Lethal lullabies
Poppy extract accompanied the human infant for more than three millennia. Motives for its use included excessive crying, suspected pain, and diarrhoea. In antiquity, infantile sleeplessness was regarded as a disease. Dabbing maternal nipples with bitter substances and drugging the infant with opium were used to hasten weaning. Opiates joined the treatment of difficult teething in the 17th century. Foundling hospitals and wet nurses used them extensively. With industrialization, private use was rampant among the working class. In German-speaking countries, poppy extracts were administered in soups and pacifiers. In English-speaking countries, proprietary drugs containing opium were sold at the doorstep or in grocery stores. Opium’s toxicity for infants was common knowledge, but the willingness to use it in infants persisted and physicians continued to prescribe it for babies. Intoxication became a significant factor in infant mortality. As late as 1912, the International Opium Convention signed at The Hague forced governments to implement legislation which effectively curtailed the access to opium and broke the dangerous habit of sedating infants.