Brucellosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1102-1109
Author(s):  
Juan D. Colmenero ◽  
Pilar Morata
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
Laboratory Workers ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease. It remains endemic in the Mediterranean basin, Northern Africa, the Middle East, Western Europe, Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia. There are three species especially pathogens for humans; Brucella melitensis (most commonly associated with goats, sheep, and camels), B. abortus (cattle) and B. suis (pigs). Brucellosis is usually transmitted by direct contact with infected animals, by ingestion of untreated dairy products, and less frequently by inhalation (laboratory workers) or inoculation (veterinary). Symptoms are very non-specific and heterogeneous, hence epidemiological information collected in the clinical history is very important. Definite diagnosis always requires laboratory confirmation, either by isolating the organism from blood, body fluids or tissues, or by demonstration of high titres of specific antibodies or seroconversion.

Brucellar arthritis

2013 ◽  
pp. 794-801
Author(s):  
Esperanza Merino ◽  
Eliseo Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
Local Complication ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
First Line Treatment

Joint infection is the most common local complication of brucellosis and is a frequent cause of infectious arthritis in endemic areas. Brucellosis is prevalent in countries of the Mediterranean basin, the Near East, South America, and possibly sub-Saharan Africa. Brucella melitensis and B. abortus are the most common species. Arthralgia occurs in 70% of patients with brucellosis, Large peripheral joints are a common site of localized infection. The sacroiliac joint is frequently involved (30–75%) in recent series. First-line treatment is with doxycycline combined with either streptomycin or gentamycin.

Brucellar arthritis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esperanza Merino ◽  
Eliseo Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Common Site ◽  
First Line ◽  
Infectious Arthritis ◽  
Local Complication ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Joint infection is the most common local complication of brucellosis and is a frequent cause of infectious arthritis in endemic areas. Brucellosis is prevalent in countries of the Mediterranean basin, the Near East, South America, and possibly sub-Saharan Africa. Brucella melitensis and B. abortus are the most common species. Arthralgia occurs in 70% of patients with brucellosis, Large peripheral joints are a common site of localized infection. The sacroiliac joint is frequently involved (30–75%) in recent series. First-line treatment is with doxycycline combined with either streptomycin or gentamycin.

scholarly journals A modelling study of photochemical regimes over Europe: robustness and variability

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1521-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Beekmann ◽  
R. Vautard
Keyword(s):  
Model Uncertainty ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
North Western ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Abstract. The variability of the relative sensitivity to volatile organic compounds (VOC) or NOx emissions, the chemical regime, over Europe during summers 2001 to 2003 is simulated with a regional scale transport-chemistry model. The robustness of chemical regimes is shown. A VOC sensitive regime over North-Western Europe and a mainly NOx sensitive regime over the Mediterranean basin and Eastern Europe are found, confirming earlier published results. The chemical regime time variability, its robustness to several environmental factors (seasonality, interannual variability) and to model uncertainty are thoroughly analysed. The chemical regime spatial structure only slightly depends on the ozone target considered (daily ozone maximum or AOT40, SOMO35, ...). Differences between particular years and summer months are weak. Day to day variability is significant but does not change the occurrence of one or another chemical regime over North-Western Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Expected decreases in anthropogenic NOx emissions over Europe since the last and for the next few decades have shifted and will shift chemical regimes to more NOx sensitive. The predictive and explanatory use of chemical regime indicator species is also investigated. For all cases but near ship tracks over the Mediterranean basin, the spatial pattern of chemical regimes appears to be robust with respect to model uncertainty.

scholarly journals Neurocysticercosis – A Journey from Pre-independence to Modern India

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (02) ◽  
pp. 076-099
Author(s):  
Gagandeep Singh ◽  
Monika Singla
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Cns Involvement ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Sub Saharan

ABSTRACTNeurocysticercosis (NCC) is infestation of the human brain by the larva of worm, Taenia solium and is the most prevalent central nervous system (CNS) helminthiasis. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including the Indian subcontinent, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America and contributes substantially to the burden of epilepsy in these areas(1) . CNS involvement is seen in 60-90% of systemic cysticercosis. About 2.5 million people worldwide are infected with T. solium, and antibodies to T. solium are seen in up to 25% of people in endemic areas(1-3) . A higher prevalence of epilepsy and seizures in endemic countries is partly because of a high prevalence of cysticercosis in these regions. Seizures are thought to be caused by NCC in as many as 30% of adult patients and in 51% of children in population based endemic regions (2) . About 12% of admissions to neurological services in endemic regions are attributed to NCC and nearly half a million deaths occurring annually worldwide can be attributed directly or indirectly to NCC (Bern et al.). Punctate calcific foci on CT scan are a very common finding in asymptomatic people residing in endemic areas, found in 14-20 % of CT scans. Both seizures and positive cysticercus serology are associated with the detection of cysticerci on CT scans. Seroprevalence using a recently developed CDC- based enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot (EITB) assay is estimated at 8-12% in Latin America and 4.9-24% in Africa and South-East Asia. It is estimated that 20 million people harbour neurocysticercosis worldwide(1) .

scholarly journals Structure of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen Across Eight World Regions

Assessment ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 107319112092261
Author(s):  
Radosław Rogoza ◽  
Magdalena Żemojtel-Piotrowska ◽  
Peter K. Jonason ◽  
Jarosław Piotrowski ◽  
Keith W. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Past ◽  
World Regions ◽  
Dirty Dozen ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan

The Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism) has garnered intense attention over the past 15 years. We examined the structure of these traits’ measure—the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD)—in a sample of 11,488 participants from three W.E.I.R.D. (i.e., North America, Oceania, Western Europe) and five non-W.E.I.R.D. (i.e., Asia, Middle East, non-Western Europe, South America, sub-Saharan Africa) world regions. The results confirmed the measurement invariance of the DTDD across participants’ sex in all world regions, with men scoring higher than women on all traits (except for psychopathy in Asia, where the difference was not significant). We found evidence for metric (and partial scalar) measurement invariance within and between W.E.I.R.D. and non-W.E.I.R.D. world regions. The results generally support the structure of the DTDD.

Reproduction, Production, Social Science, and the Past: A Dissenting Review

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Cornell
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Social History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Definition Of

Social Scientists use historical data. Historians use social science concepts. The intersection of these two disciplines, history and social science, has been a vibrant source of research questions over the last fifteen years but also raises the issue of how they are to be interrelated. The search for an answer to this question has resulted in the publication of Theda Skocpol’s Vision and Method in Historical Sociology and Olivier Zunz’s Reliving the Past: The Worlds of Social History, which juxtapose the two words in different order. In Skocpol (1984) history modifies sociology; in Zunz (1985) social science modifies history. Both books are collections of articles. Skocpol’s volume contains nine reviews of the work of masters in this field along with an introduction and conclusion by the editor. Zunz’s has an introduction which reviews the literature of social history in five areas of the world: Western Europe, the United States, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and China. This review highlights the strength of Skocpol’s method and of Zunz’s commitment to analysis of non-Western societies but argues that both authors, in limiting their definition of the field to studies of production, ignore an equally vital topic for social analysis of the past, reproduction.

scholarly journals Review of African swine fever : transmission, spread and control : review article

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M-L. Penrith ◽  
W. Vosloo
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
New Technology ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Pig Husbandry

African swine fever is one of the most important and serious diseases of domestic pigs. Its highly contagious nature and ability to spread over long distances make it one of the most feared diseases, since its devastating effects on pig production have been experienced not only in most of sub-Saharan Africa but also in western Europe, the Caribbean, Brazil and, most recently, the Caucasus. Unlike most diseases of livestock, there is no vaccine, and therefore prevention relies entirely upon preventing contact between the virus and the susceptible host. In order to do so it is necessary to understand the way in which the virus is transmitted and spreads. By implementing strict biosecurity measures that place barriers between the source of virus and the pigs it is possible to prevent infection. However, this has implications for free-ranging pig husbandry systems that are widespread in developing countries. Attempts to produce a vaccine are ongoing and new technology offers some hope for the future, but this will not remove the necessity for implementing adequate biosecurity on pig farms.

Vector-borne disease distributions and risks to the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 210-217
Author(s):  
Donato Traversa
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control ◽  
North Western ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

In the recent decades, the geographic distribution of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) of dogs and cats has changed for intrinsic and extrinsic reasons. Therefore some infections/infestations, some of zoonotic concern, have been recorded in geographic areas where they were unexpected. In Europe, arthropods (e.g. ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and sand flies) and the pathogens that they transmit are in general considered to be more frequent in the Mediterranean Basin. Nonetheless, a possible occurrence in other regions should not be a priori excluded, given that travels of animals (to or imported from endemic areas), movements of goods and global warming all may foster the introduction of vectors and/or transmitted pathogens in previously free areas. This could also be the case in the UK, which, because of its territorial characteristics as an island area in north-western Europe, is traditionally considered at minor risk of VBDs. Given the growing increase of movements and travels of pets, and changes in the phenology of many arthropod vectors, it is crucial that veterinary practitioners are aware of and prepared to diagnose, treat and control a series of unexpected diseases.

An E-Classification of the World's Capital Cities

2011 ◽  
pp. 200-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley D. Brunn
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Humanitarian Organizations ◽  
Tourism Information ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
City States

The world’s capital cities perform various political functions for their populations, contain embassies, consulates, and missions of other governments, and serve as headquarters for major corporations, cultural, and humanitarian organizations. While social scientists have classified major cities based on population size, number of corporate headquarters, banks, and airline connections, the emergence of ICTs suggests additional criteria. I use the number of URL references to Web sites listed in the Google search engine for 199 world capitals and classify them into five distinct categories. Small, prosperous city-states and major capitals in Western Europe and North America have the most hyperlinks. The fewest are for capitals in poor, rural Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Capitals with multiple government offices, strong ICT economies and dominant tourist economies have the most hyperlinks per capita. These are mostly in wealthy Europe and North America. The lowest values are among African and Asian capitals in poor countries and those with repressive regimes. Major news items, embassy, financial, and tourism information are major themes on web pages. Additional research topics are suggested.

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