Psyllium-Enriched Cereals Lower Blood Total Cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol, but Not HDL Cholesterol, in Hypercholesterolemic Adults: Results of a Meta-Analysis

Introduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials was undertaken to evaluate the effect of diacerein intake on cardiometabolic profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to 31 July 2019. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q test and I-square (I2 ) statistic. Data were pooled using random-effect models and weighted mean difference (WMD). Results: From 1,733 citations, seven clinical trials were eligible for inclusion and meta-analysis. A significant reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD -0.73; 95%CI -1.25 to -0.21; P= 0.006; I2 = 72.2%) and body mass index (BMI) (WMD -0.55; 95%CI -1.03 to -0.07; P= 0.026; I2 = 9.5%) were identified. However, no significant effect of diacerein intake was identified on fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD - 9.00; 95%CI -22.57 to 4.57; P= 0.194; I2 = 60.5%), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD 0.39; 95%CI 0.95 to 1.73; P= 0.569; I2 = 2.2%), body weight (WMD -0.54; 95%CI -1.10 to 0.02; P= 0.059), triglycerides (WMD -0.56; 95%CI -24.16 to 23.03; P= 0.963; I2 = 0.0%), total-cholesterol (WMD -0.21; 95%CI -12.19 to 11.78; P= 0.973; I2 = 0.0%), HDL-cholesterol (WMD -0.96; 95%CI -2.85 to 0.93; P= 0.321; I2 = 0.0%), and LDL-cholesterol levels (WMD -0.09; 95%CI -8.43 to 8.25; P= 0.983; I2 = 37.8%). Conclusion: Diacerein intake may reduce HbA1c and BMI; however, no evidence of effect was observed for FBS, HOMA-IR, body weight, triglycerides, total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol.

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Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal-planning

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20041203 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 367-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 121

Author(s):

A. Maretha Opperman ◽

Christina S. Venter ◽

Welma Oosthuizen ◽

Rachel L. Thompson ◽

Hester H. Vorster

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

Mean Values ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism

Diabetes mellitus and CVD are some of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Accumulating data indicate that a diet characterised by low-glycaemic index (GI) foods may improve the management of diabetes or lipid profiles. The objective of the present meta-analysis was to critically analyse the scientific evidence that low-GI diets have beneficial effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism compared with high-GI diets. We searched for randomised controlled trials with a crossover or parallel design published in English between 1981 and 2003, investigating the effect of low-GI v. high-GI diets on markers for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Unstandardised differences in mean values were examined using the random effects model. The main outcomes were fructosamine, glycated Hb (HbA1c), HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol. Literature searches identified sixteen studies that met the strict inclusion criteria. Low-GI diets significantly reduced fructosamine by –0·1 (95 % CI –0·20, 0·00) mmol/l (P=0·05), HbA1c by 0·27 (95 % CI –0·5, –0·03) % (P=0·03), total cholesterol by –0·33 (95 % CI –0·47, –0·18) mmol/l (P>0·0001) and tended to reduce LDL-cholesterol in type 2 diabetic subjects by –0·15 (95 % CI –0·31, –0·00) mmol/l (P=0·06) compared with high-GI diets. No changes were observed in HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. No substantial heterogeneity was detected, suggesting that the effects of low-GI diets in these studies were uniform. Results of the present meta-analysis support the use of the GI as a scientifically based tool to enable selection of carbohydrate-containing foods to reduce total cholesterol and to improve overall metabolic control of diabetes.

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Abstract P065: Effects of Palm Oil Consumption on Blood Lipids: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p065 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Ye Sun ◽

Nithya Neelakantan ◽

Yi Wu ◽

Rob M van Dam

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Oil Consumption ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Study Results

Introduction: Palm oil is among the most commonly consumed cooking oils worldwide and, in contrast to most other vegetable oils, contains a high amount of saturated fatty acids. It has been suggested that palm oil has unique characteristics resulting in less detrimental effects on blood lipids than expected from its fat content. We therefore evaluated the effect of palm oil consumption on blood lipid concentrations as compared with vegetable oils high in natural unsaturated fatty acids, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (rich in trans -fat), or animal fats. Methods: We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases up to 31 October 2012 for trials of at least 2 weeks that compared the effects of palm oil consumption with at least one of the aforementioned comparison oils. Data on effects on total, LDL and HDL cholesterols and triglycerides were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Results: A total of 25 studies were identified comparing palm oil with natural highly unsaturated vegetable oils. Palm oil significantly increased total cholesterol by 0.32 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.19, 0.44; I 2 =85.9%), increased LDL cholesterol by 0.20 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.09, 0.32; I 2 =82.9%), and increased HDL cholesterol by 0.02 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.01, 0.04; I 2 =56%) as compared with control oils. The considerable amount of heterogeneity in study results were partly explained by the type of control oil used, funding source, geographical location, and level of intake of test oil. Statistical tests suggested that this meta-analysis might be subject to publication bias. Eight studies were identified comparing palm oil with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. When compared to trans -fat rich oils, palm oil significantly increased HDL cholesterol by 0.07 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.05, 0.09; I 2 =19.2%). However, palm oil did not significantly change total cholesterol (0.15 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.04, 0.33), LDL cholesterol (0.11 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.04, 0.27), or triglycerides (-0.02 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.12, 0.07). Geographical location, method of preparation of test oils, and level of intake of trans -fat in control intervention were contributors to the heterogeneity in the study results. The pooled results from the 2 studies on comparison between palm oil and animal fats did not show a significant difference between the two dietary groups for total cholesterol (0.00 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.08, 0.08), LDL cholesterol (-0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.08, 0.07), HDL cholesterol (0.00 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.03, 0.04), or triglycerides (0.02 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.15, 0.17). Conclusions: Palm oil consumption results in higher LDL cholesterol levels than other natural unsaturated vegetable oils. However, palm oil may be preferable to trans -fat rich oils based on its effect on HDL cholesterol. More studies are needed to evaluate the effects of palm oil consumption on incidence of coronary heart diseases.

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Abstract MP66: Cheese Consumption and Blood Lipids; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.mp66 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Janette de Goede ◽

Johanna M Geleijnse ◽

Eric L Ding ◽

Sabita S. Soedamah-Muthu

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Blood Lipids ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Fat Content ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Lipids And Lipoproteins

Aims: Cheese may have a different effect on lipids and lipoproteins than expected from the saturated fat content. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to examine the effect of cheese consumption on blood lipids and lipoproteins in healthy populations. Methods: A systematic search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cababstracts, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Clinicaltrials.gov was performed to identify RCTs of cheese supplementation in human adults with total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides as a primary or secondary outcome (published until September 2013). A quantitative meta-analysis was performed if more than four RCTs with a comparable control treatment were available. Within person-differences of lipids with corresponding standard errors caused by the cheese compared to the control treatment were pooled (random effects model, STATA 11.0). Results: We identified 15 RCTs, published between 1978 and 2012. We pooled four RCTs comparing the effect of cheese intake to butter with a similar fat content on plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. The amount of cheese used in these trials was rather large, ranging between 120 and 205 g/d. This is approximately equivalent to 3 to 5 cheese servings per day. Intake of cheese (weighted mean difference: 142.6 g/d) reduced total cholesterol significantly by -0.27 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.36 to -0.18), LDL-C by -0.21 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.29 to -0.13), and HDL-C by -0.05 (95% CI: -0.08 to -0.02) compared to butter. The pooled effect on triglycerides was 0.004 (95% CI: -0.058 to 0.065). No heterogeneity was observed (all I 2 =0%). Cheese was also compared with tofu (n=4 RCTs), fat-modified cheese (n=3), CLA-rich cheese (n=3), milk (n=2), fish (n=1), egg white (n=1). Trials that compared cheese with tofu or fat-modified cheese suggest that differential effects of the products can mainly be attributed to the differences in fatty acid content of the diets. Comparisons with CLA-rich cheese were of limited value because those studied the effects of CLA (and not cheese). Too few trials with milk, egg white, and fish were available to draw conclusions. Conclusions: Based on a limited number of trials, cheese appears less hypercholesterolemic than butter with a similar fat content. Differences in plasma lipids based on cheese compared with tofu and fat-modified products are likely to be caused by the different fat content of the total diets.

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Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nutrition Reviews ◽

10.1093/nutrit/nuz037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 77 (12) ◽

pp. 890-902 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniel T Dibaba

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Serum Lipid ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Lipid Profiles

Abstract Context Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent across the world. The existing evidence suggests vitamin D may have beneficial effects on serum lipid profiles and thus cardiovascular health. Objective The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles. Data Source Original randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles and published before July 2018 were identified by searching online databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, using a combination of relevant keywords. Data Extraction Data on study characteristics, effect size, measure of variation, type of vitamin D supplementation, and duration of follow-up were extracted by the author. Data Analysis PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. Random effects (DerSimonian and Laird [D-V)] models were used to pool standardized mean differences in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides between the active and the placebo arms of RCT studies. Between-study heterogeneities were assessed using Cochrane Q and I2, and publication bias was assessed using Begg’s test, Egger’s test, and funnel plot. Results A total of 41 RCTs comprising 3434 participants (n = 1699 in the vitamin D supplementation arm and n = 1735 in the placebo arm) were identified and included in the meta-analysis. Approximately 63.4% of study participants were women, with 14 studies conducted entirely among women. Approximately 24% of the trials had follow-up duration >6 months, whereas the remaining 76% had follow-up duration of <6 months. The standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for comparing the change from baseline to follow-up between the vitamin D supplementation arm and the placebo (control) arm were as follows: total cholesterol = –0.17 (–0.28 to –0.06); LDL cholesterol = –0.12 (–0.23 to –0.01); triglycerides = –0.12 (–0.25 to 0.01); and HDL cholesterol = –0.19 (–0.44 to 0.06). After removing a trial that was an outlier based on the magnitude of the effect size, the SMD for triglycerides was –0.15 (–0.24 to –0.06) and that for HDL cholesterol was –0.10 (–0.28 to 0.09). The improvements in total cholesterol and triglycerides were more pronounced in participants with baseline vitamin D deficiency. Conclusions Vitamin D supplementation appeared to have a beneficial effect on reducing serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels but not HDL cholesterol levels. Vitamin D supplementation may be useful in hypercholesterolemia patients with vitamin D insufficiency who are at high risk of cardiovascular diseases.

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The latest research on coconut oil and human health

INFORM International News on Fats Oils and Related Materials ◽

10.21748/inform.11.2021.28 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (10) ◽

pp. 28-29

Author(s):

Rebecca Guenard ◽

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Blood Lipid ◽

Oil Consumption ◽

Controlled Clinical Trials ◽

Human Adults

A meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing the effects of coconut oil consumption with other fats focused only on controlled clinical trials performed on human adults with a duration exceeding two weeks (long enough to let blood lipid concentrations stabilize).coconut oil consumption significantly increased total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with non-tropical vegetable oils and significantly increased total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with palm oil.

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Cholesterol and triglyceride levels in first-episode psychosis: systematic review and meta-analysis

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.117.200907 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 211 (6) ◽

pp. 339-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Toby Pillinger ◽

Katherine Beck ◽

Brendon Stubbs ◽

Oliver D. Howes

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

First Episode Psychosis ◽

First Episode ◽

Absolute Increase ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Episode Psychosis

BackgroundThe extent of metabolic and lipid changes in first-episode psychosis (FEP) is unclear.AimsTo investigate whether individuals with FEP and no or minimal antipsychotic exposure show lipid and adipocytokine abnormalities compared with healthy controls.MethodWe conducted a meta-analysis of studies examining lipid and adipocytokine parameters in individuals with FEP and no or minimal antipsychotic exposurev.a healthy control group. Studies reported fasting total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and leptin levels.ResultsOf 2070 citations retrieved, 20 case–control studies met inclusion criteria including 1167 patients and 1184 controls. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in patientsv.controls, corresponding to an absolute reduction of 0.26mmol/L and 0.15mmol/L respectively. Triglyceride levels were significantly increased in the patient group, corresponding to an absolute increase of 0.08 mmol/L However, HDL cholesterol and leptin levels were not altered in patientsv.controls.ConclusionsTotal and LDL cholesterol levels are reduced in FEP, indicating that hypercholesterolaemia in patients with chronic disorder is secondary and potentially modifiable. In contrast, triglycerides are elevated in FEP. Hypertriglyceridaemia is a feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus, therefore this finding adds to the evidence for glucose dysregulation in this cohort. These findings support early intervention targeting nutrition, physical activity and appropriate antipsychotic prescription.

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Quercetin Actions on Lipid Profiles in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612825666190829153552 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (28) ◽

pp. 3087-3095 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wenfang Guo ◽

Xue Gong ◽

Minhui Li

Keyword(s):

Total Dose ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Plasma Lipid ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Control Group ◽

Lipid Levels ◽

Cholesterol Levels

Background: The lipid profile is associated with metabolic diseases in overweight and obese individuals. Quercetin treatment is suggested to reduce the risk factors for obesity. Objective: The aim of the literature meta-analysis was to determine the range of doses of quercetin administration on plasma lipid levels in overweight and obese human subjects. Methods: Articles searched on EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science through March 20, 2019, were reviewed independently using predetermined selection criteria. The Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias was used to assess the quality of the included trials. Heterogeneity was measured using Cochran's Q test and the I-square (I2) statistic. Data were pooled using a random-effects model and the standardized mean difference (SMD) was considered for measuring the overall effect size. Results: Of 176 articles reviewed, 9 randomized clinical trials were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The pooled results for the effect of quercetin administration on LDL-cholesterol (SMD: -002; 95% CI: -0.15–0.11), HDL-cholesterol (SMD: -0.06; 95% CI: -0.19–0.07), triglycerides (SMD: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.08–0.18), and total cholesterol (SMD: 0.04; 95% CI: -0.09–0.17) were not significantly different from the control group results. Quercetin administration at doses of ≥250 mg/day (SMD: -0.58 ; 95% CI: -0.94–-0.22) and total dose ≥14,000 mg (SMD: -0.58 ; 95% CI: -0.94–-0.22) significantly reduced LDL levels; however, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Quercetin administration does not affect plasma lipid levels in overweight and obese individuals. However, it significantly reduces LDL-cholesterol levels at doses of ≥250 mg/day and total dose ≥14000 mg.

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The Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Serum Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612825666190830154336 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (30) ◽

pp. 3266-3281 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hadis Fathizadeh ◽

Alireza Milajerdi ◽

Željko Reiner ◽

Fariba Kolahdooz ◽

Maryam Chamani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Lipids ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Carnitine Supplementation ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Vldl Cholesterol ◽

Subgroup Analyses

Background: The findings of trials investigating the effects of L-carnitine administration on serum lipids are inconsistent. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to summarize the effects of L-carnitine intake on serum lipids in patients and healthy individuals. Methods: Two authors independently searched electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar from 1990 until August 1, 2019, in order to find relevant RCTs. The quality of selected RCTs was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Cochrane’s Q test and I-square (I2) statistic were used to determine the heterogeneity across included trials. Weight mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI between the two intervention groups were used to determine pooled effect sizes. Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the source of heterogeneity based on suspected variables such as, participant’s health conditions, age, dosage of L-carnitine, duration of study, sample size, and study location between primary RCTs. Results: Out of 3460 potential papers selected based on keywords search, 67 studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for the meta-analysis. The pooled results indicated that L-carnitine administration led to a significant decrease in triglycerides (WMD: -10.35; 95% CI: -16.43, -4.27), total cholesterol (WMD: -9.47; 95% CI: - 13.23, -5.70) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations (WMD: -6.25; 95% CI: -9.30, -3.21), and a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (WMD: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.21, 2.57). L-carnitine supplementation did not influence VLDL-cholesterol concentrations. When we stratified studies for the predefined factors such as dosage, and age, no significant effects of the intervention on triglycerides, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels were found. Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated that L-carnitine administration significantly reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, and significantly increased HDL-cholesterol levels in the pooled analyses, but did not affect VLDL-cholesterol levels; however, these findings were not confirmed in our subgroup analyses by participant’s health conditions, age, dosage of L-carnitine, duration of study, sample size, and study location.

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Fasting Is Not Routinely Required for Determination of a Lipid Profile: Clinical and Laboratory Implications Including Flagging at Desirable Concentration Cutpoints—A Joint Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2016.258897 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 930-946 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Børge G Nordestgaard ◽

Anne Langsted ◽

Samia Mora ◽

Genovefa Kolovou ◽

Hannsjörg Baum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Familial Hypercholesterolemia ◽

Apolipoprotein B ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Clinical Chemistry ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Lipid Profiles ◽

Apolipoprotein A1 ◽

Lipoprotein A ◽

Remnant Cholesterol

Abstract AIMS To critically evaluate the clinical implications of the use of non-fasting rather than fasting lipid profiles and to provide guidance for the laboratory reporting of abnormal non-fasting or fasting lipid profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS Extensive observational data, in which random non-fasting lipid profiles have been compared with those determined under fasting conditions, indicate that the maximal mean changes at 1–6 h after habitual meals are not clinically significant [+0.3 mmol/L (26 mg/dL) for triglycerides; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for total cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for LDL cholesterol; +0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated remnant cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated non-HDL cholesterol]; concentrations of HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) are not affected by fasting/non-fasting status. In addition, non-fasting and fasting concentrations vary similarly over time and are comparable in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. To improve patient compliance with lipid testing, we therefore recommend the routine use of non-fasting lipid profiles, whereas fasting sampling may be considered when non-fasting triglycerides are >5 mmol/L (440 mg/dL). For non-fasting samples, laboratory reports should flag abnormal concentrations as triglycerides ≥2 mmol/L (175 mg/dL), total cholesterol ≥5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol ≥3 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), calculated remnant cholesterol ≥0.9 mmol/L (35 mg/dL), calculated non-HDL cholesterol ≥3.9 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), HDL cholesterol ≤1 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), apolipoprotein A1 ≤1.25 g/L (125 mg/dL), apolipoprotein B ≥1.0 g/L (100 mg/dL), and lipoprotein(a) ≥50 mg/dL (80th percentile); for fasting samples, abnormal concentrations correspond to triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL). Life-threatening concentrations require separate referral for the risk of pancreatitis when triglycerides are >10 mmol/L (880 mg/dL), for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia when LDL cholesterol is >13 mmol/L (500 mg/dL), for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia when LDL cholesterol is >5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), and for very high cardiovascular risk when lipoprotein(a) >150 mg/dL (99th percentile). CONCLUSIONS We recommend that non-fasting blood samples be routinely used for the assessment of plasma lipid profiles. Laboratory reports should flag abnormal values on the basis of desirable concentration cutpoints. Non-fasting and fasting measurements should be complementary but not mutually exclusive.

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