Distribution and possible biosynthetic pathway of non-protein sulfur amino acids in legumes

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (16) ◽  
pp. 4115-4121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaya Joshi ◽  
Elham Saboori-Robat ◽  
Mahmood Solouki ◽  
Motahhareh Mohsenpour ◽  
Frédéric Marsolais
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Vigna Species ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Two Phases

Abstract Some grain legumes store sulfur in the form of non-protein amino acids in seed. γ-Glutamyl-S-methylcysteine is found in Phaseolus and several Vigna species. γ-Glutamyl-S-ethenylcysteine, an antinutritional compound, is present in Vicia narbonensis. In P. vulgaris, free S-methylcysteine levels are higher at early stages of seed development followed by a decline. γ-Glutamyl-S-methylcysteine accumulates later, in two phases, with a lag during reserve accumulation. The concentration of total S-methylcysteine, quantified after acid hydrolysis, is positively regulated by sulfate nutrition. The levels of both γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine and γ-glutamyl-S-ethenylcysteine are modulated in response to changes in seed protein composition. A model is proposed whereby the majority of γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine in P. vulgaris is synthesized via the intermediate S-methylhomoglutathione. Knowledge of the biosynthesis of non-protein sulfur amino acids is required for metabolic engineering approaches, in conjunction with manipulation of the protein sink, to increase the concentration of nutritionally essential methionine and cysteine. This would improve protein quality of some important legume crops.

scholarly journals Impact of Antinutritional Factors in Food Proteins on the Digestibility of Protein and the Bioavailability of Amino Acids and on Protein Quality

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (S2) ◽  
pp. S315-S332 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sarwar Gilani ◽  
Chao Wu Xiao ◽  
Kevin A. Cockell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Antinutritional Factors ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitors ◽  
Old Rats

Dietary antinutritional factors have been reported to adversely affect the digestibility of protein, bioavailability of amino acids and protein quality of foods. Published data on these negative effects of major dietary antinutritional factors are summarized in this manuscript. Digestibility and the quality of mixed diets in developing countries are considerably lower than of those in developed regions. For example, the digestibility of protein in traditional diets from developing countries such as India, Guatemala and Brazil is considerably lower compared to that of protein in typical North American diets (54–78 versus 88–94 %). Poor digestibility of protein in the diets of developing countries, which are based on less refined cereals and grain legumes as major sources of protein, is due to the presence of less digestible protein fractions, high levels of insoluble fibre, and/or high concentrations of antinutritional factors present endogenously or formed during processing. Examples of naturally occurring antinutritional factors include glucosinolates in mustard and canola protein products, trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinins in legumes, tannins in legumes and cereals, gossypol in cottonseed protein products, and uricogenic nucleobases in yeast protein products. Heat/alkaline treatments of protein products may yield Maillard reaction compounds, oxidized forms of sulphur amino acids, D-amino acids and lysinoalanine (LAL, an unnatural nephrotoxic amino acid derivative). Among common food and feed protein products, soyabeans are the most concentrated source of trypsin inhibitors. The presence of high levels of dietary trypsin inhibitors from soyabeans, kidney beans or other grain legumes have been reported to cause substantial reductions in protein and amino acid digestibility (up to 50 %) and protein quality (up to 100 %) in rats and/or pigs. Similarly, the presence of high levels of tannins in sorghum and other cereals, fababean and other grain legumes can cause significant reductions (up to 23 %) in protein and amino acid digestibility in rats, poultry, and pigs. Normally encountered levels of phytates in cereals and legumes can reduce protein and amino acid digestibility by up to 10 %. D-amino acids and LAL formed during alkaline/heat treatment of lactalbumin, casein, soya protein or wheat protein are poorly digestible (less than 40 %), and their presence can reduce protein digestibility by up to 28 % in rats and pigs, and can cause a drastic reduction (100 %) in protein quality, as measured by rat growth methods. The adverse effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and protein quality have been reported to be more pronounced in elderly rats (20-months old) compared to young (5-weeks old) rats, suggesting the use of old rats as a model for assessing the protein digestibility of products intended for the elderly.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON THE QUALITY OF SMOKED HETEROCLARIAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Ayodeji Ahmed Ayeloja ◽  
W. A. Jimoh ◽  
T. O. Uthman ◽  
M. O. Shittu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Duration Of Storage

Effect of storage time on the quality of smoked heteroclarias was studied. 108 samples of heteroclarias (average weight 210 + 15g) was used. Analysis carried out include: proximate, mineral composition (Ca, Na, Fe and Mg), biochemical, amino acid and sensory evaluation. Data obtained was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while the sensory data was subjected to nonparametric test (Kruskal Wallis test). Smoked heteroclarias have good nutritional quality in terms of proximate, mineral and amino acids all of which decrease with increase in duration of storage at ambient temperatures. Glutamic acid  was the most predominant amino acid and the highest non-essential amino acid (NEEA), lysine was the most predominant EAA. There was higher concentration of non-essential amino acids than essential amino acids, EAA/NEAA ratio (0.86 – 0.93) recorded indicates that the fish have excellent protein quality; its the predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) ranged between 3.44-3.61 and its biological value ranged between 79.84 -75.04. Its chemical score and TEAA decrease with increase in storage time. Its texture quality reduced significantly (χ2 = 12.207, p<0.01) with increased storage period. It is therefore recommended that smoked heteroclarias be consumed as soon as it is smoked and regularly for good healthy conditions especially among children, aged and other vulnerable groups.

Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. VII.* Effect of processing temperature on total and biologically available amino acids

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Kondos ◽  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Biological Availability ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The effect on the protein quality of meat meals of processing them under commercial conditions in a continuous dry renderer at maximum temperatures ranging from 116 to 160°C for a running time of 115 min was studied. Although the total levels of amino acids were little affected by processing temperatures, the biological availability of all essential amino acids, as determined by the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis, was reduced as the processing temperature increased. At 140 and 160°C the availability of certain amino acids was reduced by 37-56%, lysine, histidine, and methionine being the most severely affected. The availability of essential amino acids in meals produced at temperatures from 121 to c. 138° was not significantly different. The growth-promoting ability of the meat meals for chickens was closely related to the availability of the essential amino acids. __________________ *Part VI, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 19: 171 (1968).

The effect of dietary protein source and protected methionine (Lactet) on wool growth and microbial protein synthesis in Merino wethers

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. White ◽  
P. Young ◽  
N. Phillips ◽  
M. Rodehutscord
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

With increasing awareness of the importance of controlling tender wool, there is a need to describe supplementary feeds in terms of their effects on wool growth. Since wool growth is largely a function of the quantity and quality of absorbed protein, the aim of this experiment was to compare the protein quality of different diets in relation to their ability to promote wool growth. An additional aim was to compare observed responses with those predicted using feeding models based on metabolisable protein. Sixty-four Merino weaner wethers were allocated to 8 treatment groups in a factorial design consisting of 4 diets each at 2 levels of protected methionine. The 4 roughage-based diets consisted of different protein sources: Rumentek®-protected canola meal (at 33% of the diet), oats plus urea (oats at 46% and urea at 2.6%), Lupinus angustifolius (at 36%), and L. albus (at 36%). The 2 levels of protected methionine were 0 or 3 g/day as Lactet. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and were fed at 1.5 × maintenance metabolisable energy. The experiment lasted 13 weeks, which included a 3-week balance collection period in which faeces and urine were collected. Wool growth in sheep fed the protected canola meal diet was 37% greater than in sheep fed oats (1.37 v. 1.0 mg/cm2 per day), and 73% greater than in sheep fed L. angustifolius (P < 0.001). Wool growth from the oat diet was 26% greater than from the L. angustifolius diet (P < 0.05). There was no effect of diet on rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations. Lactet increased wool growth by 18% across all diets (P < 0.001), representing an additional 0.17 mg/cm2 per day or 1.7 g/head per day. There were no significant differences in liveweight gain between the diets unless Lactet was added. When Lactet was added, lupins produced a significantly higher liveweight gain than oats or protected canola meal. Lactet increased mean liveweight gain by 22% across all diets (P < 0.05). Lactet also increased the concentration of plasma albumin, decreased plasma α-amino nitrogen, and increased urinary excretion of creatinine and purine derivatives (P < 0.05). The findings highlight the need to evaluate feed sources in terms of protein degradability and sulfur amino acid composition, particularly when assessing effects on wool growth. The inability of current feeding models to incorporate differences in amino acid flows, particularly sulfur amino acids, is an impediment to evaluating supplement quality in terms of wool growth.

scholarly journals Tempeh's Contribution to the Intake Vitamins B12, Folates and Essential Amino Acids

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 741-741
Author(s):  
Isabel Castanheira ◽  
Ana Serôdio ◽  
Tiago Moreira ◽  
Carla Motta
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Ongoing Research

Abstract Objectives Tempeh is a plant-based fermented food consumed as an alternative source of protein. This study aims to compare the nutritional contents of some cooked tempeh and understand which way tempeh contributes to daily needs regarding its protein composition, B12 (cobalamins) and B9 (folates) vitamin contents. Methods Amino acid profile was determined by UPLC-PDA. Protein scores to access protein quality were calculated especially for methionine. Folate vitamers (folic acid, 5- methyltetrahydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate, 5–10-formyltetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and 10- formyltetrahydrofolate) and the different B12 vitamers (hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and cyanocobalamin) were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. Tempeh was analyzed “raw” and after two different cooking methods (sautéed and stewed). Samples were purchased in commercial surfaces from different brands and production sets. Sampling was performed in accordance with the requirements of the Food Composition Databases in compliance with available Data Quality Evaluation Systems. Results The sautéed sample is the one which most contribute for the population needs, with 34,7% and 27,3% of total amino acids (to woman with 55 kg and a man with 70 kg, respectively), 7% of folates and 32% of B12 vitamin (particularly, hydroxocobalamin), following the “raw” sample and, finally, the marinated sample. In this way, the culinary method chosen for cooking the tempeh reveals to be an essential aspect in order to obtain higher nutritional value from it. All tempeh samples present limiting amino acids, with methionine being one of them, whose contribution to daily needs, in the sautéed sample, is 26.4% for women and 20.7% for men, whose weight is 55 kg and 70 kg, respectively. Conclusions This study reveals that tempeh is a source of B12 vitamin but should be consumed in combination with other foods as buckwheat (methionine rich source) to avoid the confining of the methylation cycle. The production of hydroxocobalamin during the process of fermentation of soy for tempeh manufacturing constitutes ongoing research. Funding Sources This work was funded by Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge as the funding entity of the DAN Department under the project PortFOODVeg.

Cool season grain legumes for Mediterranean environments: the effect of environment on non-protein amino acids in Vicia and Lathyrus species

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Berger ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
S. P. Loss
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Diaminopropionic Acid ◽  
Soil Sulfur

Variation among a range of potentially deleterious non-protein amino acids found in the seeds of the genera Vicia and Lathyrus was determined by growing species at up to 31 sites covering the range of environments experienced in the cropping region of south-west Australia. γ-Glutamyl-S-ethenyl cysteine (GEC) concentrations in V. narbonensis were correlated to seed sulfur levels (r = 0.95, P < 0.001) in 1 of 2 genotypes, and shown to increase under conditions of increasing soil sulfur availability, pH, clay content, cation exchange capacity, concentration of exchangeable cations, and salinity. To capitalise on the agricultural potential of this species we recommend the selection of genotypes that break the linkage between GEC and seed sulfur. In Lathyrus species the degree of variation of β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP) in the seed appears to be proportional to the species mean ODAP concentration; L. ochrus was more responsive than L. sativus, which was in turn more responsive than L. cicera. Seed ODAP concentrations in L. ochrus and L. sativus were positively correlated with soil phosphorus, and negatively correlated with clay content and salinity, and may constrain the species potential for human and animal consumption. In V. ervilia seed, canavanine concentrations were extremely variable in the field (0.01–0.17%), but are unlikely to reduce the stockfeed potential of this species for either monogastrics or ruminants.

scholarly journals Use of Amino Acid Profiles of Pretermand Term Human Milks in Evaluating Scoring Patterns for Routine Protein Quality Assessment of Infant Formulas

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Sarwar ◽  
Pauline Darling ◽  
Mariko Ujiie ◽  
Herbert G Botting ◽  
Paul B Pencharz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Reports on the amino acid composition of human milk vary considerably with respect to concentrations of sulfur amino acids. Often, analyses forego tryptophan determination. A complete analysis of protein and amino acid concentrations was performed on human milk samples (5-10 days postpartum) collected from mothers of preterm (gestations of 25-32 weeks) and term (gestations of &gt;36 weeks) infants. Careful attention was given to quantitate amino acids such as cysteine and tryptophan, which are vulnerable to acidic hydrolysis conditions. Differences in concentrations of total amino acids (expressed on protein basis) between preterm and term milks were small, despite the higher true protein content of preterm milk versus term milk (19.20 versus 12.60 g/L). The methionine + cyst(e)ine contents of term and preterm milks (3.72-3.84 g/100 g protein) were comparable with those reported in 1991 by the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) for mature human milk (4.20 g/100 g protein) but higher than those reported in 1991 by the European Commission (2.9 g/100 g protein).The amino acid pattern of human milk obtained in this study confirms that the 1991 FAO/WHO amino acid scoring pattern for predicting protein quality of infant formulas is representative of the amino acid quality of both preterm and term human milks.

scholarly journals Sustainable Wheat Production and Food Security of Domestic Wheat in Tajikistan: Implications of Seed Health and Protein Quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5751
Author(s):  
Bahromiddin Husenov ◽  
Siham Asaad ◽  
Hafiz Muminjanov ◽  
Larisa Garkava-Gustavsson ◽  
Eva Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Common Bunt ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Seed Health ◽  
Staple Crop

Staple crop yield, quality and sustainable production are critical for domestic food security in developing countries. In Tajikistan, both seed-borne diseases and protein quality impair the yield and the quality of the major staple crop, wheat. Here, we used a detailed two-year survey of fields on 21 wheat-producing farms in Tajikistan, combined with lab analyses on seed health and protein quality, to investigate the presence of seed-borne diseases and bread-making quality in Tajik wheat. Seed samples were collected for the analysis of: (i) the presence of common bunt (Tilletia spp.) using the centrifuge wash test, (ii) the major pathogenic fungi on/in the seed using the agar plate test and (iii) the protein amount and size distribution using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). Field occurrence of common bunt and loose smut was generally low (3 farms in year one (14%) showed common bunt occurrence), but the presence of fungi was observed microscopically on most seed samples (on seeds from 19 out of 21 farms = 91%). Tilletia laevis was the dominant agent in common bunt (present in 19 farms compared to T. tritici present in 6 farms). Altogether, 18 different fungi were identified from seed samples by microscopy. Protein composition, measured with high-performance liquid chromatography as protein amount and size distribution (known to correlate with bread-making quality), differed significantly between samples from different farms and years, although the farm type and land elevation of the farm were not the determinants of the protein composition. The presence of certain fungi on the seed correlated significantly with the protein quality and could then have an impact on the bread-making quality of the Tajik wheat. The presence of seed-borne diseases, a low protein content and weak gluten were the characteristics of the majority of the grain samples, mostly irrespective of farm type and farmer’s knowledge. For sustainable development of the Tajik farming systems, and to strengthen the food security of the country, the knowledge of Tajik farmers needs to be increased independently of farm type; in general, plant breeding is required and certified seeds need to be made available throughout the country.

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