Nondegenerative Dementias and Encephalopathies

2021 ◽  
pp. 689-698
Author(s):  
Eoin P. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
Psychomotor Slowing ◽  
Subcortical Dementia ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Ideomotor Apraxia

Nondegenerative dementias are a diverse but important group of cognitive disorders because they may be reversible with treatment. Thus, evaluation is important when a nondegenerative dementia is suspected. Many causes of nondegenerative dementia result in what is known as subcortical dementia, which is thought to be primarily due to damage to the frontal subcortical connections. Typical clinical features include inattention, bradyphrenia (slowed thought process), executive dysfunction (difficulties planning and sequencing tasks), apathy, psychomotor slowing, and mood disorders. Gait apraxia and urinary difficulties may coexist. Cortical features such as agnosia, seizures, aphasia, and ideomotor apraxia are typically absent.

Clinical features of PTSD in patients with TBI

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S474-S475
Author(s):  
O. Khaustova ◽  
O. Smashna
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Planning Decision ◽  
Competing Interest

ObjectiveModern scientific researches about interaction between TBI and PTSD are characterized by few amounts and contradiction of conclusions.MethodTwenty-eight persons with TBI were examined by means of questionnaires and structured clinical interviews. 17 patients were suffering from PTSD. We compared clinical features in patients with isolated TBI and group with both disorders.ResultsFour groups of symptoms were analyzed–sleep, emotions, cognition and personality features. Disorders of sleep were presented with violation of REM cycle, nightmares, hyperexcitation, increase watchfulness during the sleep. Emotional disorders were expressed as lability without external irritations; an excessive emotional reaction is on small events, agitation, irritability, inadequacy of emotional reactions and apathy (loss of desire to think, to feel, and/or to operate). Cognitive disorders included deceleration of psychomotor reactions, difficulties of searching of words in communication, problems of switching of attention, rigidity, difficulties in planning, decision of multistage tasks, violation of operative memory, executive dysfunction. Features of personality disorders were loss of initiation and self-control, decline of spontaneity, surplus attention is to the details, inadequacy of self-appraisal, feeling of inferiority, an increase necessity is for control and lordship over other, aggression (socially inadequate behavior, episodes of anger).ConclusionsPsychopathological features presented in patients with comorbidity of PTSD and TBI are not specific and can be within the framework of other psychogenic, exogenous, organic, posttraumatic or neurological disorders and diseases. PTSD can combine with other psychical and somatic disorders that caused chronological and pathogenetical comorbidity in patients with both states.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Treatment Resistant Mood Disorders Among LGBTQ People: Clinical Features and Response to Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. S160-S161
Author(s):  
Fumie Oka ◽  
Kamile Weischedel ◽  
Amanda Bakian ◽  
Brian Mickey
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Treatment Resistant

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of the Behavioral Profile of the Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-194
Author(s):  
Dinesh Saini ◽  
Adreesh Mukherjee ◽  
Arijit Roy ◽  
Atanu Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease Dementia ◽  
Subcortical Dementia ◽  
Behavioral Profile ◽  
Cortical Dementia

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Executive dysfunction is the common thread between pure cortical dementia like the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and subcortical dementia like Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). Although there are clinical and cognitive features to differentiate cortical and subcortical dementia, the behavioral symptoms differentiating these 2 conditions are still not well known. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To evaluate the behavioral profile of bvFTD and PDD and compare them to find out which behavioral symptoms can differentiate between the two. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty consecutive patients with bvFTD (&#x3e;1 year after diagnosis) and 20 PDD patients were recruited according to standard diagnostic criteria. Behavioral symptoms were collected from the reliable caregiver by means of a set of questionnaires and then compared between the 2 groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> bvFTD patients had more severe disease and more behavioral symptoms than PDD. bvFTD patients were different from PDD patients due to their significantly greater: loss of basic emotion (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, odds ratio [OR] 44.33), loss of awareness of pain (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, OR 44.33), disinhibition (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, OR 35.29), utilization phenomenon (<i>p</i> = 0.008, OR 22.78), loss of taste discrimination (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, OR 17), neglect of hygiene (<i>p</i> = 0.001, OR 13.22), loss of embarrassment (<i>p</i> = 0.003, OR 10.52), wandering (<i>p</i> = 0.004, OR 9.33), pacing (<i>p</i> = 0.014, OR 9), selfishness (<i>p</i> = 0.014, OR 9), increased smoking (<i>p</i> = 0.014, OR 9), increased alcohol consumption (<i>p</i> = 0.031, OR 7.36), social avoidance (<i>p</i> = 0.012, OR 6.93), mutism (<i>p</i> = 0.041, OR 5.67), and failure to recognize objects (<i>p</i> = 0.027, OR 4.33). The bvFTD patients were also significantly less suspicious (<i>p</i> = 0.001, OR 0.0295), less inclined to have a false belief that people were in their home (<i>p</i> = 0.014, OR 0.11) and had fewer visual illusions/hallucinations (<i>p</i> = 0.004, OR 0.107) than PDD patients. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Behavioral symptoms are helpful to distinguish bvFTD from PDD, and thus also cortical dementia with frontal-lobe dysfunction from subcortical dementia.

Relationship of cognitive disorders with clinical features of alcohol dependence

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
S.A. Galkin ◽  
A.G. Peshkovskaya ◽  
O.V. Roshchina ◽  
N.I. Kisel ◽  
S.A. Ivanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Relationship Of

Is the Concept of Frontal–Subcortical Dementia Relevant to Schizophrenia?

1992 ◽  
Vol 160 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Pantelis ◽  
Thomas R. E. Barnes ◽  
Hazel E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Neuropsychological Deficits ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Subcortical Dementia

A syndrome of subcortical dementia has been described in conditions predominantly affecting the basal ganglia or thalamus, structures that have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. There are similarities between subcortical dementia and the type II syndrome of schizophrenia, in terms of clinical features, pattern of neuropsychological deficits, pathology, biochemistry and data from brain-imaging studies. These similarities raise the possibility that certain schizophrenic symptoms, particularly negative symptoms and disturbance of movement, may reflect subcortical pathology. Neuropsychological deficits of presumed frontal lobe origin have been reported in some schizophrenic subjects. The occurrence of such deficits in a condition in which frontal lobe pathology has not been clearly demonstrated may be explicable in terms of a subcortical deafferentation of the pre-frontal cortex.

scholarly journals Mental Fatigue, But Not other Fatigue Characteristics, as a Candidate Feature of Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder in Patients with Anxiety and Mood Disorders—An Exploratory Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8132
Author(s):  
Julija Gecaite-Stonciene ◽  
Naomi A. Fineberg ◽  
Aurelija Podlipskyte ◽  
Julius Neverauskas ◽  
Alicja Juskiene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fatigue Characteristics ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

Background: Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is commonly associated with anxiety and mood disorders (AMDs), in which fatigue and executive dysfunction represent key symptoms. Executive dysfunction has also been demonstrated in subjects with OCPD, and is additionally found to be a cardinal feature of fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the associations between fatigue, executive dysfunction, and OCPD in patients with AMDs. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 85 AMD patients (78% females, mean age 39 ± 11 years) were evaluated for OCPD traits by using the observer-rated Compulsive Personality Assessment Scale. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 was used to measure different aspects of fatigue, and the Trail Making Test was employed to assess executive functioning. The Hamilton rating scales were used to evaluate anxiety and depression symptoms. Results: Controlling for potential confounders, there was a significant link between OCPD and mental fatigue (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.58; p = 0.033). No associations were found between the presence of OCPD and other relevant fatigue characteristics, including general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, and reduced motivation, as well as executive functions. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report associations between OCPD and mental fatigue in patients with AMDs, suggesting mental fatigue as a clinically important symptom when considering particular personality pathologies.

Cognitive Disorder Among the Schizophrenias

1967 ◽  
Vol 113 (505) ◽  
pp. 1361-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Foulds ◽  
K. Hope ◽  
F. M. McPherson ◽  
P. R. Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Disorder ◽  
Thought Process

This is the first of a series of papers reporting studies of various cognitive disorders in schizophrenia. The present paper deals with the validity of certain tests as measures of thought-process disorder: subsequent papers will relate type of disorder to various sub-categories of schizophrenia, as diagnosed clinically and by the Symptom-Sign Inventory (Foulds, 1965).

Social class and mood disorders: clinical features

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lenzi ◽  
F. Lazzerini ◽  
D. Marazziti ◽  
S. Raffaelli ◽  
G. Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Clinical Features

scholarly journals Severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): socio-demographic and clinical features

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Rigardetto ◽  
Andrea Aguglia ◽  
Gabriele Di Salvo ◽  
Umberto Albert ◽  
Filippo Bogetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Main Diagnosis ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cluster A

Aim: the aim of the study is to evaluate the socio-demographic and clinical features with prognostic value in predicting evolution in severe OCD.Materials and methods: patients with a main diagnosis of OCD were recruited according to DSM-IV criteria. Socio-demographic and clinical features were assessed by mean of a semi-structured interview and clinical rating scales (Y-BOCS, HAM-A, HAM-D and SCID-II). Two subgroups were compared according to the severity of symptoms (severe vs mild-moderate).Results: the total sample was made up of 450 OCD subjects aged 34.5±12.1, with a mean age of onset 22.3±9.1; 215 subjects (47.8%) were females. Patients with severe OCD (Y-BOCS ≥ 32) showed a more insidious onset and a more chronic course compared to patients with mild-moderate symptoms. Other predictors of increased OCD severity were washing and hoarding compulsions. Lastly, the severity of the obsessive-compulsive condition was higher when it was associated either with mood disorders or with Axis II disorders (particularly Cluster A).Discussion: our study shows a correlation between severe OCD and severity predictors such as functional impairment and mood disorders. Furthermore washing and hoarding symptoms, lifetime comorbity with mood disorders and Cluster A personality disorders seem to predict OCD severity.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s disease—subcortical vascular disease spectrum in a hospital-based setting: Overview of results from the Gothenburg MCI and dementia studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Wallin ◽  
Arto Nordlund ◽  
Michael Jonsson ◽  
Kaj Blennow ◽  
Henrik Zetterberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Disease Spectrum ◽  
Trial Outcomes ◽  
Mental Slowness

The ability to discriminate between Alzheimer’s disease (AD), subcortical vascular disease, and other cognitive disorders is crucial for diagnostic purposes and clinical trial outcomes. Patients with primarily subcortical vascular disease are unlikely to benefit from treatments targeting the AD pathogenic mechanisms and vice versa. The Gothenburg mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia studies are prospective, observational, single-center cohort studies suitable for both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis that outline the cognitive profiles and biomarker characteristics of patients with AD, subcortical vascular disease, and other cognitive disorders. The studies, the first of which started in 1987, comprise inpatients with manifest dementia and patients seeking care for cognitive disorders at an outpatient memory clinic. This article gives an overview of the major published papers (neuropsychological, imaging/physiology, and neurochemical) of the studies including the ongoing Gothenburg MCI study. The main findings suggest that subcortical vascular disease with or without dementia exhibit a characteristic neuropsychological pattern of mental slowness and executive dysfunction and neurochemical deviations typical of white matter changes and disturbed blood–brain barrier function. Our findings may contribute to better healthcare for this underrecognized group of patients. The Gothenburg MCI study has also published papers on multimodal prediction of dementia, and cognitive reserve.

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