scholarly journals Biology, Ecology, and Management of Rednecked Peanutworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J R L Pinto ◽  
A L Boiça ◽  
O A Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Central American ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Attract And Kill ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lepidopteran Pest

Abstract The rednecked peanutworm, Stegasta bosqueella (Chambers), is the main lepidopteran pest in South and Central American peanut fields. The species name was misspelled earlier in the literature and the incorrect name is still more cited. In this review, we revisit the history of S. bosqueella classification. Although the rednecked peanutworm is an important defoliator in some peanut producing countries, there is scarce information on some aspects of the biology as well as plant response to this insect species. Economic threshold levels are not yet well established and, consequently, decision making is compromised. Chemical control is the main tool used to control larval infestations. Moreover, some studies on host plant resistance, biological control, and attract-and-kill strategy were conducted to control the rednecked peanutworm. These tactics were promising and could be useful to enhance a peanut integrated pest management program. We present here a review of S. bosqueella life history, biology, ecology, and management options as well as needs for enhancing the current control strategies.

Ammonium Sulfate Improves the Efficacy of Glyphosate on South African Lovegrass (Eragrostis plana) Under Water Stress

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Marlon O. Bastiani ◽  
Nilda Roma-Burgos ◽  
Ana C. Langaro ◽  
Reiofeli A. Salas-Perez ◽  
Christopher E. Rouse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
South African ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Glyphosate Formulation

Abstract South African lovegrass (Eragrostis plana Nees) is the most important weed of native pastures in southern Brazil. Management options are limited under water stress conditions and glyphosate has been the main tool for control. This study compared four salts of glyphosate applied at three growth stages, and determined the glyphosate tolerance level. In addition, the performance of ammonium sulfate (AMS) under two soil moisture conditions (50% and 100% of water holding capacity), and the effect of AMS on absorption and translocation of radiolabeled 14C-glyphosate were evaluated. The potassium salt of glyphosate had the fastest activity across growth stages of E. plana, which is more vulnerable to glyphosate at panicle initiation stage. Isopropylamine salt was the slowest-acting glyphosate formulation. Younger plants were typically more easily controlled than older plants at full tillering stage. The addition of AMS increased the level of control of drought-stressed E. plana, compared to glyphosate alone, by increasing translocation out of the treated leaf and consequently increasing the concentration of glyphosate in the primary culm. This data can be used to plan an effective management program for E. plana considering the developmental stage of desired pasture grass species.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Complexity of Morphologically Identified Anopheles squamosus in Southern Zambia

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Jordan Hoffman ◽  
Ilinca Ciubotariu ◽  
Limonty Simubali ◽  
Twig Mudenda ◽  
William Moss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Blood Meal Source ◽  
Residual Malaria Transmission

Despite dramatic reductions in malaria cases in the catchment area of Macha Hospital, Choma District, Southern Province in Zambia, prevalence has remained near 1–2% by RDT for the past several years. To investigate residual malaria transmission in the area, this study focuses on the relative abundance, foraging behavior, and phylogenetic relationships of Anopheles squamosus specimens. In 2011, higher than expected rates of anthropophily were observed among “zoophilic” An. squamosus, a species that had sporadically been found to contain Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The importance of An. squamosus in the region was reaffirmed in 2016 when P. falciparum sporozoites were detected in numerous An. squamosus specimens. This study analyzed Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light trap collections of adult mosquitoes from two collection schemes: one performed as part of a reactive-test-and-treat program and the second performed along a geographical transect. Morphological identification, molecular verification of anopheline species, and blood meal source were determined on individual samples. Data from these collections supported earlier studies demonstrating An. squamosus to be primarily exophagic and zoophilic, allowing them to evade current control measures. The phylogenetic relationships generated from the specimens in this study illustrate the existence of well supported clade structure among An. squamosus specimens, which further emphasizes the importance of molecular identification of vectors. The primarily exophagic behavior of An. squamosus in these collections also highlights that indoor vector control strategies will not be sufficient for elimination of malaria in southern Zambia.

Inverse problems for stochastic parabolic equations with additive noise

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Ganghua Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problems ◽  
Parabolic Equations ◽  
Additive Noise ◽  
Stability Result ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Conditional Stability ◽  
Final Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Carleman Estimate ◽  
Stochastic Parabolic Equation

Abstract In this paper, we study two inverse problems for stochastic parabolic equations with additive noise. One is to determinate the history of a stochastic heat process and the random heat source simultaneously by the observation at the final time 𝑇. For this inverse problem, we obtain a conditional stability result. The other one is an inverse source problem to determine two kinds of sources simultaneously by the observation at the final time and on the lateral boundary. The main tool for solving the inverse problems is a new global Carleman estimate for the stochastic parabolic equation.

scholarly journals Mosquito Control Priorities in Florida—Survey Results from Florida Mosquito Control Districts

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 947
Author(s):  
Rishi Kondapaneni ◽  
Ashley N. Malcolm ◽  
Brian M. Vazquez ◽  
Eric Zeng ◽  
Tse-Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Common Control ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Research Questions

Florida lies within a subtropical region where the climate allows diverse mosquito species including invasive species to thrive year-round. As of 2021, there are currently 66 state-approved Florida Mosquito Control Districts, which are major stakeholders for Florida public universities engaged in mosquito research. Florida is one of the few states with extensive organized mosquito control programs. The Florida State Government and Florida Mosquito Control Districts have long histories of collaboration with research institutions. During fall 2020, we carried out a survey to collect baseline data on the current control priorities from Florida Mosquito Control Districts relating to (1) priority control species, (2) common adult and larval control methods, and (3) major research questions to address that will improve their control and surveillance programs. The survey data showed that a total of 17 distinct mosquito species were considered to be priority control targets, with many of these species being understudied. The most common control approaches included truck-mounted ultra-low-volume adulticiding and biopesticide-based larviciding. The districts held interest in diverse research questions, with many prioritizing studies on basic science questions to help develop evidence-based control strategies. Our data highlight the fact that mosquito control approaches and priorities differ greatly between districts and provide an important point of comparison for other regions investing in mosquito control, particularly those with similar ecological settings, and great diversity of potential mosquito vectors, such as in Florida. Our findings highlight a need for greater alignment of research priorities between mosquito control and mosquito research. In particular, we note a need to prioritize filling knowledge gaps relating to understudied mosquito species that have been implicated in arbovirus transmission.

scholarly journals Peach Brown Rot: Still in Search of an Ideal Management Option

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitus Ikechukwu Obi ◽  
Juan José Barriuso ◽  
Yolanda Gogorcena
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Post Harvest Loss

The peach is one of the most important global tree crops within the economically important Rosaceae family. The crop is threatened by numerous pests and diseases, especially fungal pathogens, in the field, in transit, and in the store. More than 50% of the global post-harvest loss has been ascribed to brown rot disease, especially in peach late-ripening varieties. In recent years, the disease has been so manifest in the orchards that some stone fruits were abandoned before harvest. In Spain, particularly, the disease has been associated with well over 60% of fruit loss after harvest. The most common management options available for the control of this disease involve agronomical, chemical, biological, and physical approaches. However, the effects of biochemical fungicides (biological and conventional fungicides), on the environment, human health, and strain fungicide resistance, tend to revise these control strategies. This review aims to comprehensively compile the information currently available on the species of the fungus Monilinia, which causes brown rot in peach, and the available options to control the disease. The breeding for brown rot-resistant varieties remains an ideal management option for brown rot disease control, considering the uniqueness of its sustainability in the chain of crop production.

Italian Ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum) Management Options in Winter Wheat in Oklahoma

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad S. Trusler ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper ◽  
Amanda E. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

An experiment was conducted at three sites in central Oklahoma to compare the efficacy of Italian ryegrass management options in no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) winter wheat. The Italian ryegrass management options included selected herbicide treatments, wheat-for-hay, and a rotation consisting of double-crop soybean seeded immediately after wheat harvest, followed by early season soybean, and then by wheat. In continuous wheat, before application of glyphosate or tillage, Italian ryegrass plant densities in mid-September were 12,300 to 15,000 plants/m2in NT plots vs. 0 to 500 plants/m2in CT plots. When applied POST, diclofop controlled more Italian ryegrass than tralkoxydim or sulfosulfuron. In continuous wheat, yields were greater in CT plots than in NT plots at two of three sites. None of the Italian ryegrass management options consistently reduced Italian ryegrass density in the following wheat crop. Of the Italian ryegrass control strategies applied to continuous wheat, three herbicide treatments in NT at Chickasha and all treatments in NT at Perry reduced Italian ryegrass density in the following wheat crop. Italian ryegrass plant density in November and spike density were highly related to wheat yield at two and three sites, respectively. No management options were more profitable than rotation to soybean.

scholarly journals Multiple horizontal acquisitions of plant genes in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Gilbert ◽  
Florian Maumus
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Eukaryote Evolution ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Open Question

The extent to which horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has shaped eukaryote evolution remains an open question. Two recent studies reported four plant-like genes acquired through two HGT events by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a major agricultural pest (Lapadula et al. 2020; Xia et al. 2021). Here, we performed a systematic search for plant-to-insect HGT in B. tabaci and uncovered a total of 50 plant-like genes deriving from at least 24 independent HGT events. Most of these genes are present in three cryptic B. tabaci species, show high level of amino-acid identity to plant genes (mean = 64%), are phylogenetically nested within plant sequences, and are expressed and evolve under purifying selection. The predicted functions of these genes suggest that most of them are involved in plant-insect interactions. Thus, substantial plant-to-insect HGT may have facilitated the evolution of B. tabaci towards adaptation to a large host spectrum. Our study shows that eukaryote-to-eukaryote HGT may be relatively common in some lineages and it provides new candidate genes that may be targeted to improve current control strategies against whiteflies.

scholarly journals Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in Qom Province, Iran: Report of two cases

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1371
Author(s):  
Leyli Zanjirani Farahani ◽  
Abedin Saghafipour ◽  
Mehdi Mohebali ◽  
Behnaz Akhoundi ◽  
Hedayatollah Raufi
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Recurrent Fever ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Periodic Monitoring ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal parasitic zoonotic worldwide disease, which transmits to humans by the infected Phlebotomine sand fly bite. The common form of VL in Iran is the Mediterranean type with the causative agent of Leishmania infantum, whose main reservoirs are stray and domesticated dogs. The disease has several endemic foci in Iran, mostly seen among children under the age of 10, living in rural areas and nomadic tribes. The first cases of Kala-Azar in Qom province, central Iran, were reported in the year 2001, from the villages of Ghahan district. After conducting VL control strategies in the area, no new cases of the disease had been reported until recently. The cases described here are two 2-year-old girls, living in the urban parts of Qom province, one of whom did not have a history of traveling to known endemic areas of the disease. The patients were admitted to hospital in 2016-2017, complaining from recurrent fever with unrecognized reason, associated with decreased appetite and weight loss. Disease follow-up demonstrated anemia and splenomegaly, which led to diagnosis of VL, and both patients are now fully recovered. VL was presumed to be controlled in Qom province but the present cases indicate that possible VL existence remains in the region. Therefore, urgent studies and periodic monitoring are needed to identify potential reservoirs of VL in the area.

scholarly journals Outcome of Twin Pregnancy in a Periurban Hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Saria Tasnim ◽  
FM Anamul Haque ◽  
Sameena Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Twin Pregnancy ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Labor Pain ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Management Options ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Twin

Objective: To determine the socio demographic characteristics, clinical presentation and obstetric outcome at delivery and immediate postpartum period of twin gestation in a periurban hospitalMaterial & Methods: An observational study was conducted between January 2000 to December 2004 at Institute of Child and Mother Health. All twin pregnancy irrespective of gestational age admitted in the in-patient department of Institute of Child and Mother Health for delivery and also those undiagnosed cases found to have twin birth were enrolled in the study consecutively from January 2001 to December 2004. Data on socio-demographic factors, predisposing factors for twin gestation and obstetric characteristics was collected using a structured questionnaire. Hospital records were consulted for recording the investigation reports and management options. The outcome variables were maternal complications during antenatal, intranatal and immediate postnatal period, mode of delivery, birth weight and sex of newborn and fetal outcome. All twin pregnancies from the admitted obstetric patients were enrolled consecutivelyResults: During the study period there were 11,185 deliveries and among them 107 were twin gestation. About 22% were primigravida, 78.5% multigravida, 27.1% were illiterate. Most common age group were 24-29 years (39.4%). Antenatal care was availed by 71% of patients and 27.1% twins were not diagnosed till delivery. Family history of twin on maternal side was present in 58.1% and 31.8% had history of taking oral contraceptive immediately before the pregnancy. Ovulation inducing agents were given to 8.3% of twin. Presentations of fetus were both vertex 54.2%, 1st vertex and second breech 16%, and both breech 5.7%. About 55.1% were admitted with labor pain, 6.5% were undelivered second twin. Preterm birth was 27.2% and low birth weight of 1st baby 79.6% and second baby 80.9% respectively. Mode of delivery was vaginal delivery of both fetus 41.6%, caesarean section of both fetus 62.4%, and caesarean for second twin 3.1%. Same sex of both twins was found in 78% and male-male pair was 50%. There was one stillbirth, one conjoined twin and perinatal death was 11.2% Complications encountered during perinatal period were severe abdominal pain 9.3%, retained placenta in 7.3%; and post partum hemorrhage in 4.6% cases.Conclusion: Twin pregnancy is quite common and warrants specialized care during ante partum, intrapartum and postpartum period.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2012; Vol. 27(2) : 57-62

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