Disorders of cranial nerves

2020 ◽  
pp. 6120-6126
Author(s):  
Robert D.M. Hadden
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Trigeminal Neuralgia ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Abducens Nerve ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
System Tracts ◽  
Eye Movement Disorders

The 12 cranial nerves are peripheral nerves except for the olfactory and optic nerves which are central nervous system tracts. Disorders of each nerve are discussed in turn, summarising the complex anatomy and many causes. The commonest single nerve disorders are anosmia due to head injury, eye movement disorders due to microvascular ischaemia of the oculomotor or abducens nerve, trigeminal neuralgia, and Bell's facial palsy. Multiple cranial nerves may be affected simultaneously by structural lesions at key locations such as skull foramina, and various inflammatory, neoplastic or infective causes.

Extracranial, Extraspinal Meningiomas of the Head and Neck

1993 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 967-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Kershisnik ◽  
David L. Callender ◽  
John G. Batsakis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Arachnoid Granulations ◽  
Cell Clusters ◽  
Arachnoid Cell

The head and neck is the most frequent location for extraneuraxial meningiomas, be they wholly extracranial or extraspinal or extensions of central nervous system meningiomas. Regardless of anatomic site of origin, nearly all meningiomas arise from meningocytes of arachnoid granulations. Ectopic arachnoid cell clusters have a predilection for areas of dural penetration of cranial nerves, and it is in these areas that most extracranial meningiomas are found. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment and must be planned by radiologic studies to determine the extent of the tumor and the presence or absence of a companion central nervous system meningioma. The often locally invasive and aggressive behavior of the meningiomas belies their benign histologic appearance.

scholarly journals The incidence and pathophysiology of neurological symptoms in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Igor V. Litvinenko ◽  
Miroslav M. Odinak ◽  
Nikolay V. Tsygan ◽  
Aleksander V. Ryabtsev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The central nervous system seems to be quite vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, leading to a variety of alteration pathways, high incidence and variability of the neurological symptoms of COVID-19. The COVID-19 symptoms, possibly associated with alteration to the central nervous system, include hyperthermia, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache, dizziness, dysphonia, dysphagia, hyposmia and anosmia, hypogeusia and ageusia, impairment of consciousness. The impairment of olfaction and gustation are the most common symptoms of the nervous system alteration (98% and 70%, respectively), which is most likely a consequence of the alteration of the receptors. Presumably the pathogenesis of dysphonia and dysphagia may involve neurodegenerative mechanisms or may be associated with a predominantly demyelinating alteration of the caudal cranial nerves. Pathomorphological findings in the brain of the COVID-19 patients include diffuse hypoxic and focal ischemic injuries of various sizes up to ischemic infarctions (in thrombosis of large arteries); microangiopathy; vasculitis; diapedetic and confluent hemorrhages with possible progression to hemorrhagic infarctions and rarely intracerebral hematomas. Acute cerebrovascular accident worsens the course of COVID-19 and can worsen the clinical outcome, taking into account the mechanisms of the central nervous system alteration in highly contagious coronavirus infections (SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2), including embolism, hypoxia, neurodegeneration, systemic inflammatory response and immune-mediated alteartion to the nervous tissue. A fairly rare complication of coronavirus infection, however, acute myelitis requires attention due to the severity of neurological disorders. The literature data show high incidence and polymorphism of the symptoms of the central nervous system alteration, as well as the important role of the cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathogenesis of brain alteration in COVID-19, which is taken into account in examining and treating the patients with new coronavirus infection. (1 figure, bibliography: 61 refs)

scholarly journals Abducens Nerve Palsy as Initial Presentation of Multiple Myeloma and Intracranial Plasmacytoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Elochukwu Ibekwe ◽  
Neil Horsley ◽  
Lan Jiang ◽  
Nadine-Stella Achenjang ◽  
Azubuogu Anudu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Abducens Nerve ◽  
Initial Presentation ◽  
Solitary Plasmacytoma ◽  
Cns Involvement ◽  
The Right

Central Nervous System (CNS) involvement in multiple myeloma and/or multifocal solitary plasmacytoma is rare. Although they are unique entities, multiple myeloma (MM) and plasmacytoma represent a spectrum of plasma cell neoplastic diseases that can sometimes occur concurrently. Plasmacytomas very often present as late-stage sequelae of MM. In this case report, we report a 53-year-old female presenting with right abducens cranial nerve (CN) VI palsy as an initial presentation secondary to lesion of the right clivus.

Disorders of cranial nerves

2010 ◽  
pp. 5033-5038
Author(s):  
R.D.M. Hadden ◽  
P.K. Thomas ◽  
R.A.C. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
The Third ◽  
Intracavernous Aneurysm ◽  
System Tract ◽  
Third Nerve ◽  
Sixth Nerve

The 12 cranial nerves are peripheral nerves except for the optic nerve which is a central nervous system tract. Disorders of particular note include the following: Olfactory (I) nerve—anosmia is most commonly encountered as a sequel to head injury. Third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves—complete lesions lead to the following deficits (1) third nerve—a dilated and unreactive pupil, complete ptosis, and loss of upward, downward and medial movement of the eye; (2) fourth nerve—extorsion of the eye when the patient looks outwards, with diplopia when gaze is directed downwards and medially; (3) sixth nerve—convergent strabismus, with inability to abduct the affected eye and diplopia maximal on lateral gaze to the affected side. The third, fourth, and sixth nerves may be affected singly or in combination: in older patients the commonest cause is vascular disease of the nerves themselves or their nuclei in the brainstem. Other causes of lesions include (1) false localizing signs—third or sixth nerve palsies related to displacement of the brainstem produced by supratentorial space-occupying lesions; (2) intracavernous aneurysm of the internal carotid artery—third, fourth, and sixth nerve lesions. Lesions of these nerves can be mimicked by myasthenia gravis....

In and Out of the Central Nervous System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Aminoff
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
The Brain

In 1811, Bell had printed privately a monograph titled Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. In it, Bell correctly showed that the anterior but not the posterior roots had motor functions. François Magendie subsequently showed that the anterior roots were motor, and the posterior roots were sensory. This led to a dispute about priority during which Bell republished some of his early work with textual alterations to support his claims. Bell was involved in a similar dispute with Herbert Mayo concerning the separate functions of the fifth (sensory) and seventh (motor) cranial nerves, and Mayo today is a forgotten man. In both instances, Bell deserves credit for the concepts and initial experimental approach, and Magendie and Mayo deserve credit for obtaining and correctly interpreting the definitive experimental findings.

scholarly journals Filament proteins in central, cranial, and peripheral mammalian nerves.

1981 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
P F Davison ◽  
R N Jones
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Peptide Maps

Several classes of 10-nm filaments have been reported in mammalian cells and they can be distinguished by the size of their protein subunit. We have studied the distribution of these filaments in nerves from calves and other mammals. From the display on polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels of proteins in extracts from fibroblast and central, cranial and peripheral nerves, we cut the appropriate stained bands and prepared iodinated peptide maps. The similarities between the respective maps provide strong evidence for the presence of vimentin in cranial and peripheral nerves. The glial fibrillary acidic protein was found in axon preparations from the central nervous system, but was not identified in distal segments of some cranial nerves, nor in peripheral nerve.

scholarly journals Central nervous system lymphoma presenting as trigeminal neuralgia: A diagnostic challenge

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1188-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jensen W.J. Ang ◽  
Arjun Khanna ◽  
Brian P. Walcott ◽  
Kristopher T. Kahle ◽  
Emad N. Eskandar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Trigeminal Neuralgia ◽  
Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge

scholarly journals Isolated 6th cranial nerve palsy: a rare manifestation of tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1365
Author(s):  
Shehnaz Kantharia ◽  
Rajesh A. Kantharia ◽  
Pradeepkran Reddy P.
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Abducens Nerve ◽  
Seventh Cranial Nerve ◽  
Rare Manifestation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Open Surgical Procedure ◽  
The Brain

<p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection that is usually caused by <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> bacteria. It usually affects the lungs and also spreads to the brain and spine. In the central nervous system, the neurological manifestations are numerous and varied and usually occur in two major forms, tuberculous meningitis and tuberculoma. Tuberculoma are well defined, granulomatous, space occupying lesions, which can occur anywhere in the central nervous system. Usually, brainstem tuberculoma can cause sixth and seventh cranial nerve affections along with motor and sensory symptoms, which are usually unilateral. Isolated abducens nerve palsy could be attributed to lesions of the nerve along their extra axial course and cause diplopia. Here we are presenting a case report of an 18-year-old boy with isolated sixth nerve palsy due to tuberculosis. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was achieved using interventional radiology for the purpose of biopsy. Using an image guided technique, we could avoid an open surgical procedure. </p>

scholarly journals Constructive Interference in Steady State Imaging in the Central Nervous System

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrício Guimarães Gonçalves ◽  
Lázaro Luis Faria do Amaral ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Constructive Interference ◽  
Spinal Imaging ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Noise Ratio

Constructive interference in steady state (CISS) is a fully refocused fast-gradient echo sequence that is mainly used in the assessment of the central nervous system. The most important advantages of steady-state imaging are short acquisition times, high signal-to-noise ratio, and better contrast-to-noise ratio. Owing to its cisternographic effect, CISS is useful in the assessment of the cranial nerves, and can also be used when studying cysts, cystic masses, and neurocysticercosis and in hydrocephalus cases. CISS has been shown to be useful in spinal imaging, epecially in cases of arteriovenous malformation and when it is helpful to better characterise intra- and extramedullary cystic abnormalities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document