scholarly journals Detection of Leishmania donovani in Wild-Caught Phlebotomine Sand Flies in Endemic Focus of Leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suman Lata ◽  
Gaurav Kumar ◽  
V P Ojha ◽  
Ramesh C Dhiman
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
The North ◽  
Endemic Focus ◽  
Water Field

Abstract An endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is located in the Sutlej River Valley in Himachal Pradesh (India) in the north-western Himalaya where CL co-exists with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In areas of the Indian subcontinent such as Rajasthan, cutaneous leishmaniasis is transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) and Phlebotomus salehi. In Himachal Pradesh, Phlebotomus longiductus (Parrot) is suspected to be the vector for CL. In the current study, sand flies were collected and tested for Leishmania infection and to confirm the vector species causing CL. Sand flies were collected during April and September of 2017–2019 from CL endemic villages of Rampur (Shimla), Nirmand (Kullu) and Nichar (Kinnaur) districts of Himachal Pradesh. The sand flies were identified as Phlebotomus (adlerius) longiductus (Parrot) and Phlebotomus (larrousisus) major (Annandale). The density of P. longiductus was found highest. The elevation of villages ranged from 947 m to 2,130 m and were far from the presence of subsoil water. Field collected sand flies tested positive (7.69%) for Leishmania donovani by PCR-RFLP. The L. donovani sequences detected from P. longiductus were 97% similar to L. donovani sequences reported from the cases of CL in Himachal Pradesh.The Leishmania positive sand flies were morphologically identified as Phlebotomus adlerious longiductus providing one step further evidence towards the vector status of CL in Himachal Pradesh. The findings of the study are of epidemiological significance for strategic planning of vector control for leishmaniasis in India.

scholarly journals Histopathology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Harshima Wijesinghe ◽  
Nayana Gunathilaka ◽  
Saveen Semege ◽  
Nishantha Pathirana ◽  
Nuwani Manamperi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The North ◽  
Parasitic Load

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease that is gaining importance in Sri Lanka and internationally. The clinical presentation, pathology, and method of parasite elimination in CL vary according to the species. Leishmania donovani is the causative organism for leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. This collaborative cross-sectional study describes the clinicopathological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis among personnel of the tri-forces serving in the North and East of the country. The histology of fifty cases of CL confirmed by at least two methods (slit skin smear, lesion aspirate, tissue impression, and histology) was reviewed. The parasitic load was assessed semiquantitatively. The histological features were correlated with the clinical presentation and organism load. The majority (89.8%; n=44) presented with a single lesion mostly located in the upper limb (69.4%). The lesion types included papule (34.7%), nodule (32.7%), and an ulcer (30.6%). The evolution time of lesions averaged 31.55 weeks. Epidermal changes were observed in 49 of the biopsies and included hyperkeratosis (90.0%; n=45), acanthosis (44.0%; n=22), atrophy (34.0%; n=17), and interface change (66%; n=33). Dermal changes were seen in all cases and were characterized by a lymphohistioplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate of variable intensity with ill-formed granuloma in 19 cases (38%) and well-formed epithelioid granulomas in 22 cases (44%). Focal necrosis was present in 20% (n=10). Leishmania amastigote forms were observed in 88% (n=44). Transepidermal elimination (P=0.025), granuloma (P=0.027) formation, and type of lesion (P=0.034) were significantly associated with the organism load. Granuloma formation was associated with a reduction in organism load, indicating that the macrophage activation played an important role in the control of the organism.

scholarly journals Physiological Age Structure andLeishmaniaspp. Detection inPhlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis(Parrot, 1936) (Diptera: Psychodidae) at an Endemic Focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northern Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Araya Gebresilassie ◽  
Ibrahim Abbasi ◽  
Oscar David Kirstein ◽  
Essayas Aklilu ◽  
Solomon Yared ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Endemic Focus

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused byLeishmania donovaniis endemic in northern Ethiopia, whereP. orientalisis the most important presumed vector. This study was designed to determine the physiological age structure and the occurrence ofLeishmaniainfection in the vector of VL in Tahtay Adiyabo district, northern Ethiopia. Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps from peridomestic and agricultural fields between May 2011 and April 2012 andP. orientalisfemales were dissected for age determination and detection ofLeishmaniapromastigotes. Sand flies were also analyzed forL. donovanidetection using molecular methods. Of 1,282P. orientalisexamined for abdominal stages and age characterization, 66.2%, 28.2%, 4.1%, and 1.6% were unfed, freshly fed, half-gravid, and gravid. Parous rate in unfed females was 34.1% and 35.4% in peridomestic and agricultural fields, respectively. Out of 921P. orientalisfemales dissected, one specimen (0.1%) was found naturally infected with promastigotes. Five pools (25 females) of unfedP. orientaliswere also found with DNA ofLeishmaniaspp. In particular, a singleP. orientaliswas positive forL. donovani(0.5%). Based on this and other evidences (abundance, human blood feeding, and xenodiagnostic studies),P. orientalisis the principal vector of VL in this endemic focus.

scholarly journals Evidence for Seroprevalence in Human Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused byLeishmania donovaniin Sri Lanka

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana ◽  
Bhagya Deepachandi ◽  
Samantha Ranasinghe ◽  
Preethi Soysa ◽  
Nadira Karunaweera
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Systemic Involvement ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Nodular Lesions

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered as a major health threat in the Indian subcontinent.Leishmania donovani, a usually visceralizing species, causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka. However, visceralizing potential of the localL. donovaniis not yet fully understood. This project studied the seroprevalence of local CL by using an in-house ELISA. An IgG-based ELISA using crudeLeishmaniaantigen (Ag) was developed and validated. A total of 50 laboratory confirmed cases of locally acquired CL were examined using the newly developed ELISA. According to the optimized ELISA, seroprevalence of anti-LeishmaniaIgG antibodies in the study group was 34.0% (n=17/50). Majority of seropositive individuals were males (n=13/17), representing 76%. Nearly half of the seropositive individuals were young adults (20–40 years,n=9/17, 53%). Higher proportions of single lesions, large lesions, and nodular lesions were associated with a seroconversion. A proportion of localL. donovaniinfections leading to CL have the ability to raise an antibody response in the host. This may indicate early systemic involvement as one possibility. Study of a large number of patients with adequate follow-up would be useful.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF LEISHMANIASIS VECTORS IN EL-KADOBA VILLAGE, WHITE NILE STATE, SUDAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 430-441
Author(s):  
Belal Abdallah A. Adam ◽  
Moawia Mukhtar Hassan ◽  
Osman Mohammed Abd Elnour ◽  
Ahmed Hamid Awadallah
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Binocular Microscope ◽  
White Nile

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) is one of the most important parasitic tropical diseases in Sudan   and the Sudan is considered to be one of the most important foci in the world. The visceral leishmaniasis has been described in Sudan since the beginning of the twentieth century. In Sudan, VL is caused by Leishmania donovani complex: MON 18, MON 30 and MON 82 zymodemes and  The proven vector is Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis, in this study a survey was carried out to identify the principal vector of VL based on Leishmania infection, morphological characters and to determine some ecological aspects of the sand flies prevalent in the area . Ten species of sand flies were recorded, three Phlebotomus species and seven Sergentomyia species of these sandflies, P. rodhaini was collected only from Acacia seyal/Balanities aegyptiaca at the Island whereas S. hunti was collected from the Acacia nilotica forest only of the total collections, P. orientalis representing 3.80% (248 specimens) of the total collection and P. papatasi were 3.11% of the collection. Sand flies identification was done under a binocular microscope at 40x (magnification). The main features used for sand flies identification were the sperm theca of the female, the termination of the male and the pharyngeal and the ciboria toothed structures of both sexes. According to results of this study we recommended the following:  more studies are needed in the future to determine the transmission season, and infection rates of Leishmania parasites in human and the animal host in this area. Annually Entomological surveys must be done to determine density of Sand fly Vectors and Encourage the use of personal protection tools (ITNs), repellents, and improving of houses to avoid bite of sand fly.

Some Ecological Aspects of Phlebotominae Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an Endemic Focus of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of Iran

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali R. Zahraei-Ra ◽  
Mohammad R. Yaghoobi-E ◽  
Amir A. Akhavan ◽  
Hamid Abdoli ◽  
Reza Jafari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Endemic Focus ◽  
Ecological Aspects

scholarly journals Leishmania infection and blood sources analysis in Phlebotomus chinensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) along extension region of the Loess Plateau, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanming Chen ◽  
Huiying Chen ◽  
Feng Tao ◽  
Jingpeng Gao ◽  
Kaili Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients

Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was one of the most important parasitic diseases in China, caused by Leishmania protozoans and transmitted by sand flies. Recently VL cases have reappeared in China, including the extension region of the Loess Plateau. The purpose of this study was to collect fundamental data on the host-vector VL system in the Loess Plateau to assist in the development of prevention and control measures.Methods Sand flies were collected by light traps from rural areas in Shanxian, Henan, China in 2015, as well as in Wuxiang and Yangquan, Shanxi, China in 2017. The blood sources of sand flies were analyzed by PCR detecting the host-specific mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtDNA Cyt b) gene fragments. Leishmania infection in sand flies was detected by amplifying and sequencing ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). The Leishmania specific antibodies in the sera of local dogs were detected by ELISA kit. Results Blood sources showed diversity in the extension region of the Loess Plateau, including human, chicken, dog, cattle, pig and goat. Multiple blood sources within a sand fly were observed in samples from Yangquan (17/118, 14.4%) and Wuxiang (12/108, 11.1%). Leishmania DNA was detected in sand flies collected from Yangquan with minimum infection rate of 1.00%. The ITS1 sequences were conserved with the Leishmania donovani complex. The positive rate of Leishmania specific antibodies in dogs was 5.97%. Conclusions This study detected the blood sources and Leishmania parasites infection of sand flies by molecular methods in the extension region of Loess Plateau, China. A high epidemic risk of leishmaniasis is currently indicated by the results as the infection of Leishmania in sand flies, the extensive blood sources of sand flies including humans, and positive antibody of Leishmania in local dog sera. Given the recent increase of VL cases, asymptomatic patients, dogs and other potential infected animals should be screened and treated. Furthermore, the density of sand flies needs to be controlled and personal protection should be strengthened.

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