related to gun violence outcomes in the United States. Specifically, we evaluated seven different scales: two rankings, two counts, and three scores, arising from a range of sources. We calculated Spearman correlation coefficients for each pair of scales compared. Cronbach’s standardized alpha and Guttman’s lambda were calculated to evaluate the relative reliability of the scales, and we re-calculated Cronbach’s alpha after systematically omitting each scale to assess whether the omitted scale contributed to lower internal consistency between scales. Factor analysis was used to determine single factor loadings and estimates. We also assessed associations between permissiveness of gun laws and total firearm deaths and suicides in multivariable regression analyses. Results All pairs of scales were highly correlated (average Spearman’s correlation coefficient r = 0.77) and had high relative reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.968, Guttman’s lambda = 0.975). All scales load onto a single factor. The choice of scale did not meaningfully change the parameter estimates for the associations between permissiveness of gun laws and gun deaths and suicides. Conclusion Gun law permissiveness scales are highly correlated despite any perceived political agenda, and the choice of gun law permissiveness scale has little effect on study conclusions related to gun violence outcomes.

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