Selection and Processing of Serotinous Pitch Pine Cones

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Fimbel ◽  
Cheryl C. Fimbel ◽  
John E. Kuser
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Convection Oven ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Heat Application ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Germinating Seeds

Abstract We examined phenotypic characteristics of serotinous pitch pine cones from the dwarfed pine-oak forests of the New Jersey Pine Barren Plains, and three heat-application techniques to release their seeds, to evaluate the influence of these factors on seed germination and seedling development. One- and two-year-old mature cones averaged twice the number of germinating seeds/cone as green cones collected in late summer, and larger cones yielded higher quantities of viable seeds compared to smaller ones. Treating serotinous cones in boiling water or a convection oven yielded higher germination rates than using a microwave oven, especially with green cones. Thirty-two months following germination, cone characteristics and opening techniques did not predict seedling performance in the field. Parent tree influenced seedling height. We present recommendations to maximize the number of viable propagules collected during the selection and processing of serotinous, dwarfed pitch pine cones. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):64-58.

The relationship of buried, germinating seeds to vegetation in an old-growth Colorado subalpine forest

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (13) ◽  
pp. 1505-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
The Relationship

Species of buried, germinating seeds and species occurring in the vegetation are compared for two Colorado subalpine forest stands, one dry and one mesic, both over 325 years old. The total numbers of seeds found were small and the correspondence with species in the vegetation was poor. This is consistent with reports from other old-growth forests and may be accounted for by a combination of low seed input and rapid loss of viable seeds from the soil reservoir for old-growth forest species.

scholarly journals AN ARBOREAL ORCHELIMUM

1904 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
Wm. T. Davis
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Pine Barrens ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Pine Trees

Those who visit the pine-barrens of New Jersey know what a pleasure it is to ramble along the narrow wooded-ppaths among the pine trees ; old paths that after once being made continue for many years, and may seldom entertain a pedestrian. Along these paths and by the side of the sandy roads, any time during late summer arrd until frost, one may hear a faint, lisping little song from a grasshopper corning from the pines, often from their topmost branches. It is an easy matter to climb the pitch-pine, which is usually arranged admirably for the purpose, and the grasshopper is also friendly to investigation, and commonly continues to stridulate.

scholarly journals Effect of desiccation temperature on viability of immature dandelion (Taraxacum agg.) seeds dried in mowed inflorescences

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 580-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Martinková ◽  
A. Honěk
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Ripe Seed ◽  
Viable Seeds

After flowering has ceased, dandelion (Taraxacum agg.) capitula close to enable maturation of seeds. In late summer the period of seed maturation lasts for 9 days. The capitula mowed later than 4 days after the start of this period and desiccated at 25°C produce viable seeds. If cut and prostrated on insolated ground inflorescences can experience temperatures exceeding 50°C which may impair seed viability. We determined the effect of desiccation temperature (5, 15, 25, 35, 45 or 55°C) on viability of ripening seeds using inflorescences harvested on September 5, 2008 at Prague-Ruzyne (50°05'N, 14°18'09 E), five days after flowering ceased (about 4 days before seed dispersal). As control, ripe seeds were collected at dispersal on the same day and desiccated at identical temperatures. Desiccated seeds were germinated at constant 17°C. Ripening seeds of maturing capitula only remained germinable if desiccation temperatures were ≤ 35°C (optimum 25°C) and were killed at 45 and 55°C. The viability of ripe seed was not affected by any of the desiccation temperatures. Time of germination of 50% seeds that germinated was significantly shorter in ripe than ripening seeds. Exposure of mowed dandelion inflorescences on insolated ground (solarization) may thus decrease production of viable seeds because of high temperatures experienced during desiccation.  

scholarly journals Timing of Cut-Stump Herbicide Applications for Killing Hardwood Trees on Power Line Rights-of-Way

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
Benjamin Ballard ◽  
Christopher Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Power Line ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Reliable Transmission ◽  
Hardwood Trees ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Herbicide Mixtures ◽  
Application Date ◽  
Cut Stump ◽  
Made In

Removal of tall-growing trees on power line rights-of-way is necessary for the safe and reliable transmission of electricity. Cut-stump herbicide treatments have been used at different times of the year to control resprouting and suckering of unwanted hardwood trees on power line corridors in the northeastern United States with varying degrees of success. Growing season applications have typically been thought to be most effective; however, if a high percentage of mortality could also be achieved by selecting an appropriate herbicide mix for early-spring and late-fall applications, vegetation managers would have more flexibility in prescribing and scheduling treatments. The authors evaluated mortality and amount of herbicide applied for April, June, and November using operational-style cut-stump treatments with three herbicide mixes—Accord® + Arsenal®, Garlon 4® + Stalker®, and Pathway®. After 2 years, over 90% mortality was achieved for at least one herbicide mix at all three application dates. Mortality varied by both mix and application date, consistent with herbicide mode of action. In April and June, Accord + Arsenal had lower mortality than Garlon 4 + Stalker or Pathway, but in November, it resulted in slightly higher mortality than the other two mixes. The Garlon 4 + Stalker mix and Pathway had equally high mortality for all treatment dates. Successful use of the cut-stump method in spring through fall may be contingent upon matching herbicide mix to the date of application. These results indicate that Garlon 4 + Stalker or Pathway could be used April through November, but applications with Accord + Arsenal should be made in late summer or fall. These recommendations should be evaluated in other regions and with additional target tree species. The quantity of herbicide used by operational crews varied among application dates and herbicide mixtures and appeared to be strongly influenced by spray equipment and the person applying the herbicide. Minor refinements in application techniques and equipment have the potential to reduce the amount of herbicide used without adversely affecting efficacy, and warrant further consideration.

A CONE WEEVIL, CONOTRACHELUS NEOMEXICANUS, ON PONDEROSA PINE IN COLORADO: LIFE HISTORY, HABITS, AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (7) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Bodenham ◽  
Robert E. Stevens ◽  
T. O. Thatcher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life History ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
North Central ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pine Cones

AbstractConotrachelus neomexicanus Fall occurs throughout the range of Pinus ponderosa Laws. in the central and southwestern United States. It is commonly found infesting ponderosa pine cones in north-central Colorado. C. neomexicanus is univoltine. Eggs are laid in second-year cones from May through July. Larvae mine extensively in the cones and drop to the ground for pupation in the soil. Adults emerge from the soil in late summer and early fall, return to the trees to feed on twigs, and presumably hibernate in sheltered locations during the winter A tachinid fly, Myiophasia sp. nr. ruficornis Tns., is an internal parasitoid of weevil larvae.

Rhinocyllus conicus Establishment for Biocontrol of Thistles in Virginia

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Surles ◽  
L. T. Kok ◽  
R. L. Pienkowski
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Carduus Acanthoides ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Rhinocyllus Conicus ◽  
Viable Seeds

Rhinocyllus conicusFroel. (Col.: Curculionidae) larvae feeding within the capitula ofCarduusthistles may reduce production of viable seeds. EachR. conicuslarva destroyed 9.7 developing musk thistle (Carduus nutansL.) seeds. An average musk thistle capitulum, 29.2 mm diameter, produced 15.3 viable achenes per millimeter of diameter for an average of 447 viable seeds. Surveys of 23 release sites in Virginia revealed that thistles at 12 had sustained a population of weevils. Weevil eggs at six sites have increased in abundance, and establishment appears assured. Colonization ofR. conicuswas enhanced by spring or early summer releases; larger stocks of insects were required for late summer releases. The weevils exhibited better synchronization with musk thistle than with plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoidesL.); and best success has been achieved where extensive, persistent stands of musk thistle were available.

Container Growing Pitch Pine: Germination, Soil pH, and Outplanting Size

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Curtis W. Helm ◽  
John E. Kuser
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Cape Cod ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Ecotypic Differentiation ◽  
Fire Island ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pine Cones

Abstract Pitch pine cones may be picked when green, 2 weeks to 1 month before apparent ripeness, in order to avoid rodent predation. The resulting seedlings grow as well as those from cones picked later. The mean number of germinants per cone for 46 test families from Cape Cod, Fire Island, and New Jersey was 45.5 when seeds were planted in Leach tubes and started in a greenhouse. Seedlings growing in peat/vermiculite/sand (1:1:1) and amendments at pH 4.8 were significantly larger in volume than seedlings growing at higher or lower pH, and they suffered less damping off than those at higher pH. Seedlings should be grown to minimum stem diameter of 3.0 mm before outplanting. There is evidence of ecotypic differentiation between populations on dissimilar sites at Cape Cod. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):63-68.

scholarly journals Field Activity of Reticulitermes grassei (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Oak Forests of the Southern Iberian Peninsula

Sociobiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana M Cardenas ◽  
Lourdes Moyano ◽  
Patricia Gallardo ◽  
Juan M. Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Field Activity ◽  
One Year

This paper presents preliminary data on the field activity of Reticulitermes grassei Clément in oak forests of the southern Iberian Peninsula. Recent research has provided information on the nature and intensity of termite damage to cork oaks (Quercus suber, L.) in northern Andalusia (Spain). Taking that information into account, the present study sought to determine annual field activity pattern in R. grassei, with a view to identifying more precisely the best time for applying control techniques. Data were obtained from field monitoring experiments conducted over a complete one-year cycle using termite-specific baited traps. Results for relative termite numbers at different periods indicated that forest activity was most intense in mid-summer, whilst the surface foraging area was greatest from late summer to early fall, peaking after the first autumnal rains. The findings of this study may help to enhance the efficacy of termite bait treatments in natural environments, since baits decay and lose effectiveness over time, and are also dispersed by the termites themselves. Accurate information on peak termite activity periods would enable products to be applied in most favorable timing, thus optimizing the results of treatment.

Biology of some ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) injurious to strawberries

1965 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Species Being

Work at East Malling, Kent, between 1952 and 1963 on the biology of Harpalus rufipes (Deg.) (Carabidae), the strawberry seed beetle, is described in detail, and briefer notes are given on the life-histories of H. aeneus (F.), Feronia melanaria (Ill.) and F. madida (F.), which are less abundant but may also damage strawberries. Soil samples for larvae were washed over suitable sieves, those for pupae and adults were carefully searched in the field. Soil sampling showed that adults of H. rufipes colonised strawberry fields only during the fruiting period, weedy arable land and grassy situations being preferred at other times. By soil sampling, it was found that larvae of H. rufipes hatched from eggs laid in weedy soil in late summer, and evidence from pitfall trapping showed that the first two instars were sometimes active on the soil surface from August to December, before penetrating to a depth of 6–18 in. to overwinter. Development was resumed in April, but the larvae remained and the pupae were subsequently found at the overwinter depth in the soil, the larvae presumably feeding on the seed of fat hen (Chenopodium album) lodged in worm burrows. Third-instar larvae occurred from April to July, and adults emerged soon after. In the laboratory, adults lived for a further two years, hibernating in winter, and becoming active and breeding each summer. Laboratory observations on oviposition periods, fecundity and feeding were also made. Larvae, which in the field were mostly found associated with plants of fat hen, fed on germinating seeds of several plants in the laboratory but growth was most rapid when they were reared on the germinating seed of fat hen.The life-cycles and habits of the three other species are briefly described and compared with those of H. rufipes, the seasonal occurrence of the different stages in the life-cycles of all species being shown in a table.

scholarly journals The impact of progressive cultivation technology on the productivity of coriander on chernozems of the Lower Volga region

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 00141
Author(s):  
Nataliia Nikolaichenko ◽  
Nikolai Strizhkov ◽  
Zakiulla Azizov ◽  
Marina Muraveva ◽  
Nataliia Suminova
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Planting Method ◽  
Deep Plowing ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
The Impact

The data of long-term research on increasing the yield and quality of coriander seeds by selecting the most productive varieties and improving the basic techniques of its cultivation technology are presented. It has been established that the most productive is the Akkord cultivar, which we have bred and released. Biochemical, biological and agrotechnical features of coriander have been studied. High laboratory germination of coriander seeds was revealed (90.1%), and field germination varied from 88.5 - 93.5% depending on the cultivation technology and weather conditions. Low growth rates of coriander were revealed at the beginning of germination and before the branching phase. By the budding and flowering phase, the formation of the leaf surface (46.2 thousand m2/ha) and the accumulation of aboveground green (26.2 t/ha) and dry (3.1 t/ha) biomass reach their peak levels. The maximum yield of coriander seeds was achieved by deep plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm for the Akkord variety - 1.41 t/ha versus 1.20 and 1.14 for the Alekseevskii 413 and Svetlyi cultivars. The greatest amount of essential oil was contained in all studied varieties in the browning phase of the central umbels and the smallest one in the period of filling and ripening of seeds. On average, over the years of research (2015-2018), the highest yield of coriander seeds (1.41 t/ha) was obtained with a skip-row (30 cm) planting and a seeding rate of 2.0 million viable seeds per hectare. With such a seeding rate and planting method, the maximum content of essential oil (1.20%) and fat (20.1%) is provided, which is 15.5-24.7% higher compared to both with a lower seeding rate (0,5 million germinating seeds per 1 ha) and higher one (2.5 million germinating seeds per 1 ha). The same pattern is observed for other sowing methods – line and wide-row planting.

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