Can skilled immigration raise innovation? Evidence from Canadian Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Blit ◽  
Mikal Skuterud ◽  
Jue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
The Us ◽  
Skilled Immigration ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Skilled Immigrant ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We examine the effect of changes in skilled-immigrant population shares in 98 Canadian cities on per capita patents. The Canadian case is of interest because its ‘points system’ is viewed as a model of skilled immigration policy. Our estimates suggest that the impact of increasing the university-educated immigrant share on patenting rates is modest at best and unambiguously smaller than the impact of skilled immigrants in the USA. We find larger effects of Canadian science, engineering, technology or mathematics (STEM)-educated immigrants employed in STEM jobs, but this impact is limited because only one-third of Canadian STEM-educated immigrants are employed in STEM jobs, compared with two-fifths of native-born Canadians and one-half of US immigrants. Our findings suggest that for most countries, skilled immigration is unlikely to be a panacea for sluggish innovation and that the US experience may be exceptional.

scholarly journals How Much Does Immigration Boost Innovation?

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hunt ◽  
Marjolaine Gauthier-Loiselle
Keyword(s):  
College Graduates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Skilled Immigration ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Skilled Immigrant

We measure the extent to which skilled immigrants increase innovation in the United States. The 2003 National Survey of College Graduates shows that immigrants patent at double the native rate, due to their disproportionately holding science and engineering degrees. Using a 1940–2000 state panel, we show that a 1 percentage point increase in immigrant college graduates' population share increases patents per capita by 9–18 percent. Our instrument for the change in the skilled immigrant share is based on the 1940 distribution across states of immigrants from various source regions and the subsequent national increase in skilled immigration from these regions. (JEL J24, J61, O31, O33)

scholarly journals The Politics of Skilled Immigration: Explaining the Ups and Downs of the US H-1B Visa Program

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Skilled Immigration ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Us Immigration

The United States has long been a magnet for skilled immigrants, but its openness to these immigrants has varied considerably over time. Focusing on the H-1B visa program, this article explains why the program’s annual cap has risen and fallen from the mid-1990s to the present. Whereas recent studies of skilled immigration policy have focused on struggles between capital and labor, this article contends that US policy also reflects a struggle between capital and citizen groups — one that has changed considerably over the past two decades. The findings challenge recent work on skilled immigration and US immigration policy.

The dollar, trade, technology and inequality in the USA

1998 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Anderton ◽  
Paul Brenton
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Wage Bill ◽  
Sudden Rise ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Trade Competitiveness ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Skill

The US experienced a considerable increase in inequality between skilled and less-skilled workers during the early 1980s—a period which corresponds with a large temporary appreciation of the dollar. This article investigates the reasons behind this rise in inequality by evaluating the impact of trade with low-wage countries (LWCs) and technological change on the wage bill share of skilled workers (which is designed to capture movements in inequality arising from changes in both the relative wage and employment opportunities of the less-skilled). We find that an increase in US imports from LWCs—encouraged by the large appreciation of the dollar in the early 1980s—seems to explain some of the rise in US inequality in low-skill-intensive sectors, but that technological change (proxied by R&D expenditure) explains the rise in inequality in high-skill-intensive sectors. However, given that the timing of the sudden rise in US R&D expenditure corresponds with the appreciation of the dollar, it may be the case that the deterioration in US trade competitiveness during this period contributed to the rapid increase in the rate of technological change via mechanisms such as ‘defensive innovation’. Hence one might also argue that the technology-based explanation for the rise in US inequality could actually be a trade-based explanation.

The speed of change and performance risk: examining the impacts of IT spending in the US hotel industry

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Hua ◽  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Melissa F. Jahromi ◽  
Agnes DeFranco
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Performance Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Revenue Volatility ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of the speed of change (trend) in information technology (IT) expenditures on performance risk indicated by revenue volatility in the US hotel industry. Design/methodology/approach To systematically investigate the impacts of IT expenditures on hotel performance risks, this study collects the same store proprietary data of 1,471 hotel properties from CBRE, a leading hotel consulting firm in the USA, from 2011 to 2017, with a total of 10,297 observations. Findings Econometric analyses are performed and results indicate a significant and positive impact of the speed of change of IT systems expenditures on the performance risk after comprehensively controlling for confounding factors following prior research. Originality/value With the increased importance of IT in day-to-day activities, hospitality business owners have started to quickly adjust their investment in IT infrastructure and superstructure to enhance their business performance. However, their fast-changing expenditures may introduce more risks to their businesses based on the speed–accuracy tradeoff, systems theory and the Schumpeterian Growth Model. This study is one of the pioneer projects that ever assessed the impact of IT expenditure and speed of change on performance risks of hotels.

MO545INSIDE ANEMIA OF CKD: ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF POLICY INTERVENTIONS ON ANAEMIA OF CKD IN THE USA BY MICROSIMULATION MODELLING

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Retat ◽  
Laura Webber ◽  
Juan Jose Garcia Sanchez ◽  
Claudia Cabrera ◽  
Susan Grandy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Microsimulation Model ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Direct Healthcare Costs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intervention Scenario

Abstract Background and Aims Anaemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased mortality, cardiovascular complications, reduced quality of life and increased use of healthcare resources. Mathematical modelling based on robust epidemiological and clinical data is a useful approach for predicting the future burden of disease and the impact of different intervention scenarios; this is important for health service planning. This analysis uses a microsimulation model, Inside ANEMIA of CKD, to predict the effects of a hypothetical intervention scenario that reduces the prevalence of anaemia of CKD on related healthcare costs in the USA from 2020 to 2025. Method A virtual cohort representing the US population was created within the Inside ANEMIA of CKD microsimulation model framework using demographics and epidemiological data drawn from the US Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In the cohort, virtual individuals were ascribed an age–sex-stratified CKD status (defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria levels, as per international guidelines) and anaemia status (defined by haemoglobin level as mild, moderate or severe, as per WHO criteria) based on US prevalence data. Key comorbidities (type 2 diabetes, heart failure and hypertension) were also assigned, reflecting US-specific population statistics. Healthcare costs related to CKD and anaemia of CKD were taken from the published literature. The study modelled the effects on healthcare costs of a hypothetical intervention scenario in which the prevalence of moderate and severe anaemia is reduced by 20% per year from 2020 to 2025 compared with no intervention (baseline). In each scenario (i.e. intervention or baseline), the modelling analysis estimated healthcare costs related to CKD and anaemia (including inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy costs) for patients with moderate or severe anaemia of CKD. The model did not adjust for the potential costs of the intervention. Results Preliminary results predict that, with the hypothetical intervention, there could be 1.40 million fewer patients with moderate or severe anaemia of CKD in the USA in 2025 compared with no intervention (1.45 million versus 2.85 million). This represents a 49% reduction in cases of moderate or severe anaemia of CKD in 2025 with the intervention versus no intervention. The intervention is projected to lead to a reduction of approximately US$18 billion in annual direct healthcare costs in 2025 for patients with moderate or severe anaemia of CKD compared with no intervention (US$26 billion versus US$44 billion). Conclusion The Inside ANEMIA of CKD microsimulation model predicts that a hypothetical intervention which reduces the prevalence of moderate and severe anaemia of CKD would reduce direct healthcare costs. This suggests that interventions effective at reducing the prevalence of anaemia of CKD would help to reduce the economic burden on healthcare services.

The Impact of European and Chinese Soft Power on Regional and Global Governance

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEBASTIAN BERSICK
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

This chapter returns to issues raised by other authors in this section: the contrast between European, Chinese, and US perceptions of hard and soft power in the contexts of regional and global governance. Taking the ASEM process as a case, it shows how Europeans and Asians have approached the interaction from different institutional perspectives. Despite this, it sees ASEM as a process that reflects, and promotes, the advance of regional institutionalism in East Asia, adding an important dimension to the Europe–China relationship. This is then contrasted with the US strategy of dual divergence: a divergent internal strategy that rejects institutionalism for managing regional security; and an external divergent strategy that rejects the building of shared and reciprocal institutions between the USA and Asia. The chapter concludes that Europe's ‘balancing by convergence’ strategy has advantages over the USA's ‘balancing by divergence’ strategy.

Impact of Career Experiences on Health Outcomes Among Immigrants in the Midwest

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
Caroline Kingori ◽  
Mohammad Rifat Haider ◽  
Seleshi Ayalew Asfaw ◽  
Senya Afi Ghamli
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Immigrant Workers ◽  
Career Experiences ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Immigrants in the US work in diverse professions and contribute to the economy. They play an important role in the economies in which they settle by complementing the skills lacking and create a level playing field for wages in the labor market. The U.S. Midwest has seen exceptionally high growth in immigrant populations in recent decades. While employment leads to a better quality of life when workers can afford basic necessities, immigrants encounter dire health challenges due to unemployment, underemployment, extreme working conditions, long work hours, and no paid leave. There is limited research examining the connection between career development experiences with the health of immigrant workers. This chapter examines the impact that employment circumstances have on skilled immigrants' health outcomes in the Midwest.

scholarly journals The 100 Top-Cited Studies on Neuropsychology: A Bibliometric Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Ying Xiong ◽  
Yujia Cai ◽  
Linli Zheng ◽  
Yonggang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
University Of California ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Clinical Neurology ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
R Software ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to identify and analyze the bibliometric characteristics of the 100 top-cited studies on neuropsychology.MethodsWe searched the Web of Science Core Collection database to collect studies on neuropsychology from inception to 31st December 2019. Two authors independently screened the literature and extracted the data. Statistical analyses were performed using R software.ResultsThe 100 top-cited articles were cited a total of 166,123 times, ranging from 736 to 24,252 times per article. All of the studies were published from 1967 to 2014 in 47 journals. Neuropsychologia had the highest number of articles (n = 17), followed by Neurology (n = 8). The top three most productive countries were the USA (n = 60), England (n = 13), and Canada (n = 8). Eight authors contributed the same number of studies as the first author (n = 2) or corresponding author (n = 2). The most productive institute was the University of California (n = 9), followed by the University of Pennsylvania (n = 4). Of the 100 top-cited publications, 64 were original articles, and 36 were reviews. The top three Web of Science categories were clinical neurology (n = 28), behavioral sciences (n = 19), and psychiatry (n = 11).ConclusionThis study provides insight into the impact of neuropsychology research and may help doctors, researchers, and stakeholders to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of trends and most influential contributions to the field, thus promoting ideas for future investigation.

scholarly journals Private Label and Macroeconomic Indicators: Europe and USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Eloy Gil-Cordero ◽  
Francisco Javier Rondán-Cataluña ◽  
Daniel Sigüenza-Morales
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Private Label ◽  
Private Labels ◽  
National Brand ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

In this study, we have analyzed the impact and evolution of some of the most important macroeconomic indices on the market share and value of private brands. The originality and objective of this work is the linkage of macroeconomic variables in European countries and the USA with the evolution of private labels in these countries. A sample of 19 European countries and all states within the USA has been collected over a 10-year period, including data on private labels and macroeconomic indices. The analysis of the panel data has been applied using the SPSS software through the Ljung–Box test. The most significant data from the sample study is that for GDP; we advised national brand managers to make a special communication effort in nations that offer a lower GDP within Europe for their volume and in value for the US. On the other hand, it was found that when the unemployment rate increases, the value of private label market share decreases for the US, but increases for Europe, in addition to other findings that will help organizations make different business decisions.

Cigarette and cigar sales in Hawaii before and after implementation of a Tobacco 21 Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Glover-Kudon ◽  
Doris G Gammon ◽  
Todd Rogers ◽  
Ellen M Coats ◽  
Brett Loomis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionOn 1 January 2016, Hawaii raised the minimum legal age for tobacco access from 18 to 21 years (‘Tobacco 21 (T21)’) statewide, with no special population exemptions. We assessed the impact of Hawaii’s T21 policy on sales of cigarettes and large cigars/cigarillos in civilian food stores, including menthol/flavoured product sales share.MethodsCigarette and large cigar/cigarillo sales and menthol/flavoured sales share were assessed in Hawaii, California (implemented T21 in June 2016 with a military exemption), and the US mainland using the only Nielsen data consistently available for each geographical area. Approximate monthly sales data from large-scale food stores with sales greater than US$2 million/year covered June 2012 to February 2017. Segmented regression analyses estimated changes in sales from prepolicy to postpolicy implementation periods.ResultsFollowing T21 in Hawaii, average monthly cigarette unit sales dropped significantly (−4.4%, p<0.01) coupled with a significant decrease in menthol market share (−0.8, p<0.01). This combination of effects was not observed in comparison areas. Unit sales of large cigars/cigarillos decreased significantly in each region following T21 implementation. T21 policies in Hawaii and California showed no association with flavoured/menthol cigar sales share, but there was a significant increase in flavoured/menthol cigar sales share in the USA (7.1%, p<0.01) relative to Hawaii’s implementation date, suggesting T21 may have attenuated an otherwise upward trend.ConclusionsAs part of a comprehensive approach to prevent or delay tobacco use initiation, T21 laws may help to reduce sales of cigarette and large cigar products most preferred by US youth and young adults.

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