The Effects of Tempo Variation and White Noise on the General Activity Level of Profoundly Retarded Adults

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-217
Author(s):  
F. M. Kautman ◽  
G. R. Sheckart
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
General Activity ◽  
General Activity Level

Effect of Morphine Sulfate on Spontaneous Activity Level of the Albino Rat

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Glenn Collins
Keyword(s):  
Drug Effect ◽  
Activity Wheel ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Morphine Sulfate ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
General Activity ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
General Activity Level ◽  
Hunger Drive

In two experiments involving 40 albino rats and two dosage levels of morphine sulfate it was found that relatively high analgesic dosages of morphine significantly depressed general activity level in the revolving drum. Also, there was a significant interaction between drug effect and hunger drive. In the case of moderate analgesic doses (7 mg/kg) no systematic effect of morphine on activity-wheel performance was noted.

Factors Affecting Perceptual Functioning and Activity in Albino Rats

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1299-1305
Author(s):  
Patrick Maloney ◽  
Robert Deitchman ◽  
Kevin Walsh ◽  
Richard H. Haude
Keyword(s):  
Activity Level ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
General Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cyclical Variation ◽  
Geometric Patterns ◽  
Perceptual Functioning ◽  
General Activity Level

The effects of crowding and estrus cycling upon visual observing behavior and general activity level in the albino rat were investigated. Experimental groups were composed of non-estrus or estrus females and were subjected to one of three different crowding conditions. Measures of the frequency and duration of observing of photographic slides were taken as well as a measure of general activity. Slides were composed of either geometric patterns or color photographs depicting rats in various social postures. Contrary to previous reports, observing measures did not vary with levels of crowding or stage of estrus. There were, however, differences among the various crowded conditions on a measure of general activity. Relatively short-term crowding was shown to affect estrus based cyclical variation in activity and observing.

Passing as an Indicator of Social Dominance Among Female Wild and Domestic Norway Rats

Behaviour ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 118 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terra Ziporyn ◽  
Martha K. McClintock
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
General Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
General Activity Level ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Norway Rats

AbstractThe most frequent form of social interaction between pairs of wild or domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus) was passing behaviour in the narrow burrows and open field of seminatural environments. This behaviour occurs when a moving rat approaches another, either head-to-head or head-to-tail; the passed animal freezes while the passing rat continues, side touching side. The social dominance manifest by this behaviour correlated significantly with fighting dominance, particularly among female wild and domestic rats. In addition, dominance during displacements for access to food and water correlated with the dominance relationship in passing within pairs of domestic female rats. Although both passing and general activity had the same crepuscular daily rhythm, passing dominance did not correlate with individual differences in general activity level. Thus passing indicates social order and is not simply a by-product of general activity. Because passing occurs ten times more frequently than fights, in future studies it may be a more powerful indicator of female dominance and social order.

Action-inhibition hierarchies: Using a simple gastropod model to investigate serotonergic and dopaminergic control of action selection and reinforcement learning

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 905-905
Author(s):  
S. Hodgkinson ◽  
J. Steyer ◽  
M. Jandl ◽  
W.P. Kaschka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Serotonergic Activity ◽  
General Activity Level ◽  
Planorbis Corneus ◽  
Conditioned Behaviour

IntroductionBasal ganglia (BG) activity plays an important role in action selection and reinforcement learning. Inputs from and to other areas of the brain are modulated by a number of neurotransmitter pathways in the BG. Disturbances in the normal function of the BG may play a role in the aetiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.AimsDevelop a simple animal model to evaluate interactions between glutamatergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic and GABAergic neurones in the modulation of action selection and reinforcement learning.ObjectivesTo characterise the effects of changing dopaminergic and serotonergic activity on action selection and reinforcement learning in an animal model.MethodsThe food seeking / consummation (FSC) activity of the gastropod Planorbis corneus was suppressed by operant conditioning using a repeated unconditioned stimulus-punishment regime. The effects of elevated serotonin or dopamine levels (administration into cerebral, pedal and buccal ganglia), on operantly-conditioned FSC activity was assessed.ResultsOperantly-conditioned behaviour was reversed by elevated ganglia serotonin levels but snails showed no food consummation motor activity in the absence of food. In contrast, elevated ganglia dopamine levels in conditioned snails elicited food consummation motor movements in the absence of food but not orientation towards a food source.ConclusionsThe modulation of FSC activity elicited by reinforcement learning is subject to hierarchical control in gastropods. Serotoninergic activity is responsible establishing the general activity level whilst dopaminergic activity appears to play a more localised and subordinate ‘command’ role.

Temperament, Communicative Competence and the Psychological Adjustment of Kindergarten Children

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1299-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorie R. Skarpness ◽  
David K. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Peer Relations ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
General Activity Level ◽  
Communicative Abilities ◽  
Early Phases

This study examined different aspects of children's psychological adjustment within 8 traditional kindergarten classrooms in relation to both characteristics of temperament and communicative abilities. The sample consisted of 122 boys and 95 girls ( N = 217, M age = 70 mo.) from middle-class Caucasian families residing in the Upper Midwest. Communicative competence and the temperament dimensions of approach/withdrawal, mood and general activity level were significantly predictive of various manifestations of adjustment/maladjustment during the early phases of kindergarten, including peer relations, dependency, hostility, and productivity. In addition, the sex and age of the children were predictive of their dependency, productivity, and withdrawal as evaluated by teachers within the school environment.

Effects of Amobarbital Sodium and Meprobamate on Acquisition of Conditioned Avoidance

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Powell ◽  
Louis K. Martin ◽  
Dennis K. Kamano
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Avoidance Performance ◽  
Conditioned Avoidance ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
General Activity Level ◽  
Amobarbital Sodium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Increased Activity

The purpose of these experiments was to study the effects of two “fear-reducing” drugs, amobarbital sodium and meprobamate, on the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response in albino rats, and how this response is related to general activity level and freezing behavior. Both drugs facilitated acquisition of the avoidance response and increased activity level as measured by the number of spontaneous inter-trial hurdle crossings. Thus, these results seemed at variance with Mowrer's theory regarding the relationship of fear to the avoidance response. However, the results were compatible with the theory that the relationship of performance to motivation is an inverted U-shaped function, which suggests that amobarbital and meprobamate exerted their facilitating effects on avoidance performance by obtunding the strong fear-freezing response which is known to be incompatible with the emission of the avoidance response.

scholarly journals Mitigating the Effect of Pain Severity on Activity and Disability in Patients with Chronic Pain: The Crucial Context of Acceptance

Pain Medicine ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1509-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E Kanzler ◽  
Jacqueline A Pugh ◽  
Donald D McGeary ◽  
Willie J Hale ◽  
Charles W Mathias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Pain Severity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
General Activity ◽  
Pain Acceptance ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pain severity on activity levels and physical disability in the context of high pain acceptance. We hypothesized that pain acceptance moderates the effect of pain severity on general activity and physical disability, such that at higher levels of acceptance, the deleterious effect of pain is mitigated. Methods Two hundred seven patients with chronic pain were recruited from three clinics in a large southwestern military treatment facility. Participants completed an anonymous self-report battery of standardized measures, including the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, modified Oswestry Disability Index, and Pain Severity and General Activity subscales of the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory. Results Chronic pain acceptance was found to significantly moderate relations between pain severity and general activity (b  =  0.0061, t(198) = 2.75, P = 0.007, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.002 to 0.011) and pain severity and disability (b  =  0.036, t(193) = –2.564, P = 0.011, 95% CI = –0.063 to –0.008). In the context of higher acceptance, the negative effect of pain on activity and disability appeared reduced. Conversely, in the context of low acceptance, the effect of pain on disability appeared accentuated at all levels of pain severity. Conclusions Higher acceptance mitigated both activity level and disability in a military-affiliated clinical sample of patients with chronic pain. Results further establish the role of acceptance in relation to functioning in a unique sample of people with chronic pain. These findings have implications for understanding and enhancing functioning in chronic pain populations.

Integrated Fractional white Noise as an Alternative to Multifractional Brownian Motion

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 393-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Sly
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Brownian Motion ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Discrete Data ◽  
Hölder Exponent ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
Multifractional Brownian Motion ◽  
Local Properties

Multifractional Brownian motion is a Gaussian process which has changing scaling properties generated by varying the local Hölder exponent. We show that multifractional Brownian motion is very sensitive to changes in the selected Hölder exponent and has extreme changes in magnitude. We suggest an alternative stochastic process, called integrated fractional white noise, which retains the important local properties but avoids the undesirable oscillations in magnitude. We also show how the Hölder exponent can be estimated locally from discrete data in this model.

Specificity determinants of phosphoprotein phosphatases controlling kinetochore functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitriya H. Garvanska ◽  
Jakob Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Spindle Assembly Checkpoint ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Phosphorylation Sites ◽  
Binding Affinities ◽  
Mitotic Kinases ◽  
Anaphase Onset ◽  
Phosphoprotein Phosphatases ◽  
Linear Motifs ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Kinetochore Function

Abstract Kinetochores are instrumental for accurate chromosome segregation by binding to microtubules in order to move chromosomes and by delaying anaphase onset through the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Dynamic phosphorylation of kinetochore components is key to control these activities and is tightly regulated by temporal and spatial recruitment of kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs). Here we focus on PP1, PP2A-B56 and PP2A-B55, three PPPs that are important regulators of mitosis. Despite the fact that these PPPs share a very similar active site, they target unique ser/thr phosphorylation sites to control kinetochore function. Specificity is in part achieved by PPPs binding to short linear motifs (SLiMs) that guide their substrate specificity. SLiMs bind to conserved pockets on PPPs and are degenerate in nature, giving rise to a range of binding affinities. These SLiMs control the assembly of numerous substrate specifying complexes and their position and binding strength allow PPPs to target specific phosphorylation sites. In addition, the activity of PPPs is regulated by mitotic kinases and inhibitors, either directly at the activity level or through affecting PPP–SLiM interactions. Here, we discuss recent progress in understanding the regulation of PPP specificity and activity and how this controls kinetochore biology.

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