Micronutrients

Vitamins Introduction 94 Vitamin A (retinol) and carotenoids 94 Vitamin E 98 Vitamin D (calciferols) 100 Vitamin K 102 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 104 Riboflavin (vitamin B2) 106 Niacin (nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, vitamin B3) 108 Thiamin (vitamin B1) 110 Folate (folic acid) 112 Vitamin B6 ...

Author(s):  
V. O. Olumekun ◽  
O. T. Osuntokun ◽  
A. O. Ajayi ◽  
I. O. Omotuyi ◽  
A. Olonisakin

The importance of sourcing products of natural origin in boosting immunity against infectious diseases during therapeutic interventions especially in developing countries has been underscored. The need therefore arose to investigate candidate sources within locally available flora based on identified ethno-practices in the region. The potentiality of Aframomum melegueta as a source of vitamins which are recognized immune boosters was investigated. Plant samples were collected from the wild near Akungba-Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria and separated into Stem, Leaf sheath, Fruit pulp (mesocarp) and Seed parts. The samples were oven-dried, pulverized and extracted with methanol and filtered with Whatman No 1 filtered paper. The filtrates were concentrated in-vacuo using vacuum rotary evaporator at 40°C and was later concentrated to dryness in a ventilated oven at 40°C. Analyses of vitamin content of the samples were conducted using standard analytical methods. The plant displayed a rich array of Vitamins with the seeds having the highest concentration compared to the Stem, Leaf sheath, Fruit pulp (mesocarp) and Seed extracts. Values obtained for seed and stem extracts respectively were Vitamin C (16.8 mg/g, 5.85 mg/g), Vitamin B (1.15 mg/g, 0.41 mg/g), Vitamin B3 (0.98 mg/g, 0.30 mg/g), Vitamin E (0.75 mg/g, 0.11 mg/g), Vitamin B6 (0.03 mg/g, 0.006 mg/g), Vitamin B12 (4.22 mg/g, 0.50 mg/g), Vitamin A (1024.1 mg/g, 189.9 mg/g), Vitamin E (0.75 mg/g, 0.11 mg/g), Vitamin D (0.68 mg/g, 0.03 mg/g) and Vitamin K (0.017 mg/g,0.007 mg/g). Standard daily recommended intakes for each vitamin are vitamin C -75 mg, B2, 3, 6 and B12 ranges from 2 mg to 18 mg, A -600 µg, E -10 mg, D -5 µg, and vitamin K -80 µg.  This study therefore elucidates the richness of Aframomum melegueta in essential vitamins and suggests its potential as an immune booster especially during the outbreaks of diseases. Direct consumption of the plant parts studied or as food supplement formula will be of benefit in the management of diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Lin Yang ◽  
Chen Yang ◽  
Fumin Chi ◽  
Xuedong Gu ◽  
Yahui Zhu

In this study, the content of vitamins and of toxic and beneficial (macro- and micro-) minerals in milk from yaks raised at different altitudes (3,215, 4,340, and 5,410 m) was investigated. For comparison, the components in cow’s milk were also measured. At higher altitudes, a significant ( P < 0.05 ) increase in vitamin A and vitamin E was observed in the yak’s milk, whereas the opposite was observed for vitamin B1 and vitamin B2. No significant statistical difference in vitamin C, Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg concentrations was observed in milk from yaks raised at different altitudes. The concentrations of Zn in milk from yaks raised at different altitudes showed no statistical difference, whereas the Mn and Fe concentrations in milk from yaks raised at 3,215 m were lower than those raised at higher altitudes. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in yak’s milk did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations (Codex Alimentarius Commission), whereas their concentrations were higher in milk from yaks raised at 3,215 m than at higher altitudes. These findings indicated that the contents of vitamins and minerals in yak milk varied in different altitudes.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Puji Lestari

Pengetahuan gizi merupakan landasan perilaku gizi seseorang, yang akan berefek pada asupan makanan dan status gizi siswi. Tujuan penelitian ialah mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan gizi dan asupan makanan dengan status gizi. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional. Subjek penelitian ini sebanyak  51 siswi Mts Darul Ulum kelas 8 dan 9. Penelitian dilakukan bulan September 2019-Februari  2020. Uji hubungan menggunakan uji  Pearson dan uji Sperman’s rho. Uji korelasi pengetahuan gizi dan asupan energi p=0,103;  protein p=0,556; lemak p= 0,570; karbohidrat p=0,261; vitamin A p=0,036; vitamin D p=0,745; vitamin E=0,506; vitamin K p=0,590; vitamin C p=0,534; natrium p=0,491; kalsium p=0,640; zat besi p= 0,323. Hasil uji korelasi asupan energi dengan status gizi p=0,021; karbohidrat p=0,107; protein p=0,020; lemak p=0,32; vitamin A p=0,242; vitamin D p=0,491; vitamin E p=0,587; vitamin K p= 0,600; vitamin C p=0,069; natrium p=0,031; kalsium p=0,077; zat besi p=0,018. Ada hubungan pengetahuan gizi dan makanan dengan status gizi.


2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Vilms ◽  
D. V. Turchaninov ◽  
T. A. Yunatskaya ◽  
I. A. Sokhoshko

Evaluation of vitamin status in residents of the Omsk city (106 men and 135 women) aged of from 18 to 75 years according to the serum content of vitamins A, D, E, K, C, B1, B5, B6, B9, B12. Lack of vitamins in the majority of the observed cases (63.2 ± 3.8%) had a combined character. There was revealed pronounce lack of vitamin D and folic acid, respectively in 70.9 ± 3.6% and 63.2 ± 5.6% of observed persons. The substantial proportion of the population was found to suffer from lacks of vitamin B1 (47.5 ± 4.2%), B6 (49.7 ± 3.8%), and vitamin E (47.1 ± 4.0%). The frequency of detection of a reduced availability of vitamin C was 16.2 ± 3.4%, B12 - 13.2 ± 3.2%, respectively. The deficiency of vitamin A deficiency was seldom (from 5.8 ± 1.9%). In the sample no person with a deficiency of vitamin K and pantothenic acid (B5) was revealed. Mediane of concentrations of phylloquinone, retinol and ascorbic acid and cyanocobalamin in blood serum were in the range of optimum values. Borderline values of the content (at the level of the lower limit of normal) were seen for vitamin E, B1, B6. There were found age differences in the availability of vitamins E, K, ascorbic acid.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Albertus Siga Laki ◽  
Maria Aditia Wahyuningrum ◽  
Reni Nurjasmi

Tanaman kale merupakan tanaman suku Brassicaceae atau kubis-kubisan yang kaya vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin C. Kale juga mengandung senyawa isotiosianat yang memiliki aktivitas antikanker. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Respati Indonesia pada bulan Februari sampai dengan Agustus 2021. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok  dengan satu faktor yaitu jenis pupuk organik terdiri dari empat perlakuan yaitu pupuk NPK, kulit bawang merah, kotoran kelinci, kotoran burung. Setiap perlakuan  diulang lima ulangan, sehingga diperoleh 20 unit percobaan. Variabel penelitian meliputi tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, berat akar, panjang akar, diameter batang, dan berat basah tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pupuk organik berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, berat akar dan dan berat tanaman kale. Pupuk organik kotoran burung menghasilkan tinggi tanaman tertinggi yaitu 25,50 cm tetapi berbeda tidak nyata dengan kotoran kelinci. Berat akar dan berat basah tanaman kale tertinggi dihasilkan perlakuan kotoran kelinci masing-masing yaitu 2,28 gram dan 30,37 gram serta berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan lainnya. Kata Kunci:  Pupuk Organik, Kulit Bawang Merah, Kotoran Kelinci, Kotoran Burung, Tanaman Kale, Sistem Vertikultur


2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuqiang Chen ◽  
Qingshu Li ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Wenrong Yang ◽  
Fei Shi ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
А.К. ГОРЕЛКИНА ◽  
И.В. ТИМОЩУК ◽  
Н.С. БАГДОНАС

Изучена стойкость нутриентов молокосырья – белков, лактозы, витаминов С и группы В, используемого в производстве сывороточных напитков в присутствии приоритетных органических контаминантов – трихлорэтилена, хлороформа и дихлорэтана, которые обладают токсическим и канцерогенным действием и образуются при хлорировании в процессе водоподготовки в воде, применяемой для производства восстановленных и рекомбинированных молочных продуктов. Содержание белков, лактозы в восстановленной сыворотке определяли методом рефрактометрии; водорастворимых витаминов – методом капиллярного электрофореза; хлороформа, трихлорэтилена и дихлорэтана – методом газожидкостной хроматографии. Установлено, что хлороформ в воде не оказывает влияния на сохранность лактозы, белков и витаминов при приготовлении восстановленной сыворотки. Отмечено снижение содержания белков сыворотки, приготовленной на воде в присутствии трихлорэтилена и дихлорэтана, на 11%, лактозы – на 32% в сравнении с контрольными образцами, произведенными на воде без органических контаминантов. Содержание витаминов в восстановленной молочной сыворотке в присутствии трихлорэтилена снизилось: С – на 19%, В1 – на 28%, В2 – на 53%, В6 – на 8%; для дихлорэтана содержание витаминов снизилось: С – на 17%, В1 – на 36%, В2 – на 38%, В6 – на 36% в сравнении с контрольными образцами без органических примесей. Теоретически обоснован механизм взаимодействия белков, лактозы, витаминов восстановленной сыворотки с трихлорэтиленом и дихлорэтаном. Предложено для предотвращения снижения качества готового продукта воду, используемую для производства сывороточных напитков, подвергать дополнительной очистке от галогенорганических контаминантов. The stability of milk raw materials’ nutrients – proteins, lactose, vitamins C and B used in the production of whey beverages in the presence of priority organic contaminants – trichloroethylene, chloroform and dichloroethane, which have a toxic and carcinogenic effect and are formed during chlorination during water treatment in water used for the production of reduced and recombined dairy products was studied. The content of proteins and lactose in the reduced serum was determined by refractometry; water-soluble vitamins – by capillary electrophoresis; chloroform, trichloroethylene and dichloroethane – by gas-liquid chromatography. It was found that chloroform in water does not affect the safety of lactose, proteins and vitamins in the preparation of reduced whey. There was a decrease in the content of serum proteins prepared in water in the presence of trichloroethylene and dichloroethane by 11%, and lactose – by 32% in comparison with control samples produced in water without organic contaminants. Vitamin C content in the recovered whey in the presence of trichloroethylene has declined by 19%, vitamin B1 – 28%, vitamin B2 – 53%, vitamin B6 – 8%; for dichloroethane content of vitamin C decreased by 17%, vitamin B1 – 36%, vitamin B2 – 38%, vitamin B6 – 36% in comparison with control samples without organic impurity. The mechanism of interaction of proteins, lactose, and reduced serum vitamins with trichloroethylene and dichloroethane is theoretically justified. Therefore, to prevent a decrease in the quality of the finished product, the water used for the production of whey beverages must first be subjected to additional purification from organohalogen contaminants.


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