Changes in skin thickness and elasticity

2020 ◽  
pp. 437-454
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Skin Conditions ◽  
Textural Changes ◽  
Dermal Thickening

This chapter deals with many skin conditions that alter the texture and properties of the skin. When assessing the skin, it is important to look and feel for signs of abnormal texture (thickening, atrophy, and changes in extensibility and elasticity). This will help determine the site and depth of pathology within the skin. Textural changes of the skin arise due to alterations in the epidermis, dermis, and/or subcutaneous fat. In some conditions, dependant on the stage of the disease there may be a mixture of the above (e.g. epidermal thinning occurs in morphoea but also a dermal thickening so that the skin feels thickened and firm on palpation). Similarly, in dermatomyositis there is localized dermal thickening in the form of calcinosis but eventual atrophy of the fat layer may occur (lipoatrophy).

scholarly journals Large increases in adipose triacylglycerol flux in Cushingoid CRH-Tg mice are explained by futile cycling

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (3) ◽  
pp. E282-E293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Harris ◽  
Donald J. Roohk ◽  
Mark Fitch ◽  
Benjamin M. Boudignon ◽  
Bernard P. Halloran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Breakdown Rate ◽  
Triglyceride Synthesis ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Breakdown Rates ◽  
Skin Collagen

Glucocorticoids are extremely effective anti-inflammatory therapies, but their clinical use is limited due to severe side effects, including osteoporosis, muscle wasting, fat redistribution, and skin thinning. Here we use heavy water labeling and mass spectrometry to measure fluxes through metabolic pathways impacted by glucocorticoids. We combine these methods with measurements of body composition in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-transgenic (Tg)+ mice that have chronically elevated, endogenously produced corticosterone and a phenotype that closely mimics Cushing's disease in humans. CRH-Tg+ mice had increased adipose mass, adipose triglyceride synthesis, and greatly increased triglyceride/fatty acid cycling in subcutaneous and abdominal fat depots and increased de novo lipogenesis in the abdominal depot. In bone, CRH-Tg+ mice had decreased bone mass, absolute collagen synthesis rates, and collagen breakdown rate. In skin, CRH-Tg+ mice had decreased skin thickness and absolute collagen synthesis rates but no decrease in the collagen breakdown rate. In muscle, CRH-Tg+ mice had decreased muscle mass and absolute protein synthesis but no decrease in the protein breakdown rate. We conclude that chronic exposure to endogenous glucocorticoid excess in mice is associated with ongoing decreases in bone collagen, skin collagen, and muscle protein synthesis without compensatory reduction (coupling) of breakdown rates in skin and muscle. Both of these actions contribute to reduced protein pool sizes. We also conclude that increased cycling between triglycerides and free fatty acids occurs in both abdominal and subcutaneous fat depots in CRH-Tg+ mice. CRH-Tg mice have both increased lipolysis and increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue.

132 A NEW APPROACH TO ASSESS OVARIAN STRUCTURES IN LIVE RABBITS: SURGICAL TRANSLOCATION AND ULTRASOUND BIOMICROSCOPY

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
M. P. Cervantes ◽  
J. M. Palomino ◽  
B. Toosi ◽  
K. Linn ◽  
G. P. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Ovulation Induction ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Factors Associated

For the purpose of determining factors associated with ovulation induction in rabbits, there is a need to examine the ovaries in a serial fashion. To this end, a study was designed to develop an approach that would permit serial evaluation of ovarian structures in vivo using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) while preserving ovarian function in rabbits. The use of UBM has enabled characterisation of ovarian dynamics in live mice and has recently been validated for assessing structures in excised rabbit ovaries (Cervantes et al. 2011 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 23, 183–184). However, acoustic impedance of the body wall prevented acquisition of high-quality ovarian images in vivo by transabdominal UBM in rabbits. Female New Zealand White rabbits (5 months old; n = 12) underwent surgical ovarian translocation. Each ovary was exteriorized through a lateral flank incision on the respective sides, without compromising vascular supply. The mesovarium at each pole of the ovary was transfixed to the muscle layers of the abdominal wall to keep the ovary in a subcutaneous position. Finally, the subcutaneous and skin layers were closed. No postoperative complications were observed. The surgical site was allowed to heal for 2 weeks and the skin sutures were removed before UBM was attempted. The rabbits were wrapped in a towel for restraint without sedation. Acoustic gel was applied to the shaved skin over the translocated ovary and ovarian structures were imaged transcutaneously by UBM using a 25-MHz transducer on 3 consecutive days. Both ovaries were clearly distinguished in all 12 rabbits during each examination. Antral follicles ranging from 0.6 to 3.1 mm were detected and the number of follicles ≥0.6 mm per pair of ovaries ranged from 7 to 18. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA. The number and diameter of follicles ≥0.6 mm per rabbit did not differ among the 3 examinations (mean ± s.e.m.; 11.0 ± 0.82, 11.8 ± 0.85 and 12.3 ± 0.75 follicles and 1.3 ± 0.07, 1.3 ± 0.07 and 1.4 ± 0.07 mm, respectively). However, follicles ≥2 mm in diameter were detected in 3 out of 12 rabbits on the first and second days and in 5 out of 12 rabbits on the third day. One or more corpora lutea were detected in the same 2 rabbits (2/12) during each of the 3 examination days. Two months after surgery, ovarian structures were clearly discernible by UBM in 11 of 24 translocated ovaries. Image deterioration was attributed to the attenuation of sound waves associated with increased skin thickness and growth of subcutaneous fat and connective tissue around the ovary, assessed at necropsy. In summary, translocated ovaries continued to function in their new location and transcutaneous UBM permitted serial visualisation of ovarian structures in live rabbits. Therefore, this new approach provides a nonterminal alternative for repetitive examination of rabbit ovaries and is particularly appropriate for experiments involving factors associated with ovulation induction in rabbits. This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

High frequency ultrasound measurement of digital dermal thickness in systemic sclerosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1140-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kaloudi ◽  
Francesca Bandinelli ◽  
Emilio Filippucci ◽  
Maria Letizia Conforti ◽  
Irene Miniati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Interobserver Variability ◽  
Ultrasound Measurement ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Intraobserver Variability ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasound ◽  
Dermal Thickness ◽  
Dermal Thickening ◽  
Frequency Ultrasound

BackgroundCurrently, assessment of dermal thickness in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is performed by palpation and assessment using the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS).ObjectiveTo verify whether high frequency ultrasound (US) may be a reliable and a reproducible method to measure digital dermal thickness.MethodsIn 70 patients with SSc, skin thickness was evaluated with US by 2 observers at 2 different sites on the second digit of the dominant limb to determine the interobserver variability. Patients and controls were examined twice by the first observer for intraobserver variability. Patients were divided into three subgroups according to the phase of the disease (oedematous, fibrotic or atrophic).ResultsAt both examined areas, US showed a significant dermal thickening (p<0.001) in the whole group of patients with SSc. A low intraobserver and interobserver variability was found. A highly significant correlation between the global mRSS and the local dermal thickness at the two examined sites (p=0.032, p=0.021) was detected. Skin thickness was significantly higher in the oedematous than in the fibrotic group (p<0.001) and significantly higher in the fibrotic and the oedematous group (p<0.001) than in the atrophic group (p<0.002).ConclusionsUS is a reliable tool giving reproducible results, and is able to detect digital dermal thickening in SSc.

scholarly journals High-Frequency Ultrasonography—Possibilities and Perspectives of the Use of 20 MHz in Teledermatology

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Polańska ◽  
Dorota Jenerowicz ◽  
Elżbieta Paszyńska ◽  
Ryszard Żaba ◽  
Zygmunt Adamski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Chronic Skin ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasonography ◽  
Skin Conditions ◽  
Chronic Skin Diseases

High-frequency ultrasonography (HF-USG) is a non-invasive and in vivo method of visualization of the skin and upper part of subcutaneous tissue based on ultrasounds above 20 MHz. Although initially HF-USG was introduced to measure skin thickness, it currently gained widespread acceptance in dermato-oncology, primarily when used to determine skin tumor margins. Moreover, its application in different dermatology fields is known, particularly as a rapidly evolving method in the objective evaluation of the severity of various chronic skin diseases. Among different specialties, teledermatology belongs to leading and continually developing areas of successful telemedicine applications. Various skin conditions are visible to the human eye, which makes them particularly suitable for telemedicine. However, HF-USG enables specialists to look into deeper skin layers, thus extending diagnostic options. On the other hand, teledermatology creates the possibility of sending images for consultation and facilitates the therapeutic decision as HF-USG can be used in an asynchronous store and forward manner. It seems that HF-USG and teledermatology may be regarded as a truly matched pair. The aim of this work is to present current applications of 20-MHz ultrasonography in dermatology, including skin neoplasms and chronic skin diseases. Moreover, the authors aimed to analyze the possibilities of HF-USG use as a valuable tool in teledermatology, especially in diagnosing and monitoring patients suffering from long-lasting skin conditions.

scholarly journals Instrumental Assessment of the Face Skin Aging in Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Evgenievna Manturova ◽  
Victor Aleksandrovich Stupin ◽  
Galina Olegovna Smirnova ◽  
Ekaterina Vladimirovna Silina
Keyword(s):  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Skin Condition ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Circulatory Disturbance ◽  
Non Invasive

Abstract The aim of this study is to conduct several non-invasive methods for assessing the level of circulatory disturbance, elasticity and aging of skin in patients of different age groups in order to expand the diagnostic capabilities and evaluate the effectiveness of current research in aesthetic medicine. Clinical and instrumental exploration of 160 women aged 17 to 75 years with varying degrees of involutional skin changes was carried out. To objectify the assessment of skin condition, in all group of patients modern instrumental methods were used, such as: elastometry, ultrasound examination of the skin, laser Doppler flowmetry, transcutaneous oxygen tension. Concurrent implementation of several non-invasive methods for assessing the level of circulatory disturbance, elasticity and aging of the skin, allowed us to find new possibilities for studying the functional state of the skin. These methods extend the possibilities of ultrasonic research methods used today in aesthetic cosmetology. The obtained comparative data of elastometry, ultrasonography, laser Doppler flowmetry and transcutaneous oximetry in patients of different age groups showed the presence of elasticity and structure defect, skin thickness and subcutaneous fat, as well as microcirculation changes since 25 years and marked changes after 40 years.

Skin Heat Dissipation: The Influence of Diabetes, Skin Thickness, and Subcutaneous Fat Thickness

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerrold S. Petrofsky ◽  
Katie McLellan ◽  
Gurinder S. Bains ◽  
Michelle Prowse ◽  
Gomathi Ethiraju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness

Comparison of boars and castrates for bacon production. 1. Growth data, and carcass and joint composition

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
J. E. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACTAn experiment was performed to determine whether quality differences between boars and castrates when used for bacon production are true castration effects or due to the greater leanness of boars. Sixty-four commercial hybrid male pigs, half of which were castrated at 10 days of age, were given different levels of feeding so that at 87 kg live weight there was a 2-mm difference in P2 fat thickness between two groups of 16 boars and two groups of 16 castrates. The leanest group of castrates and the fattest group of boars had similar fat thickness and carcass composition. This design allowed the separation of castration and feeding treatment (carcass composition) effects. Skin thickness and weight (boars greater) and kidney weight (boars heavier) were much more influenced by castration than feeding treatment. Other effects that were more influenced by castration, although less strongly, were killing-out proportion (boars lower because of testes), leg and loin length (boars shorter), joint weight distribution (boars lighter in flank) and lean weight distribution (boars slightly less lean in leg, and more in foreloin and belly). Lean to bone ratio in the side was influenced less by castration than by feeding treatment but boars had more intermuscular fat in relation to subcutaneous fat than castrates. The lean content of the leg was closely related to that of the side, and there were different relationships in boars and castrates.

scholarly journals Evaluator effect on the ultrasound measurement of subcutaneous fat deposition and loin eye area from weaning to slaughter lambs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
Fernando Miranda de Vargas Junior ◽  
Tatiane Fernandes ◽  
Alexsander Toniazzo de Matos ◽  
Alexandre Rodrigo Mendes Fernandes ◽  
Luis Gustavo Castro Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Ultrasound Image ◽  
Ultrasound Measurement ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Linear Probe ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Identity Test

Background and Aim: Ultrasound is a non-invasive technique that enables animal evaluation and body condition classification of animals. Although it is not difficult to obtain an image, the analysis of this image can influence results quality. This study aimed to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the technician trained in image interpretation obtained using different ultrasound frequencies. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six lambs were used, ranging in weight from 15 to 40 kg. The images were captured using a linear probe of 13 cm, with a 3.5 megahertz (MHz) frequency and an acoustic couplant aid "standoff" or using a multifrequency transducer (6 and 8 MHz), on B mode, with a linear probe and 8.0 MHz frequency. All measurements were performed by the same technician, on the left side, between the 12th and 13th rib. Five different evaluators, at two different times, with aid of Image J software measured the loin eye area (LEA; only for images obtained with 3.5 MHz), Longissimus thoracis et lumborum depth (DLM), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), subcutaneous fat thickness plus skin (SFST), and skin thickness (ST). Results: For LEA, DLM, SFT, SFST, and ST, variation was observed (p<0.01) between evaluators; however, there was no difference (p>0.05) between the 2 times of evaluation. Images measurements obtained with a frequency of 8.0 MHz had better repeatability indices and reproducibility indices. Accordingly, the identity test demonstrated that measurements performed on images obtained using 3.5 or 8.0 MHz were not equivalent. Conclusion: Ultrasound image measurements obtained using an 8.0 MHz frequency were more accurate and precise. It is important to use only one evaluator or providing the simultaneous training for all evaluators.

Applications of CCEM to Environmental Health Problems

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
R. J. Lee ◽  
J. S. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
External Agent ◽  
External Agents ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Primitive State ◽  
Textural Changes ◽  
General Aspects

Electron microscopy (EM), with the advent of computer control and image analysis techniques, is rapidly evolving from an interpretative science into a quantitative technique. Electron microscopy is potentially of value in two general aspects of environmental health: exposure and diagnosis.In diagnosis, electron microscopy is essentially an extension of optical microscopy. The goal is to characterize cellular changes induced by external agents. The external agent could be any foreign material, chemicals, or even stress. The use of electron microscopy as a diagnostic tool is well- developed, but computer-controlled electron microscopy (CCEM) has had only limited impact, mainly because it is fairly new and many institutions lack the resources to acquire the capability. In addition, major contributions to diagnosis will come from CCEM only when image analysis (IA) and processing algorithms are developed which allow the morphological and textural changes recognized by experienced medical practioners to be quantified. The application of IA techniques to compare cellular structure is still in a primitive state.

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