Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms for Psychotic Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nao J. Gamo ◽  
Takeshi Sakurai ◽  
Hanna Jaaro-Peled ◽  
Akira Sawa
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis ◽  
Experimental Strategies

The current understanding of the mechanisms underlying psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, is far from satisfactory and has hampered the establishment of effective treatments, as well as accurate diagnosis and prognosis in patients. A prevailing hypothesis that attempts to understand these mechanisms is the “neurodevelopmental hypothesis.” In this chapter, we address experimental strategies to characterize the biological mechanisms underlying psychotic disorders, including a complementary combination of human cell and animal models that pays attention to the developmental trajectory, in particular key neural circuitries that may underlie behavioral changes relevant to psychotic disorders. In addition, we discuss a “dimensional” approach to understanding psychiatric disorders to more easily translate findings between animal models and human applications.

scholarly journals The role of rumination in illness trajectories in youth: linking trans-diagnostic processes with clinical staging models

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2467-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Grierson ◽  
I. B. Hickie ◽  
S. L. Naismith ◽  
J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Co Morbidity

Research in developmental psychopathology and clinical staging models has increasingly sought to identify trans-diagnostic biomarkers or neurocognitive deficits that may play a role in the onset and trajectory of mental disorders and could represent modifiable treatment targets. Less attention has been directed at the potential role of cognitive-emotional regulation processes such as ruminative response style. Maladaptive rumination (toxic brooding) is a known mediator of the association between gender and internalizing disorders in adolescents and is increased in individuals with a history of early adversity. Furthermore, rumination shows moderate levels of genetic heritability and is linked to abnormalities in neural networks associated with emotional regulation and executive functioning. This review explores the potential role of rumination in exacerbating the symptoms of alcohol and substance misuse, and bipolar and psychotic disorders during the peak age range for illness onset. Evidence shows that rumination not only amplifies levels of distress and suicidal ideation, but also extends physiological responses to stress, which may partly explain the high prevalence of physical and mental co-morbidity in youth presenting to mental health services. In summary, the normative developmental trajectory of rumination and its role in the evolution of mental disorders and physical illness demonstrates that rumination presents a detectable, modifiable trans-diagnostic risk factor in youth.

scholarly journals Ultrasound with laparoscopy for the diagnosis of abdominal disorders in cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ricardo B. Silva ◽  
José Augusto B. Afonso ◽  
Carla L. Mendonça ◽  
Jobson Filipe P. Cajueiro ◽  
Juliana M. Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Prospective Clinical Study ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Complete Blood Counts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Exploratory Laparoscopy

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate laparoscopy with abdominal ultrasound exams to establish accurate diagnosis and prognosis. The experimental design was a prospective clinical study. Nine adult crossbred bovines suffering from abdominal disorders were admitted to the cattle clinic for clinical examinations. Abdominal ultrasound was carried out, and complete blood counts were performed. Subsequently, exploratory laparoscopy was performed. After surgery (exploratory laparoscopy on the right or left side), animals with a severe prognosis or untreatable clinical condition were euthanised and necropsied. During laparoscopy, circumscribed reticuloperitonitis could not be detected, nor could other abnormalities in the cranioventral region of the abdomen previously observed on ultrasound and confirmed during necropsy. However, alterations due to peritoneal damage, such as adhesions, were observed dorsally in addition to alterations in macroscopic aspects of the peritoneal fluid. Exploratory standing laparoscopy through the paralumbar fossae may constitute a supplementary procedure for diagnosing abdominal disorders in cattle, but it is not suitable in cases of diseases characterised by focal lesions concentrated in the cranioventral region of the abdomen. When associated with clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound examinations, this technique may improve the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of abdominal disorders in cattle.

scholarly journals Systematic review of Kabuki Syndrome’s phenotype with KMT2D gene mutation

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bonini Fischetti ◽  
Julia Zaccarelli Magalhães ◽  
André Rinaldi Fukushima ◽  
Paula Waziry ◽  
Esther Lopes Ricci
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Kabuki Syndrome ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Secondary Phenotypes

Kabuki Syndrome is rare and poorly documented, initially mentioned by Niikawa and Kuroki in 1981. The prevalence of the syndrome among live births is 1:32,000. Case reports are now available, which correlates to improved techniques for accurate diagnosis. This study focused on a systematic comparative review of the phenotypes of individuals with Kabuki Syndrome, with the purpose to facilitate diagnosis. The systematic review was done with a bibliographic survey of case studies using the following databases: Pubmed, Science Direct and Google Scholar, in conjunction with the following key-words: Kabuki syndrome, phenotype, KMT2D and case report. The literature shows that patients with this syndrome present five main characteristics, besides several types of secondary phenotypes. These characteristics present variations in permeability as well as expressivity of some genes in individuals, therefore, a characterization through phenotype alone becomes limited, making it necessary to perform genetic analysis for differential diagnosis. In order to increase the knowledge and elucidate mechanisms of Kabuki syndrome, we suggest further studies that utilize animal models.

The Diagnosis and Prognosis of Upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage

1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
R.H. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal ◽  
Overall Mortality

AbstractThere have been major advances in the diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding over the past two decades but the overall mortality figure remains about 10 per cent. This paper reviews the place of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in diagnosis and discusses the argument that this form of earlier, more accurate diagnosis has had no influence on the outcome of the condition.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 433-464
Author(s):  
Richard McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Nasal Administration ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Post Traumatic

Two especially valuable animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been developed, including brief exposure of laboratory rats to a predator (a cat) or its odor, and the single prolonged stress paradigm. In each of these models, laboratory animals are evaluated for behavioral changes several days to several weeks following the stressful experience and are compared to unstressed controls. In both of these models, stressed animals display behavioral changes consistent with a PTSD-like phenotype. Using these models, investigators have explored central and peripheral neural and endocrine changes associated with the onset of PTSD-like symptoms and approaches to prevent or block the effects of the traumatic stressor on behavioral changes. Two particularly effective treatments that have been described include administration of a protein synthesis inhibitor and intra-nasal administration of neuropeptide Y. Animal models also provide an opportunity to study transgenerational transmission of PTSD risk.

scholarly journals Nanobiosensors for Non-Amyloidbeta-Tau Biomarkers as Advanced Reporters of Alzheimer’s Disease

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Le Minh Tu Phan ◽  
Thi Xoan Hoang ◽  
Thuy Anh Thu Vo ◽  
Jae Young Kim ◽  
Sang-Myung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Comprehensive Management ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Emerging nanomaterials providing benefits in sensitivity, specificity and cost-effectiveness are being widely investigated for biosensors in the application of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis. Core biomarkers amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Tau have been considered as key neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, they did not sufficiently reflect clinical severity and therapeutic response, proving the difficulty of the Aβ- and Tau-targeting therapies in clinical trials. In recent years, there has still been a shortage of sensors for non-Aβ-Tau pathophysiological biomarkers that serve as advanced reporters for the early diagnosis of AD, predict AD progression, and monitor the treatment response. Nanomaterial-based sensors measuring multiple non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers could improve the capacity of AD progression characterization and supervised treatment, facilitating the comprehensive management of AD. This is the first review to principally represent current nanobiosensors for non-Aβ-Tau biomarker and that strategically deliberates future perspectives on the merit of non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers, in combination with Aβ and Tau, for the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of AD.

scholarly journals The developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder

2014 ◽  
Vol 204 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Duffy ◽  
Julie Horrocks ◽  
Sarah Doucette ◽  
Charles Keown-Stoneman ◽  
Shannon McCloskey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Childhood Anxiety ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Clinical Stages

BackgroundBipolar disorder is highly heritable and therefore longitudinal observation of children of affected parents is important to mapping the early natural history.AimsTo model the developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder based on the latest findings from an ongoing prospective study of the offspring of parents with well-characterised bipolar disorder.MethodA total of 229 offspring from families in which 1 parent had confirmed bipolar disorder and 86 control offspring were prospectively studied for up to 16 years. High-risk offspring were divided into subgroups based on the parental long-term response to lithium. Offspring were clinically assessed and DSM-IV diagnoses determined on masked consensus review using best estimate procedure. Adjusted survival analysis and generalised estimating equations were used to calculate differences in lifetime psychopathology. Multistate models were used to examine the progression through proposed clinical stages.ResultsHigh-risk offspring had an increased lifetime risk of a broad spectrum of disorders including bipolar disorder (hazard ratio (HR) = 20.89; P = 0.04), major depressive disorder (HR = 17.16; P = 0.004), anxiety (HR = 2.20; P = 0.03), sleep (HR = 28.21; P = 0.02) and substance use disorders (HR = 2.60; P = 0.05) compared with controls. However, only offspring from lithium non-responsive parents developed psychotic disorders. Childhood anxiety disorder predicted an increased risk of major mood disorder and evidence supported a progressive transition through clinical stages, from non-specific psychopathology to depressive and then manic or psychotic episodes.ConclusionsFindings underscore the importance of a developmental approach in conjunction with an appreciation of familial risk to facilitate earlier accurate diagnosis in symptomatic youth.

scholarly journals Measuring the repertoire of age-related behavioral changes in Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Overman ◽  
Daniel M. Choi ◽  
Kawai Leung ◽  
Joshua W. Shaevitz ◽  
Gordon J. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Behavior

Aging affects almost all aspects of an organism – its morphology, its physiology, its behavior. Isolating which biological mechanisms are regulating these changes, however, has proven difficult, potentially due to our inability to characterize the full repertoire of an animal’s behavior across the lifespan. Using data from fruit flies (D. melanogaster) we measure the full repertoire of behaviors as a function of age. We observe a sexually dimorphic pattern of changes in the behavioral repertoire during aging. Although the stereotypy of the behaviors and the complexity of the repertoire overall remains relatively unchanged, we find evidence that the observed alterations in behavior can be explained by changing the fly’s overall energy budget, suggesting potential connections between metabolism, aging, and behavior.

The challenges of animal models of pain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saad Yousuf ◽  
Bradley J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Physician Consultation ◽  
Mcgill University ◽  
Unpleasant Feeling

The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Animal models of pain: progress and challenges’, published in the journal Nature Reviews Neuroscience by Jeff Mogil of McGill University in 2009. The most common symptom across various medical conditions and a major reason for seeking physician consultation is pain. It is defined as ‘an unpleasant feeling or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage’. A large percentage of the research investigating the biological mechanisms of pain is performed on animals. Human studies of pain are limited by lack of practicality, subjectivity, and ethical considerations. This influential review by Mogil discusses the progress and challenges faced in studying pain using various animal models.

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