A paradigm for psychiatry

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-50
Author(s):  
Walter Glannon
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Biopsychosocial Model ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Nonreductive Materialism ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Brain

This chapter examines the idea that psychiatric disorders are disorders of the brain, mind, and the person’s relation to the world. The etiology, pathophysiology, and symptomatology of these disorders are influenced by interactions between the brain, mind, immune and endocrine systems, and the person’s relation to the environment. A biopsychosocial model provides the best account of the development of these disorders and a guide for research and treatment. The chapter also discusses some of the merits and limitations of the symptom-based DSM-5 and the more recent circuit-based RDoC, and defends the view that they can be complementary models in a paradigm for psychiatry research and clinical practice. The chapter defends nonreductive materialism as the theory best able to account for the different dimensions of the brain–mind relation in psychiatry.

The neuro-evolutionary cusp between emotions and cognitions

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaak Panksepp
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Primary Process ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Feeling States ◽  
The World ◽  
Emotional Systems ◽  
Fundamental Values ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Evolutionary Fitness

The neurobiological systems that mediate the basic emotions are beginning to be understood. They appear to be constituted of genetically coded, but experientially refined executive circuits situated in subcortical areas of the brain which can coordinate the behavioral, physiological and psychological processes that need to be recruited to cope with a variety of primal survival needs (i.e., they signal evolutionary fitness issues). These birthrights allow newborn organisms to begin navigating the complexities of the world and to learn about the values and contingencies of the environment. Some of these systems have been identified and characterized using modern neuroscientific and psychobiological tools. The fundamental emotional systems can now be defined by the functional psychobiological characteristics of the underlying circuitries — characteristics which help coordinate behavioral, physiological and psychological aspects of emotionality, including the valenced affective feeling states that provide fundamental values for the guidance of behavior. The various emotional circuits are coordinated by different neuropeptides, and the arousal of each system may generate distinct affective/neurodynamic states and imbalances may lead to various psychiatric disorders. The aim of this essay is to discuss the underlying conceptual issues that must be addressed for additional progress in understanding the nature of primary process affective consciousness.

The Meaning of Insight in Clinical Psychiatry

1992 ◽  
Vol 160 (6) ◽  
pp. 850-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Marková ◽  
G. E. Berrios
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Clinical Psychiatry ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
The World ◽  
External Variables

Insight can be defined not only in terms of people's understanding of their illness, but also in terms of understanding how the illness affects individuals' interactions with the world. The term ‘insight’ encompasses a complex concept which should not be considered as an isolated symptom which is present or absent. Instead, it may be more appropriate to think of insight as a continuum of thinking and feeling, affected by numerous internal and external variables. Different psychiatric disorders involve different mechanisms in the process of impairment of insight; this may influence the ways in which insight should be assessed in clinical practice.

Psychiatric disorders in refugees and immigrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 475-482
Author(s):  
J. David Kinzie
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Good Clinical Practice ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Treatment Goals ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
Cultural Formulation Interview

In setting treatment goals, the patient’s cultural values and goals, as well as diagnosis, need to be considered by the clinician. Psychiatrists are urged to use the Cultural Formulation Interview of the DSM-5 to aide in assessing patients. With the impacts of globalization and ubiquitous television viewing influencing the culture of the refugees and immigrants, clearly their cultures are in flux and not static, after they arrive in the new country. Doctors and medical approaches are well known to refugees and immigrants. However, they may experience resistance and fear on referral to psychiatrists for reasons of stigma. A sensitive medical approach can help reduce the resistance and fear on the part of the refugee. When a relationship forms, psychosocial issues can be addressed. Treatment guidelines for evidence-based treatments for Western patients exist, but these should be individualized for refugees with individual goals. Good clinical practice and cultural understanding must meet the patient’s personal goals.

Pelvic schwannoma

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-86
Author(s):  
Sergei P. Sinchikhin ◽  
Sarkis G. Magakyan ◽  
Oganes G. Magakyan
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Nerve ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Surgical Volume ◽  
The World ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Relevance.A neoplasm originated from the myelonic sheath of the nerve trunk is called neurinoma or neurilemmoma, neurinoma, schwannoglioma, schwannoma. This tumor can cause compression and dysfunction of adjacent tissues and organs. The most common are the auditory nerve neurinomas (1 case per 100 000 population per year), the brain and spinal cord neurinomas are rare. In the world literature, there is no information on the occurrences of this tumor in the pelvic region. Description.Presented below is a clinical observation of a 30-year-old patient who was scheduled for myomectomy. During laparoscopy, an unusual tumor of the small pelvis was found and radically removed. A morphological study allowed to identify the remote neoplasm as a neuroma. Conclusion.The presented practical case shows that any tumor can hide under a clinical mask of another disease. The qualification of the doctor performing laparoscopic myomectomy should be sufficient to carry out, if necessary, another surgical volume.

Consciousness, law of nature, and nomological determinism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Brain

Nomological determinism does not mean everything is predictable. It just means everything follows the law of nature. And the most important thing Is that the brain and consciousness follow the law of nature. In other words, there is no free will. Without life, brain and consciousness, the world follows law of nature, that is clear. The life and brain are also part of nature, and they follow the law of nature. This is due to scientific findings. There are not enough scientific findings for consciousness yet. But I think that the consciousness is a nature phenomenon, and it also follows the law of nature.

Exploring the abnormal signal transduction mediated internet addiction and gaming disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhumika Chauhan ◽  
Sisir Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Internet Gaming Disorder ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Abnormal Signal ◽  
Internet Gaming ◽  
The World ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Sleeping Disorder ◽  
The Brain

: The world is connected by the internet. It is very useful because we use Google to find out any new topic, to search new places, to quest updated research, and to get knowledge for learnng. The person around the world can communicate with each other through the Google video conference talk. Internet is frequently used in smartphones, laptops, desktop, and tablet. Excessive affinity towards internet-based online data collection, downloading pictures, videos, cyber relationships, and social media may produce addiction disorders followed by different symptoms such as behaviors change, mind disturbance, depression, anxiety, loss of appetite hyperactivity, sleeping disorder, headache, visual fatigueness, trafficking of memory, attention-deficit, loss of efficiency in work and social detachment which may be caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters. This is very difficult to control because of abnormal signal transduction in the brain. The present study is an attempt to discuss internet addiction disorder (IAD), internet gaming disorder (IGD), and give awareness to society to get rid of this addiction.

scholarly journals Extending the extended consciousness debate: perception, imagination, and the common kind assumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Deery
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Phenomenal Consciousness ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Mental Event ◽  
The World ◽  
Predictive Approach ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractFor some, the states and processes involved in the realisation of phenomenal consciousness are not confined to within the organismic boundaries of the experiencing subject. Instead, the sub-personal basis of perceptual experience can, and does, extend beyond the brain and body to implicate environmental elements through one’s interaction with the world. These claims are met by proponents of predictive processing, who propose that perception and imagination should be understood as a product of the same internal mechanisms. On this view, as visually imagining is not considered to be world-involving, it is assumed that world-involvement must not be essential for perception, and thus internalism about the sub-personal basis is true. However, the argument for internalism from the unity of perception and imagination relies for its strength on a questionable conception of the relationship between the two experiential states. I argue that proponents of the predictive approach are guilty of harbouring an implicit commitment to the common kind assumption which does not follow trivially from their framework. That is, the assumption that perception and imagination are of the same fundamental kind of mental event. I will argue that there are plausible alternative ways of conceiving of this relationship without drawing internalist metaphysical conclusions from their psychological theory. Thus, the internalist owes the debate clarification of this relationship and further argumentation to secure their position.

Venous Thromboembolism: Genetics and Thrombophilias

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (02) ◽  
pp. 271-283
Author(s):  
Manila Gaddh ◽  
Rachel P. Rosovsky
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Family History ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Inherited Thrombophilia ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Hereditary Thrombophilia ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

AbstractVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Up to one half of patients who present with VTE will have an underlying thrombophilic defect. This knowledge has led to a widespread practice of testing for such defects in patients who develop VTE. However, identifying a hereditary thrombophilia by itself does not necessarily change outcomes or dictate therapy. Furthermore, family history of VTE by itself can increase an asymptomatic person's VTE risk several-fold, independent of detecting a known inherited thrombophilia. In this article, we will describe the current validated hereditary thrombophilias including their history, prevalence, and association with VTE. With a focus on evaluating both risks and benefits of testing, we will also explore the controversies of why, who, and when to test as well as discuss contemporary societal guidelines. Lastly, we will share how these tests have been integrated into clinical practice and how to best utilize them in the future.

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