Effect of “Non-specific” Nitrogen Intake on Adequacy of Cereal Proteins for Nitrogen Retention in Human Adults

1965 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance Kies ◽  
Eleanor Williams ◽  
Hazel Metz Fox
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Cereal Proteins

Utilization of grass-silage nitrogen by growing sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Grenet
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Green Fodder

SUMMARYThe digestibility, the voluntary intake and the nitrogen balance of 108 diets corresponding to 94 silages prepared from 20 fresh crops were measured in growing sheep. Series of silages were made from the same fresh forage. Each series included two controls: a direct-cut silage without additive and a direct-cut silage with formic acid, with a variable number of experimental silages with different additives.Rumen ammonia concentration, measured on rumen-fistulated sheep, decreased when an additive was used. It increased with nitrogen intake and was inversely related to the organic-matter digestibility and the crude-fibre digestibility. It varied with the silage composition.The crude-protein digestibility of direct-cut silages without additives was similar to or slightly higher than the crude-protein digestibility of the fresh crops. The addition of formic acid depressed the digestibility, but the addition of formaldehyde decreased it even more. The urinary nitrogen loss was higher for silages without additive than for the fresh crops and was decreased by the addition of formic acid. The addition of formaldehyde to formic acid had an additive effect.Retained nitrogen was lower in silages without additives (12% of nitrogen intake) than in parent crops (15·7%). It increased when formic acid (15·8%) was added. The addition of formaldehyde at a low rate (1·5 l/t green fodder) to the formic acid did not increase the nitrogen retention whether expressed in g/day or as percentage of nitrogen intake, but the addition of formaldehyde at a high rate (3·5 l/t green fodder) to formic acid decreased nitrogen retention. The other additives based on cereals or whey did not improve the nitrogen balance compared with formic acid. Nitrogen retention differed according to plant species.Retained nitrogen increased with digestible organic-matter intake and nitrogen intake. It increased with the silage water-soluble carbohydrate content. The higher the silage fermentation product content (ammonia, lactic acid, propionic acid), the lower the retained nitrogen. It appears that the nitrogen value of silages can be high provided that the silages are well preserved and that excessive protein breakdown is avoided.

scholarly journals Effects of Tea Saponin Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility, Methanogenesis, and Ruminal Microbial Flora in Dorper Crossbred Ewe

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunlong Liu ◽  
Tao Ma ◽  
Dandan Chen ◽  
Naifeng Zhang ◽  
Bingwen Si ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Tea Saponin ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Two experiments were conducted using Dorper × thin-tailed Han crossbred ewes. In experiment 1, eighteen ewes were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (a basal diet, or the same basal diet supplemented with 2.0 g tea saponin (TS)/head/day) to investigate the effects of TS supplementation on nutrient digestibility and methane emissions. In experiment 2, six ewes with ruminal cannulae were assigned to the same two dietary treatments as in experiment 1 to investigate the effects of TS supplementation on rumen fermentation and microbial flora. TS supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) (p = 0.001), nitrogen (N) (p = 0.036), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (p = 0.001), and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (p < 0.001). Urinary N (p = 0.001) and fecal N (p = 0.036) output were reduced, and N retention (p = 0.001) and nitrogen retention/nitrogen intake (p = 0.001) were increased. Supplementary TS did not decrease absolute methane emissions (p = 0.519) but decreased methane emissions scaled to metabolic bodyweight by 8.80% (p = 0.006). Ammonia levels decreased (p < 0.001) and total volatile fatty acid levels increased (p = 0.018) in response to TS supplementation. The molar proportion of propionate increased (p = 0.007), whereas the acetate:propionate ratio decreased (p = 0.035). Supplementation with TS increased the population of Fibrobacter succinogenes (p = 0.019), but the population of protozoans tended to decrease (p = 0.054). Supplementation with TS effectively enhanced the apparent digestibility of OM, N, NDF, and ADF, and decreased methane emissions scaled to metabolic bodyweight.

Studies on the nutritive value of some common Egyptian feedingstuffs. I. Nitrogen retention and ruminal ammonia curves

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. El-Shazly
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Trifolium Alexandrinum ◽  
Cottonseed Cake ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

1. Ten successive trials with two Rahmany adult ewes were carried out with the aim of comparing the nutritive values of the nitrogenous constituents of some concentrates used in Egypt as supplements in summer rations (decorticated cottonseed cake, linseed-oil meal and beans (Vicia faba)) and of animal proteins (meat meal, fish meal and casein) and of barseem (Trifolium alexandrinum). Wheat straw was employed as the main roughage in the ration. Nitrogen intake for all supplements was 10·16 g./day.2. Apparent digestion coefficients for crude protein were estimated. Casein had the highest digestibility coefficient while meat meal was the least digestible.3. Nitrogen retention and ruminal ammonia curves are given for each period. Only three proteins, namely, barseem, cottonseed cake and linseed meal gave positive nitrogen balance at the critical level of nitrogen intake used throughout the trials. Fish meal improved nitrogen retention significantly. Meat meal and beans did not improve nitrogen retention. The addition of 70 g. starch to beans improved nitrogen retention significantly.

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF NITROGEN RETENTION TO NITROGEN INTAKE IN ADULTS WITH POST-TRAUMATIC MALNUTRITION

1955 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1653-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce T. Forsyth ◽  
Margaret E. Shipman ◽  
Irvin C. Plough ◽  
Betty Hackley ◽  
Albert Fryar
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Post Traumatic

EFFECT OF ADDED CARBOHYDRATE ON GROWTH, NITROGEN RETENTION AND RENAL WATER EXCRETION IN PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-202
Author(s):  
PHILIP L. CALCAGNO ◽  
MITCHELL I. RUBIN
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Renal Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Renal Concentrating Capacity ◽  
Renal Water Excretion ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

With added carbohydrate in the formula during these short balance periods, there resulted a better weight gain, while on both a constant nitrogen intake and with a 19% reduction in dietary protein intake. Nitrogen retention in these premature infants was greater both when the nitrogen intake was greater and when the total calories, as carbohydrates, were greater. Similar changes occurred in sodium and potassium retentions. Infants fed "added carbohydrate" had a lower BUN level and a decreased urinary excretion of urea, sodium and potassium. Thus the kidney was presented with a lower total osmolar load for excretion. The urine concentration on the various diets is a simple reflection of the load demanding excretion and the available expendable water. In the presence of a limited renal concentrating capacity, as is seen in the premature infant, and with suboptimal fluid intakes, a diet offering a smaller load for renal excretion would seem desirable.

NITROGEN BALANCES ON LOW NITROGEN INTAKES IN INFANTS AND THE EFFECTS OF GELATIN SUPPLEMENTATION WITH AND WITHOUT VITAMIN B12 AND AUREOMYCIN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-313
Author(s):  
ROBERT KAYE ◽  
RONALD H. CAUGHEY ◽  
WALLACE W. MCCRORY
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Negative Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Low Nitrogen

1. A group of five male infants who received an average nitrogen intake of 98 mgm./kg./day, derived from cow's milk protein, retained an average of -2.0 mgm./ kg./day. Small positive balances were achieved at intakes of 110 mgm./kg./day in two subjects. An intake of 100 mgm./kg./ day in two subjects resulted in one instance of nitrogen equilibrium and one of negative nitrogen balance. In the subject given the lowest nitrogen intake, 70 mgm./kg./day a negative nitrogen balance was encountered. These data suggest that the lower limit of nitrogen intake for equilibrium in infants under the experimental conditions reported here is approximately 110 mgm./kg./day. 2. Two of these subjects received gelatin supplements providing 120 mgm. N/ kg./day, and responded with increased nitrogen retentions of 50 and 60 mgm. N/ kg./day. 3. Retention of the gelatin supplements was not further increased in either subject by the administration of 300 µg. of vitamin B12, and 200-300 mgm. of aureomycin daily. 4. The provision of a protein which does not contain all of the essential amino acids, as a supplement to protein of good biological quality permits real augmentation of nitrogen retention. 5. Certain implications of the data in regard to the nutritional value of sub-optimal intakes of nitrogen and total calories have been discussed.

Nitrogen utilization and wool production by sheep

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Reis ◽  
PG Schinckel
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Wool Fibre ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Stable Level ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

The utilization of nitrogen was examined in sheep fed several diets; in some experiments the diet was supplemented with soluble casein given directly into the abomasum through a fistula. Casein supplements per abomasum were almost completely digested and absorbed. At the highest level of casein supplementation (55 g casein nitrogen per day) 95% of the casein was digested and absorbed. An increase in nitrogen intake resulted in an immediate increase in nitrogen balance, followed by a gradual return towards a stable level. There was also an immediate response of faecal and urinary nitrogen excretion to a change in nitrogen intake. Most of the adjustment in urinary nitrogen excretion occurred within 4 days, this period being followed by a gradual change towards a stable level of excretion during the next 6 weeks. Much higher levels of nitrogen retention were obtained from casein administered per abomasum than from similar levels of nitrogen given per os. Changes in wool production also occurred following changes in the nitrogen intake per 0s. The observed changes were variable, depending on the sheep and the feed change involved, and periods of up to 10 weeks were required before the rate of wool production became stable following a change in nutrition. Casein supplementation per abomasum resulted in a substantial increase in wool production and in a rapid increase in wool fibre diameter; most of the increase in fibre diameter occurred in the first week of supplementation. The efficiency of conversion of dietary nitrogen into wool nitrogen was much higher in experiments where a casein supplement was administered per abomasum than in experiments involving normal feeding; possible reasons for this difference are discussed.

Determination of First Limiting Nitrogenous Factor in Corn Protein for Nitrogen Retention in Human Adults

1965 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance Kies ◽  
Eleanor Williams ◽  
Hazel Metz Fox
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Corn Protein ◽  
Human Adults

scholarly journals 19 Assessment of Nitrogen Intake, Excretion and Deposition in lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 37-38
Author(s):  
Joyce Barcellos ◽  
Warley J Alves ◽  
Carolaine R Ferreira ◽  
Filipe Monteiro ◽  
Gabriel Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Abstract This study was conducted to assess the effect of E. Coli lipopolyssacharide challenge (IC) on Nitrogen Balance (NB) in growing pigs (19 kg). Three NB trials were performed in a complete RBD, with six nitrogen levels (NL), two sanitary status (control and IC) and two individual replicates per treatment (6 x 2 x 6). Pigs were intramuscular injected with 30 and 34 μg LPS/kg for two consecutive days. Dietary NL ranged from 1.06 to 4.48 % (dry matter), with lysine being limiting in all diets. NB trials lasted 11 days in which feces and urine were collected at the last four days to determine N intake (NI), N excretion (NEX) and N deposition (ND). Data were analyzed as two-way ANOVA and polynomial contrasts were used. Body weight were unaffected by the factors under study (P &gt;0,05). LPS-challenged pigs had a lower (P&lt; 0,05) feed intake compared with control group (372,98 vs. 417,82). Interaction between NL and IC were observed (P&lt; 0,05) for NI, NEX and ND. NL linearly increased NI, NEX and ND, with different equations for both groups (P&lt; 0,05): ND = 127,86 + 246,95 NL in control group whereas ND = 150,66 + 155,4 in LPS group. LPS-challenged pigs fed the three highest NL exhibited a decrease in NI compared with control group (P&lt; 0,05). From NL2 to NL6, ND was also impaired in LPS-challenged pigs compared with control. Nitrogen excretion was higher in LPS-challenged pigs fed the two highest NL compared with pigs from control group (P&lt; 0,05). In conclusion, LPS challenge impairs nitrogen retention in growing pigs by 37%. These outcomes can be used further for modelling procedures to estimate lysine requirements of pigs in different sanitary status.

Intravenous Nitrogen Intake Requirements in Full-Term Newborns Undergoing Surgery

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-496
Author(s):  
Stanley H. Zlotkin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Acid Formulation ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids

To determine the intravenous intake of nitrogen needed to duplicate the weight gain and nitrogen retention observed in healthy infants fed human milk, full-term infants had weight change and nitrogen balance measured postoperatively while they were receiving two different parenteral regimens which provided adequate energy (87 kcal/kg/d) and varying intakes of nitrogen as crystalline amino acids (290 to 579 mg/kg/d) over a six-day period. Weight change was similar to that observed in breast-fed infants (35 g/d) and was independent of nitrogen intake. A significant correlation was observed between nitrogen intake and retention (r = .71, P &lt; .01). Substituting the rate of nitrogen retention observed in thriving full-term infants fed human milk into the regression equation describing the relationship between nitrogen intake and retention, the nitrogen intake required by parenterally fed infants in order to duplicate the accretion rate of their milk-fed counterparts was 280 mg/kg/d. After correcting for individual variation, recommended intravenous amino acid intakes range from 2.3 to 2.7 g/kg/d depending on the commercial amino acid formulation chosen and providing that adequate amounts of energy are concurrently infused.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document