Explanation of basic concepts of medical terminology

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samei Huda
Keyword(s):  
Medical Model ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Disease Condition ◽  
Concepts Of Disease ◽  
Standardized Terminology ◽  
Comparative Information

People often compare general medicine to psychiatry using false assumptions or incomplete comparative information. Doctors’ role in healthcare relies in part on their sapiental authority, i.e. their knowledge. This sapiental authority relies on developing a medical model to learn and use information. The medical model relies on standardized terminology to aid communication and learning. The medical model allows them to identify problems and recall information on outcomes and treatments. The medical model may also allow explanation of how problems occur and the biopsychosocial model is preferred. Other models of explanation and intervention may also be used and may be superior for certain functions or explanations. The concepts of disease, illness, and health are not clear-cut and often require professional judgements—influenced by culture—based on distress or risk of adverse outcomes to identify examples of, e.g. disease. Condition may be used instead for states that may require medical attention.

scholarly journals Clinical Effects of Form-Based Management of Forceps Delivery under Intelligent Medical Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Siming Xin ◽  
Zhizhong Wang ◽  
Hua Lai ◽  
Lingzhi Liu ◽  
Ting Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Forceps Delivery ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Maternal And Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
The One

Background. Forceps delivery is one of the most important measures to facilitate vaginal delivery. It can reduce the rate of first cesarean delivery. Frustratingly, adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with forceps delivery have been frequently reported in recent years. There are two major reasons: one is that the abilities of doctors and midwives in forceps delivery vary from hospital to hospital and the other one is lack of regulations in the management of forceps delivery. In order to improve the success rate of forceps delivery and reduce the incidence of maternal and neonatal complications, we applied form-based management to forceps delivery under an intelligent medical model. The aim of this work is to explore the clinical effects of form-based management of forceps delivery. Methods. Patients with forceps delivery in Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University were divided into two groups: form-based patients from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020, were selected as the study group, while traditional protocol patients from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018, were chosen as the control group. Then, we compared the maternal and neonatal outcomes of these two groups. Results. There were significant differences in the maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes such as rate of postpartum hemorrhage, degree of perineal laceration, and incidence of neonatal facial skin abrasions between the two groups, whereas differences in the incidence of asphyxia and intracranial hemorrhage were not significant. Conclusions. Form-based management could help us assess the security of forceps delivery comprehensively, as it could not only improve the success rate of the one-time forceps traction scheme but also reduce the incidence of maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes effectively.

A Computer-oriented Approach to the Comprehensive Organization of Information in Hand-compiled Medical Records

1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 138-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Certttti ◽  
E. Longbxni ◽  
F. Pinciholi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Record ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Information Science ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Multidisciplinary Research ◽  
Medicine Department ◽  
New Approach

The problem of the comprehensive organization of the medical record is discussed in this paper. The basis of the organizational scheme is the integration of both fixed-text and free-text components with constraints imposed upon the original formatting of the free text. To support the diagnostic procedure a component of the record is a »diagnosis sheet«, which embodies a differential diagnosis approach and is discussed in detail.Results of more than two years of practical experience in the general medicine department of a regional hospital in Italy are presented. A trend towards a standardization of the medical terminology used was noted. Physicians' acceptance of a more rational conception of the medical record was high and a considerable flexibility in the language employed was observed. Finally, it is important to note that this new approach to the organization of the medical record was conceived in such a way as to make it processable by a computer located within the department itself. The initial experiences with the computerization of the record are presented and discussed with a view to future implementations and implications for cooperative, multidisciplinary research in medicine and information science.

Role of estrogen in the management of COVID – 19 in females

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Keerthi Chadam Venkatesulu ◽  
Shaik Habeeb Jan ◽  
Harika Sree Gaddam
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Disease Condition ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Difference

With the increase, the spread of COVID-19 its effect can be seen on health care systems seek innovative treatment ways as the need of the hour. The suspected leading cause of COVID-19 is due to the response to inflammations and the cytokine storm, which majorly damages the lung tissue. The difference in response to the vaccine can be seen due to different sex. Moreover, age-related decrease in sex steroid hormones like Estrogen as well as testosterone can promote pro-inflammatory raise in older individuals which in turn increases the risk of COVID-19 related adverse outcomes. Such sex hormones have the capacity of mitigating inflammatory response and can also provide promising therapeutic benefits for patients suffering from COVID-19. Moreover, over above the effects of on any ERS, these drugs showed useful ancillary properties. Most showed to highlight broader roles in mitigating viral replication by the ER-independent mechanisms as mentioned. Data simplifies ER modulation an apt pharmacological approach for restricting storm and thus prevents the inflammation due to COVID-19. Mainly the application of or tissue-selective estrogen complex can provide a pharmacological response. Such treatment options can be fruitful for both sexes in the early phase of such disease condition to prevent further progression of the disease to severe forms.

Frailty and adverse outcomes: impact of multiple bed moves for older inpatients

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champa Ranasinghe ◽  
Aisling Fleury ◽  
Nancye M. Peel ◽  
Ruth E. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Older Patients ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Matched Cohort ◽  
Older Person ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
General Physicians ◽  
Older Inpatients ◽  
Medical Wards ◽  
Age And Sex

ABSTRACTBackground:A consequence of pressure on hospitals to accommodate care needs of older patients is “boarding” or out-lying from their home ward. This may have greater adverse effects on older inpatients who are frail.Methods:A retrospective matched cohort study was conducted in an outer metropolitan general hospital. Randomly selected patients hospitalized between July 2012 and June 2013 under the care of an Older Person Evaluation Review and Assessment (OPERA) team (n = 300) were age and sex matched with patients under the care of general physicians (n = 300). Frequency of boarding and number of bed moves were recorded for all patients. For patients who had three or more moves, adverse outcomes were compared between the two groups.Results:A higher proportion of OPERA patients (n = 143; 47.7%) were out-lied from medical wards compared with 94 (31.3%) General Medicine patients (p < 0.001). Three or more bed moves were recorded for 67 (22.3%) OPERA and 24 (8%) General Medicine patients (p < 0.001). Of those with multiple moves, OPERA patients were more likely to have pre-morbid cognitive impairment (p = 0.005), to be moderately to severely frail (p = 0.016) and to suffer acute delirium and falls during admission (p = 0.03), compared with General Medicine patients. OPERA patients were also more at risk of adverse outcomes such as increased dependence, discharge to residential care or death (p = 0.023).Conclusion:Compared with age- and sex-matched General Medicine patients, OPERA patients were more likely to undergo multiple bed moves and out-lying, which may have contributed to negative outcomes for these patients.

scholarly journals Clinical Features and Outcomes of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in the Highly Admixed Brazilian Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mateus Jorge Nardelli ◽  
Paulo Lisboa Bittencourt ◽  
Guilherme Grossi Lopes Cançado ◽  
Luciana Costa Faria ◽  
Cristiane Alves Villela-Nogueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Male Predominance ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Background. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum in different populations from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of PSC in a multicenter cohort of patients from Brazil. Methods. Data from the Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group were retrospectively reviewed to assess demographic information and clinical characteristics of PSC, as well as the outcomes, such as transplantation-free survival. Results. This cohort included 210 patients. After excluding 33 (15.7%) patients with PSC and overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis, 177 (97 males, median age 33 (21–42) years) with clear-cut PSC were eligible for this study. Most of the patients (n = 139, 78.5%) were symptomatic, and 104 (58.7%) had advanced PSC at the time of diagnosis. Concurrent inflammatory bowel disease was observed in 78 (58.6%) of the investigated patients (n = 133), and most of them had ulcerative colitis (n = 61, 78.2%). The 1- and 5-year survival free of liver transplantation or death were 92.3 ± 2.1% and 66.9 ± 4.2%, respectively, and baseline advanced PSC, pruritus, and elevated bilirubin levels were independent risk factors for the composite adverse outcome. Females were significantly older and had lower bilirubin levels than males at baseline, but survival was not associated with sex. Approximately 12.4% (n = 22) of patients with PSC died, and 32.8% (n = 58) underwent liver transplantation at a median follow-up time of 5.3 and 3.2 years. Conclusion. Multiethnic Brazilian PSC patients exhibited a less pronounced male predominance and a lower frequency of inflammatory bowel disease than Caucasians. Adverse outcomes were more frequent, probably due to advanced disease at baseline.

scholarly journals Clinical and Laboratory Profile of Diabetic-Hypertension, Kidney Disease Syndrome - A Hospital Based Study in South India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 1064-1067
Author(s):  
Naveen Angadi ◽  
Adarsh Bellad ◽  
Raju H. Badiger ◽  
Abhiram Narasimha ◽  
Pavan Kumar B.C. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
P Value ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Laboratory Profile ◽  
The Difference

BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus and hypertension remain one of the most common causes of chronic kidney disease. Diabetes hypertension, kidney disease syndrome is a new term introduced in medical terminology. The present study was conducted to examine clinical & laboratory profile of diabetes hypertension kidney disease syndrome – “DHKD syndrome” over a period of one year. METHODS A hospital-based observational cross-sectional study was done in the Department of General Medicine and Nephrology, outpatient department (OPD), among 120 patients with diabetes & hypertension in combination with kidney disease, with duration of diabetes > 2 years and duration of hypertension > 2 years after obtaining ethical clearance. The patients were then scored based on modified diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula and chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation (CKD EPI) formula to calculate the estimated glomerular function rate & placed into various stages of CKD. RESULTS A total of 120 subjects were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 63.64 ± 10.80. In study population of no albuminuria group, 50 % had glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 - 44 (grade 3 CKD) and 50 % had GFR of < / = 15 (grade 5), among microalbuminuria group, 4.45 % had GFR of 60 - 89 (grade 2) and 1 had GFR of 45 - 59 (grade 3a), 13.64 % had GFR 30 - 44 (grade 3b), 40.91 % had GFR 15 - 29 (grade 4), 36.36 % had GFR < = 15 (grade 5), among macroalbuminuria group, 4.6 % had GFR 45 - 59 (grade 3a), 9.2 % had GFR 30 - 44 (grade 3b), 13.79 % had GFR 15 - 29 (grade 4) and 72.41 % had GFR < = 15 (grade 5). Majority had macro albuminuria. The proportion of the difference between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and macroalbuminuria was statistically significant. (P-value < 0.05) as well as proportion of the difference between insulin usage with macroalbuminuria was statistically significant. (P-value < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study delivers sufficient evidence endorsing high relationship between diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease. KEYWORDS Diabetic Nephropathy, Macroalbuminuria, Hypertension, DHKD Syndrome

Philosophy and psychiatry: An analysis and discussion of the epistemology of affective disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1055-1055
Author(s):  
A.K. Hankir
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Mental Health Policy ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Philosophy Of Psychiatry ◽  
The Social ◽  
Medical Subspecialty ◽  
Analytical Category

IntroductionPsychiatric enterprise is inextricably bound to philosophical inquiry. Clinical practice, psychiatric theorizing and mental health policy each inevitably engage philosophical ideas. Despite this, psychiatry still cleaves to its traditional self-conception as a medical subspecialty. The purpose of this poster is to expose the philosophical presuppositions inherent within psychiatry and to highlight the need for philosophical approaches to this branch of medicine.MethodsA literature search was conducted along with a review of Jennifer Radden's canon The Philosophy of Psychiatry. The interrelatedness of psychiatry and philosophy was elucidated by analysing and discussing the epistemology of affective disorders.ResultsMy research reveals that the philosophical literature on depression proceeds along three main paradigms: the moral, the medical, and the social/political. Much of contemporary literature on depressive illness in philosophy centres on the moral and medical approaches to clinical depression. These two paradigms clash, the former being concerned with morality and the latter with therapy. According to proponents of the moral paradigm, depression may be a legitimate manifestation of truths about a sufferer's situation whereas advocates of the medical model propose that depression is merely a medical condition that needs medical attention and treatment. The social/political approach uses melancholia as an analytical category of social and political systems, rather than individuals.DiscussionPhilosophical research on a psychiatric illness repeatedly demonstrates that the field is essentially interdisciplinary. The strength of this interdisciplinary work is that many important minds unite to think through the crucial questions that depressive illness poses for humanity.

scholarly journals Influence of bedspacing on outcomes of hospitalised medicine service patients: a retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjqs-2019-010675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Kohn ◽  
Michael O Harhay ◽  
Brian Bayes ◽  
Hummy Song ◽  
Scott D Halpern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Referral Centre ◽  
Tertiary Referral Centre ◽  
Medicine Service ◽  
Hospitalised Patients

BackgroundSpecialty wards cohort hospitalised patients to improve outcomes and lower costs. When demand exceeds capacity, patients overflow and are “bedspaced” to alternate wards. Some studies have demonstrated that bedspacing among medicine service patients is associated with adverse patient-centred outcomes, however, results have been inconsistent and have primarily been performed within national health systems. The objective of this study was to assess the association of bedspacing with patient-centred outcomes among United States patients admitted to general medicine services.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of internal medicine, family medicine and geriatric service patients who were bedspaced vs cohorted for the entirety of their hospital stay within three large, urban United States hospitals (quaternary referral centre, tertiary referral centre and community hospital, with different patient demographics and case-mixes) in 2014 and 2015. We performed quantile regression to determine differences in length of stay (LOS) between bedspaced vs cohorted patients and logistic regression for in-hospital mortality and discharge to home.ResultsAmong 18 802 patients in 33 wards, 6119 (33%) patients were bedspaced. Bedspaced patients had significantly longer LOS compared with cohorted patients at the 25th (0.1 days, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.2, p=0.001), 50th (0.2 days, 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.3, p=0.003) and 75th (0.3 days, 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.5, p<0.001) percentiles; and no statistically significant differences in odds of mortality (OR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.6 to 1.3, p=0.5) or discharge to home (OR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.9 to 1.0, p=0.06) in adjusted analyses.ConclusionBedspacing is associated with adverse patient-centred outcomes. Future work is needed to confirm these findings, understand mechanisms contributing to adverse outcomes and identify factors that mitigate these adverse effects in order to provide high-value, patient-centred care to hospitalised patients.

scholarly journals Patients who leave the emergency department without being seen by a physician: a control-matched study

CJEM ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Monzon ◽  
Steven Marc Friedman ◽  
Collin Clarke ◽  
Tamara Arenovich
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Wait Time ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subjective Health Status ◽  
Care Clinic

ABSTRACTObjective:To describe the socio-demographic characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients who leave the emergency department (ED) without being seen by a physician.Methods:This 3-month prospective study was conducted at a downtown Toronto teaching hospital. Patients who left the ED without being seen (LWBS) were matched with controls based on registration time and triage level. Subjects and controls were interviewed by telephone within 1 week after leaving the ED.Results:During the study period, 386 (3.57%) of 10 808 ED patients left without being seen. One-third of these had no fixed address or no telephone, and only 92 (23.8%) consented to a telephone interview. They cited excessive wait time as the most common reason for leaving the ED (in 36.7% of cases). Despite leaving the ED without being seen, they were no more likely than those in the control group to seek follow-up medical attention (70 % in both groups). Among those from both groups who did seek follow-up, the LWBS patients were more likely to do so the same day or the day after leaving the ED. The LWBS patients often lacked a regular physician (39.1% v. 21.7%;p= 0.01) and were more likely to attend an ED or urgent care clinic (34.8% v. 12.0%;p&lt; 0.001). Controls were more likely to follow up with a family physician (37.0% v. 23.9%;p= 0.06). The LWBS and control groups did not differ in subjective health status at 48 hours after leaving the ED, nor in subsequent re-investigation in hospital.Conclusions:Patients who leave the ED without being seen have different socio-demographic features, methods of accessing the health care system, affiliations and expectations than the general ED population. They are often socially disenfranchised, with limited access to traditional primary care. These patients are generally low acuity, but they are at risk of important and avoidable adverse outcomes.

Final conclusions

2019 ◽  
pp. 305-318
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samei Huda
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Mental Health Research ◽  
Psychosocial Issues ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Large Numbers

The medical model in mental health uses diagnostic constructs with attached useful information (e.g. on prognosis or response to treatments) that often identifies areas of spectrums rather than diseases or syndromes. Diagnostic constructs in psychiatry and general medicine overlap for attributes such as clinical utility (e.g. predicting likely outcomes), validity (e.g. whether boundaries exist between different diagnostic constructs), and importance of social factors. There is an overlap in effectiveness between psychiatric and general medicine treatments, and many general medicine medications do not reverse disease processes. Describing the nature of diagnostic constructs can be done by describing the basis of classification and nature of the classified condition. Different mental health classifications have particular strengths and weaknesses for clinical, research, and social functions. Research in mental health may need classifications other than diagnosis to improve understanding of causes and mechanisms and also to develop better diagnostic constructs. As doctors in all specialties will encounter mental health problems there will always be psychiatric diagnostic constructs compatible with their training. The medical model of mental health allows doctors to assess and offer effective treatments to large numbers of patients and provide emergency cover. Mental health research and service provision will always need to address psychosocial issues.

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