Neutrophil abnormalities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Bhole
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
First Line ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
And Function

Neutrophils are an important component of the innate immune system, forming the first line of defence against bacterial invasion. Abnormalities in either neutrophil numbers or function lead to immunodeficiency disorders affecting the innate immune system, with a predisposition towards developing serious and often life-threatening infections. Alterations in neutrophil numbers and function may also be noted secondary to systemic diseases, where they may act as markers for ongoing disease processes. Most of the primary neutrophil disorders discussed in this chapter will present in childhood. In adults, acquired neutropenia is the commonest neutrophil abnormality encountered in clinical practice, although, rarely, some primary neutrophil defects may present.

scholarly journals Innate immunity and the pneumococcus

Microbiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin K. Paterson ◽  
Tim J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
First Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Made In

The innate immune system provides a non-specific first line of defence against microbes and is crucial both in the development and effector stages of subsequent adaptive immune responses. Consistent with its importance, study of the innate immune system is a broad and fast-moving field. Here we provide an overview of the recent key advances made in this area with relation to the important pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus).

scholarly journals Peptidoglycan O-Acetylation as a Virulence Factor: Its Effect on Lysozyme in the Innate Immune System

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley S. Brott ◽  
Anthony J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
First Line ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Important Virulence Factor ◽  
Novel Target

The peptidoglycan sacculus of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria acts as a protective mesh and provides structural support around the entirety of the cell. The integrity of this structure is of utmost importance for cell viability and so naturally is the first target for attack by the host immune system during bacterial infection. Lysozyme, a muramidase and the first line of defense of the innate immune system, targets the peptidoglycan sacculus hydrolyzing the β-(1→4) linkage between repeating glycan units, causing lysis and the death of the invading bacterium. The O-acetylation of N-acetylmuramoyl residues within peptidoglycan precludes the productive binding of lysozyme, and in doing so renders it inactive. This modification has been shown to be an important virulence factor in pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is currently being investigated as a novel target for anti-virulence therapies. This article reviews interactions made between peptidoglycan and the host immune system, specifically with respect to lysozyme, and how the O-acetylation of the peptidoglycan interrupts these interactions, leading to increased pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Mecanismos de control neuroinmune y la vía colinérgica antiinflamatoria

Tequio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-49
Author(s):  
Yobana Pérez-Cervera ◽  
Rafael Torres Rosas
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
First Line ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Cholinergic Pathway ◽  
Pharmacological Control

The innate immune system is the first line of defense involved in protecting against external pathogens and is crucial for survival. However, uncontrolled activation of the immune system can result in more damage than the factor that triggered them, causing atrophic scarring, chronic inflammation and even Systemic inflammation events such as Lupus, arthritis, Crohn’s disease or sepsis. Fortunately, there are neuronal mechanisms of inflammatory control which could be part of new therapeutic strategies to be studied for a better control of this type of pathologies. In the last decade, the cholinergic pathway has been described as part of the neuronal mechanisms that can be exogenous activated for the non-pharmacological control of inflammatory diseases, the aim of this review is to present the evidence in basic research and encourage the research in medical practice.

scholarly journals A Novel Regulatory Player in the Innate Immune System: Long Non-Coding RNAs

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9535
Author(s):  
Yuhuai Xie ◽  
Yuanyuan Wei
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Function

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent crucial transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulators during antimicrobial responses in the host innate immune system. Studies have shown that lncRNAs are expressed in a highly tissue- and cell-specific- manner and are involved in the differentiation and function of innate immune cells, as well as inflammatory and antiviral processes, through versatile molecular mechanisms. These lncRNAs function via the interactions with DNA, RNA, or protein in either cis or trans pattern, relying on their specific sequences or their transcriptions and processing. The dysregulation of lncRNA function is associated with various human non-infectious diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Here, we provide an overview of the regulation and mechanisms of lncRNA function in the development and differentiation of innate immune cells, and during the activation or repression of innate immune responses. These elucidations might be beneficial for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory and innate immune-mediated diseases.

scholarly journals Neutrophils—From Bone Marrow to First-Line Defense of the Innate Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Felix Kraus ◽  
Michael Andreas Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
First Line

Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells; PMNs) form a first line of defense against pathogens and are therefore an important component of the innate immune response. As a result of poorly controlled activation, however, PMNs can also mediate tissue damage in numerous diseases, often by increasing tissue inflammation and injury. According to current knowledge, PMNs are not only part of the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases but also of conditions with disturbed tissue homeostasis such as trauma and shock. Scientific advances in the past two decades have changed the role of neutrophils from that of solely immune defense cells to cells that are responsible for the general integrity of the body, even in the absence of pathogens. To better understand PMN function in the human organism, our review outlines the role of PMNs within the innate immune system. This review provides an overview of the migration of PMNs from the vascular compartment to the target tissue as well as their chemotactic processes and illuminates crucial neutrophil immune properties at the site of the lesion. The review is focused on the formation of chemotactic gradients in interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the influence of the ECM on PMN function. In addition, our review summarizes current knowledge about the phenomenon of bidirectional and reverse PMN migration, neutrophil microtubules, and the microtubule organizing center in PMN migration. As a conclusive feature, we review and discuss new findings about neutrophil behavior in cancer environment and tumor tissue.

Autoinflammatory syndromes in neurology: when our first line of defence misbehaves

2021 ◽  
pp. practneurol-2021-003031
Author(s):  
William K Diprose ◽  
Anthony Jordan ◽  
Neil E Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
First Line ◽  
Autoinflammatory Syndromes ◽  
Acute Phase Reactants ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Unexplained Fever ◽  
Neurological Features

Autoinflammatory syndromes result in a defective innate immune system. They are characterised by unexplained fever and systemic inflammation involving the skin, muscle, joints, serosa and eyes, along with elevated acute phase reactants. Autoinflammatory syndromes are increasingly recognised as a cause of neurological disease with a diverse range of manifestations. Corticosteroids, colchicine and targeted therapies are effective if started early, and hence the importance of recognising these syndromes. Here, we review the neurological features of specific autoinflammatory syndromes and our approach (as adult neurologists) to their diagnosis.

scholarly journals lncRNAs Regulate Innate Immune Responses and Their Roles in Macrophage Polarization

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Ying Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
First Line ◽  
New Class

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against microbial pathogens. The activated innate immune system plays important roles in eliciting antimicrobial defenses. Despite the benefits of innate immune responses, excessive inflammation will cause host damage. Thus, tight regulation of these processes is required for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Recently, a new class of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has emerged as important regulators in many physiological and pathological processes. Dysregulated lncRNAs have been found to be associated with excessive or uncontrolled inflammation. In this brief review, we summarize the roles of functional lncRNAs in regulating innate immune responses. We also discuss the roles of lncRNAs in macrophage polarization, an important molecular event in the innate immune responses.

scholarly journals Innate Pathways of Immune Activation in Transplantation

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd V. Brennan ◽  
Keri E. Lunsford ◽  
Paul C. Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
First Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Studies of the immune mechanisms of allograft rejection have predominantly focused on the adaptive immune system that includes T cells and B cells. Recent investigations into the innate immune system, which recognizes foreign antigens through more evolutionarily primitive pathways, have demonstrated a critical role of the innate immune system in the regulation of the adaptive immune system. Innate immunity has been extensively studied in its role as the host's first-line defense against microbial pathogens; however, it is becoming increasingly recognized for its ability to also recognize host-derived molecules that result from tissue damage. The capacity of endogenous damage signals acting through the innate immune system to lower immune thresholds and promote immune recognition and rejection of transplant grafts is only beginning to be appreciated. An improved understanding of these pathways may reveal novel therapeutic targets to decrease graft alloreactivity and increase graft longevity.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptors, Tissue Injury, and Tumourigenesis

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savvas Ioannou ◽  
Michael Voulgarelis
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
And Function

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a class of molecules known as pattern recognition receptors, and they are part of the innate immune system, although they modulate mechanisms that impact the development of adaptive immune responses. Several studies have shown that TLRs, and their intracellular signalling components, constitute an important cellular pathway mediating the inflammatory process. Moreover, their critical role in the regulation of tissue injury and wound healing process as well as in the regulation of apoptosis is well established. However, interest in the role of these receptors in cancer development and progression has been increasing over the last years. TLRs are likely candidates to mediate effects of the innate immune system within the tumour microenvironment. A rapidly expanding area of research regarding the expression and function of TLRs in cancer cells and its association with chemoresistance and tumourigenesis, and TLR-based therapy as potential immunotherapy in cancer treatment is taking place over the last years.

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