How does geopolitics affect energy law: North America—an illustrative example

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
Isaac J De León Mendoza ◽  
César Fernández Gómez
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Local Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
The Right ◽  
Energy Law

Abstract Global energy trade has changed over the last decade. Increased energy flows to Asia present a major shift in energy trade as Asia’s share of global energy demand rises. The shale revolution has enabled the United States (U.S.) to become the world’s largest oil and gas producer accounting for more than half of the world’s production. Renewable energy sources have become more important as countries are challenged to meet the climate goals set by the Paris Agreement. Nuclear Energy seems to be the energy source that can most dramatically help reducing carbon emissions rapidly. Gas demand will grow rapidly over the next 20 years as countries move to decarbonize their energy matrix, given it is a cleaner fuel for power generation than coal. The purpose of this article is to show the effects of global energy trade, its effects on the way countries interact with each other and how local energy law and policy are nonetheless affected by the shifts in the energy market. We will use North America (Canada, Mexico and the U.S.) as an example of the complexity of such interactions and the effects is having (or should have) in regional energy markets. The purpose then of this article is not to attempt to resolve these complex issues, but rather to motivate readers, energy lawyers and policymakers to start asking the right questions regarding global (and local) energy trade.

Cash is King - Repurposing Marginal Assets to Reduce Floating LNG CAPEX

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Shane Tierling
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Impact

Objective / Scope With renewable energy sources not currently able to move energy around the globe and forming small portions of the total global energy supply, it has fallen upon hydrocarbon sources to form the backbone of global energy movements. Hence, the recent energy demand decline, along with policy, have disproportionately impacted world-wide petroleum and LNG pricing. The impact on Floating LNG has been a heightened demand for capital efficiency, required to achieve final investment decision. A business case specific means of reducing FLNG CAPEX, has been repurposing marginal assets. Starting with a breakdown of the cost components of an FLNG facility, this paper will provide examples of the inclusion of preexisting assets into FLNG projects to reduce capital cost. The paper will wrap up with other opportunities for cost savings, to stimulate thought. Methods, Procedures, Process Floating LNG (FLNG) technologies have been deployed to monetize mid-sized offshore gas reservoirs, avoiding constructing a sub-sea gas pipeline to a land-based LNG facility and export jetty. Containing the processing to an oceanic environment also reduces the impact on indigenous peoples as well as terrestrial flora and fauna. FLNG facilities also have the potential of serving multiple offshore fields over the life of the facility, thereby reducing the minimum size field that can be economically monetized. Interest in FLNG continues, despite the current slump in energy prices, however these challenging times are refocusing efforts on reducing the capital cost of FLNG. This paper will explore recent capital cost trends in LNG, with a focus on floating LNG, examples of realized opportunities to reduce CAPEX, and further scope for reductions. Results, Observations, Conclusions The readers will take-away from this paper a deeper understanding of: Recent trends in CAPEX for LNG, and specifically FLNG Where significant opportunities lie for cost reduction Examples of the reuse and repurposing of marginal assets to reduce cost of FLNG facilities Areas to be explored for future capital reduction Novel / Additive Information This paper pulls together disparate threads into a coherent whole, providing visualization of the trends and examples of realized opportunities.

A Migratory Cariboo Convention

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 285-300
Author(s):  
N. D. Bankes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Open Access ◽  
North America ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Operative Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Barren Ground ◽  
The Creation

Over the last decade several proposals have been made for the creation of an international wildlife range between northeast Alaska and northern Yukon Territory, and for a convention between Canada and the United States to regulate the Porcupine caribou herd. The herd, one of the largest barren ground caribou herds in North America, regularly migrates across the United States-Canadian boundary. It is harvested in both countries by Indians and Inuit. Since the vitality of the caribou herd may be affected by developments on either side of the border, such as overharvesting, construction of pipelines or highways, influx of tourists, open access hunting policies, and oil and gas drilling, the herd requires co-operative management.

ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF EUROPEAN OIL AND GAS TNC IN CENTRAL ASIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Sanya М. Nurdavletova ◽  
Zhansaule I. Zharmakhanova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
Balance Of Forces ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Economies

The article discusses aspects of cooperation in the oil sector of multinational companies representing the interests of European Union countries. In the context of the economic crisis, the impossibility of OPEC + to regulate oil prices and the volume of its production, it is difficult to make forecasts of further economic cooperation. The coronavirus pandemic has shown that, contrary to the interests of globalization, national economies must remain self-sufficient. In our opinion, in the future, the legal regime for the presence of multinational companies in the interests of national economies will be revised. The Energy Charter of 1991, depriving the Central Asian countries of the right to judicial protection, the oil economic crisis will lead to a severe crisis in the oil sector. The geopolitical confrontation between Russia and the United Arab Emirates against the United States creates a new balance of forces that will affect the development of the Central Asian direction of the European Union’s foreign policy as the basis for energy security.

scholarly journals II.—The Twelfth International Geological Congress in Canada

1913 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 486-490
Author(s):  
B. Hobson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
The World ◽  
Mcgill University ◽  
International Geological ◽  
International Geological Congress ◽  
The Right ◽  
General Secretary

At the Stockholm meeting of the Congress in 1910 an invitation to hold the twelfth meeting in Canada was accepted. As the Congress met in the United States in 1891 and in Mexico in 1906, members were thus afforded an opportunity of visiting all the great divisions of North America. The Canadian meeting was held at Toronto from August 7 to 14, 1913, under the presidency of Professor F. D. Adams, of McGill University. About 600 members attended it, although the total enrolled was nearly twice as great, and 46 countries were represented among the members. The Congress was formally opened by the Right Hon. Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, on behalf of H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, the Honorary President, who was unavoidably absent, and speeches of welcome were made by others. Dr. R. W. Brock, Director of the Geological Survey of Canada and General Secretary of the Congress, presented to the Congress a monograph entitled “The Coal Resources of the World”, the result of an inquiry made upon the initiative of the Executive Committee of the Twelfth Congress, with the assistance of Geological Surveys and mining geologists of different countries. It consists of three quarto volumes of about 400 pages each (11 by 8 1¼4 inches) and an atlas of 66 pages of maps in colours (13 1¼2 by 191¼2 inches) published by Morang & Co., of Toronto, at $25 per set, net.

scholarly journals The Fight for Footprint

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Bradbury ◽  
Courtney C. Smith ◽  
Chandler Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Strong Position ◽  
Energy Law ◽  
Land Space

The laws surrounding energy development in Texas have evolved over the past century, as Texas has been at the epicenter of the energy industry—and thereby, the center of energy law—since oil was discovered in Corsicana in 1894. Domestic, and even some international choice-of-law clauses, choose Texas law due to the Lone Star State’s dominance in the energy sector. While Texas is often closely tied to oil and gas, its strong position in the energy market is not limited just to this industry. Texas is now the largest producer of wind energy and the seventh largest producer of solar energy in the United States. The plans to exponentially increase production of these alternative types of energy in the next five to ten years is reflected by the $2.5 billion dollars that has been invested in wind and solar development in Texas. However, developing alternative energy sources creates an environment ripe for conflicts over land space as multiple parties seek to develop their respective forms of energy. While everything is bigger in Texas, things could start to feel significantly smaller if companies seek to produce several types of energy on the same, or close, area of land. This Article discusses the advantages of Texas’s continued growth in energy development—both traditional and alternative forms—and how to address the inevitable competition for land space that will occur when development of different natural resources is pursued in the same area. The author will also suggest ways that landowners can seek to protect their surface estate and preserve the current uses, such as agricultural operations, on their land.

scholarly journals Analysis of the global energy resource market

2020 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 01058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Volotkovskaya ◽  
Natalya Volotkovskaya ◽  
Alexander Semenov ◽  
Anastasia Semkova ◽  
Oleg Fedorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Quantitative Changes

The paper analyses the global demand for various energy resources in recent years. Nowadays, qualitative and quantitative changes in structure of distribution and consumption of energy resources take place. The paper has reviewed a number of papers predicting two-fold increase in the global energy production market by 2040. A number of other papers also predict the shift of energy demand from the USA and EU countries to the Asian market. The paper presents percentage distribution of world’s energy requirements satisfied by the six types of resources among which oil, gas, and coil are still predominant. Some papers have stated that the demand for natural gas will continue to grow faster than the demand for oil or coil in the future. To confirm or deny this theory the authors have designed the mathematical model showing trends in demand for gas compared to the total demand for oil and coal; as a result, two different polynomial functions have been obtained with almost the same probability confirming this prediction. Trends in energy production and change of global energy demand across regions over the past twenty years have been studied. The studies show that, in general, energy production has been increased for the last decade. However, due to economic crises fluctuations, energy production in EU countries has abruptly decreased; it results in displacement of the EU countries from the market by the countries of the Middle East and the Near East. The paper also notes such important factors as decrease in solid fuel production in Great Britain; steady increasing importance of renewable energy sources for the last few years; reducing of the rate of nuclear energy development by some key countries; general lack of energy recourses in EU countries, etc.

scholarly journals “Race for resources” in astrospace: What does the future hold?

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-327
Author(s):  
Marko Filijovic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
To Come

The paper analyses how a fast advance in technology can ease both discovering and exploitation of alternative energy resources available in space, and at the same time can open new long-term conflicts over supremacy in commercialisation of space resources. The author considers viability of actual and planned projects of members of the prestigious club of ?space nations?-the United States, Japan, Russia and the European Union. Global energy demand growth stimulates technologically advanced countries to explore more intensively the technical feasibility and economic viability of renewable energy sources in space. Along with advancement in space technology in the foreseeable future, astro-resources could be used as an alternative or at least a supplement to the existing resource base. The author argues that the increasing space technology ambitions of China, India and, to some extent Iran, create a potential knot of new geopolitical and geoeconomical international conflicts. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that the extraterrestrial sources for the Earth's energy needs will not only stay an important alternative basis for energy security in decades to come, but space itself is likely to become rather a new battlefield of the great powers? strategic interests than a part of the common heritage of mankind, equally accessible to all nations.

scholarly journals How the COVID-19 Crisis is Showing us the Complexities in the Global Energy Transition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Germán Meza ◽  
Nilton Bispo Amado ◽  
Ildo Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Natural Gas Prices ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Post War ◽  
Storage Technologies

The measures for tackling the COVID-19 may shrink the global GDP by approximately 6% in 2020, the deepest post-war recession. As a result, the global energy demand declined by 3.8% in the first quarter of 2020. Concerning fossil fuels, this conjuncture reduced the demand drastically and collapsed the prices to historic levels. Despite the general market disruptions, renewable energy sources (RES) seem to be more resilient to the crisis because they are the only sources that will grow in demand in 2020, driven by priority dispatch. The RES´s significant growth in cumulative installed capacity in the last two decades and the significant cost reductions of RES and energy storage technologies are positive signs towards better market conditions for the global energy transition. Currently, the crisis is seen by international agencies and transition scholars as an opportunity to advance a renewable-based energy transformation. Nevertheless, this article aims at caution about another possibility: if societal changes are not urgently implemented, the crisis may weaken the global energy transition. This article examines this last possibility from a three-level perspective: 1) post-COVID economic recovery, 2) low oil and natural gas prices and competitiveness of alternative sources and, 3) reorganization of the world energy market and the OPEC+. This paper exists to stimulate debate.

The role of gas in transforming energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Calabria
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Australian Economy ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
New Policies ◽  
The Right

Energy is undergoing the most significant transition since the alternating current – allowing energy to be generated in large, centralised power stations and safely sent to homes and businesses via thousands of kilometres of high voltage wires – was invented nearly 150 years ago. Energy is increasingly decentralised and low emissions – in Australia, renewables will double from 15 TWh today to 30 TWh by the end of this year. Globally, we are also seeing a major shift. The International Energy Agency forecasts that global population is set to increase by 1.7 billion by 2040, which will see demand for energy rise by about a quarter. This will be driven by the emerging economies of Asia, which are commendably tackling emissions far earlier in their history than today’s established economies. Gas is the key to managing the transition at least cost and least impact to reliability – it is more flexible and able to step in quickly when renewables aren’t generating. Renewables will grow to 40 per cent of the global energy mix under the IEA’s new policies scenario and gas will overtake coal by 2030 to be the second largest source of energy after oil to support this. For Australia, which became the world’s largest exporter of LNG this year, the opportunity to facilitate the global shift to lower emissions as well as maintain a competitive price for domestic users is clear, but depends on policy continuing to support the development of gas resources. With unconventional gas set to become increasingly important in meeting global energy demand, it is also time for the gas industry to step up and ensure that gas is seen as nation building for the Australian economy as coal was in the 20th century. To view the video, click the link on the right.

«Shale revolution» in the USA and its impact on the international trade flows of oil and gas

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-32
Author(s):  
Zoya Podoba ◽  
Anastasiya Lavrova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Markets ◽  
Price Dynamics ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Horizontal Drilling ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

The paper determines the vector of influence of the “shale revolution” on international energy markets based on the analysis of volume and price dynamics of world oil and gas markets, as well as energy trade in the United States. The study contains a multilateral assessment of trends emerging from the development of shale technologies. Using regression models, the authors trace a statistically significant impact of the “shale revolution” on the price dynamics of the global energy market. Panel data analysis for the period from 2010 to 2019 shows a direct dependence between the decline in energy imports in the United States and global oil and gas prices, and the inverse dependence between the increase in exports from the United States and prices of oil (Brent) and European gas (NBP). Due to active use and continuous improvement of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques in the second decade of the twenty-first century the USA is decreasing its energy import dependency and transforming into a net exporter of hydrocarbons. It results in the supply disbalance on global energy markets. The ongoing changes in the US oil and gas production are leading to the transformation of geopolitical situation on world energy markets. If a decade ago, the US strategy was aimed at guaranteeing stable energy supplies, now it is the capture of markets and crowding out competitors by all possible means.

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