Social Aspects of Scientific Knowledge

Philosophy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen E. Longino
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Internal Relations

Attention to the social dimensions of scientific knowledge is a relatively recent focus of philosophers of science. While some earlier philosophers made contributions to the topic that are still of relevance today, modern interest was stimulated by historians and sociologists of science such as Thomas Kuhn and the growing role played by the sciences in society and, by extension, in the lives of its citizens. There are two main vectors of interest: internal relations within scientific communities, and relations between science and society. This article covers literature in both categories. It starts with work that functions as historical backdrop to current work. As a subfield within philosophy of science, this area is too recent to have dedicated journals and has only a few anthologies. Nevertheless, there are resources in both categories. The remainder of the article lists work in specific subareas.

Social Organization of Science

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Carrier
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Social Epistemology ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
Science Section ◽  
The Social ◽  
Organization Of Science ◽  
Knowledge Claims

The social organization of science as a topic of philosophy of science mostly concerns the question of which kinds of social organization are most beneficial to the epistemic aspirations of science. Section 1 addresses the interaction among scientists for improving epistemic qualities of knowledge claims in contrast to the mere accumulation of contributions from several scientists. Section 2 deals with the principles that are supposed to organize this interaction among scientists such that well-tested and well-confirmed knowledge is produced. Section 3 outlines what is supposed to glue scientific communities together and how society at large is assumed to affect the social organization of these communities. Section 4 attends to social epistemology (i.e., to attempts to explore the influence of social roles and characteristics on the system of scientific knowledge and confirmation practices).

scholarly journals O que une a Terapia Ocupacional? Paradigmas e perspectivas ontológicas da ocupação humana / What holds together the Occupational Therapy? Paradigms and ontological perspectives of human occupation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-203
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Morrison Jara
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Current Paradigm ◽  
Social Paradigm

Este texto propõe uma reflexão sobre a organização do conhecimento na Terapia Ocupacional. Posicionando-se a partir da Filosofia da Ciência e, de forma particular, no modelo kuhniano de desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico, o autor busca analisar "o que une a Terapia Ocupacional", uma disciplina multidimensional que diversifica e amplia seus campos de ação constantemente. Para isso, uma pesquisa historiográfica é realizada por meio de uma análise documental de fontes primárias. Paradigmas, comunidades científicas e perspectivas ontológicas são considerados como eixos centrais para compreender como a Terapia Ocupacional avançou desde suas origens até o paradigma atual da profissão, o Paradigma Social da Ocupação. O artigo termina convidando à exploração de novas formas de diálogo entre campos que, aparentemente, estão distanciados dos elementos ontológicos fundamentais da profissão, propondo que este diálogo fortalecerá a unidade disciplinar e permitirá uma melhor compreensão da multidimensionalidade da Terapia Ocupacional. AbstractThis text proposes a reflection about the organization of knowledge in Occupational Therapy. Positioning itself in the Philosophy of Science, and particularly in the Kuhnian Model of development of scientific knowledge, the author seeks to analyze "what holds the Occupational Therapy together", a multidimensional discipline that diversifies and amplifies its fields of action constantly. Thus, a historiographical research is carried out through a documentary analysis of primary sources. Paradigms, scientific communities and ontological perspectives are considered as the central axes to understand how Occupational Therapy has advanced from its origins to the current paradigm of the profession, the Social Paradigm of the Occupation. The paper ends inviting the exploration of new forms of dialogue between fields that seem to be distanced from the foundational ontological elements of the profession, proposing that this dialogue will strengthen the disciplinary unit and allow a better understanding of the multidimensionality of Occupational Therapy.Keywords: Epistemology; History; Kuhnian model; Ontology; Paradigms; Occupational Therapy.

scholarly journals Illness narratives of substance users from urban India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini Singh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Drug Abuse Treatment ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Therapeutic Dialogue ◽  
The Social ◽  
Abuse Treatment

Reading Veena Das’s book 'Affliction: Health, Disease, Poverty' was a journey of revelations for me as a health professional. The various dialects of illness that are spoken in the rapidly urbanizing Indian community become coherent, lending a voice to the distinctive sociocultural distress of the men and women who form a part of it. A discussion of the social aspects of illness brings certain questions to mind: Does the medical community fully understand those it tries to help? Is the therapeutic dialogue about the social dimensions of medical problems or vice versa? How do we bridge the mental health gender gap in our societies? To try and find some answers, I present the illness stories of two women who sought treatment at drug abuse treatment clinics in the urban slums of New Delhi. This think piece describes substance use disorder in the context of the cultural processes that have shaped these women, their families, and society.

Critical Realism

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Dominik Giese ◽  
Jonathan Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
The Real ◽  
Critical Realist ◽  
Ontological Question ◽  
The World

This chapter evaluates critical realism, a term which refers to a philosophy of science connected to the broader approach of scientific realism. In contrast to other philosophies of science, such as positivism and post-positivism, critical realism presents an alternative view on the questions of what is ‘real’ and how one can generate scientific knowledge of the ‘real’. How one answers these questions has implications for how one studies science and society. The critical realist answer starts by prioritizing the ontological question over the epistemological one, by asking: What must the world be like for science to be possible? Critical realism holds the key ontological belief of scientific realism that there is a reality which exists independent of our knowledge and experience of it. Critical realists posit that reality is more complex, and made up of more than the directly observable. More specifically, critical realism understands reality as ‘stratified’ and composed of three ontological domains: the empirical, the actual, and the real. Here lies the basis for causation.

scholarly journals Philosophy of Scientific Malpractice

SATS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Misconduct ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Responsible Conduct Of Research ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Questionable Research Practices ◽  
Responsible Conduct

Abstract This paper presents current work in philosophy of science in practice that focusses on practices that are detrimental to the production of scientific knowledge. The paper argues that philosophy of scientific malpractice both provides an epistemological complement to research ethics in understanding scientific misconduct and questionable research practices, and provides a new approach to how training in responsible conduct of research can be implemented.

scholarly journals Social aspects of dementia and dementia practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1579-1581
Author(s):  
Irja Haapala ◽  
Simon Biggs ◽  
Susan Kurrle
Keyword(s):  
Social Engagement ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Public ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Informal Carers

Social aspects of dementia are becoming increasingly important as part of a wider shift in emphasis from cure to care. This is partly because approaches based on finding a cure have proved far more difficult and complex than originally imagined (WHO, 2016). New evidence on the effectiveness of public health measures, that while incidence is growing as the proportion of older people in society increases its prevalence amongst older adults is actually falling, has also lead to increased interest in social dimensions of prevention, lifestyle change, and practical intervention in community settings (Prince et al., 2016; Kivipelto et al., 2017). This, in turn, has led to a rediscovery of the role of supports to people living with dementia in their daily lives, the needs of informal carers, and professional activities that can maintain the social engagement of each party (Winblad et al., 2016). The expansion of practice around person-centered care, beyond traditional institutional settings, has also contributed to a socialized view of how interactions in dementia care are thought about (Bartlett et al., 2017), as has an increased awareness of the effects of the social construction of dementia in the public mind (Biggs, 2018). Most recently, people living with dementia, and particularly with respect to younger onset dementia, have begun to find a voice and to make connections to the wider disability movement (Dementia Alliance International, 2017). Each of these developments, in their different ways, have led to a re-emphasis on psycho-social elements of dementia, its experience, and how that might translate into clinical practice and service delivery.

Some Social Aspects of New England Colonial Mortuary Art

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Deetz ◽  
Edwin N. Dethlefsen
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Stylistic Evolution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Formal Controls ◽  
Mortuary Art

AbstractThe spatial, temporal, and formal controls available in Colonial gravestones permit the investigation of the various social dimensions of their occurrences. Those aspects which can be studied include status, community intermarriage, the social implications of stylistic evolution, and, in the case of the cemeteries, relative importance of community as opposed to familial control of interment practices. Such studies provide an understanding of some of the social factors reflected by measurable data of the type encountered in archaeological research. This paper documents specific responses in the evolution of marker styles to the Great Awakening's effect at Boston.

scholarly journals Construcción disciplinar del conocimiento científico -Disciplinary construction of scientific knowledge

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (22) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Edgar Serna-Montoya
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Construction Of Knowledge ◽  
The Social

En este artículo se presenta un análisis a la construcción disciplinar del conocimiento desde una perspectiva de la multidimensionalidad y la complejidad. Se hace un estudio de las dimensiones sociales que abarcan los efectos de la investigación científica sobre la vida humana y las relaciones sociales y culturales. En el desarrollo se cubren los aspectos socio-culturales de confianza, verdad y disciplinariedad, y del orden y la racionalidad del conocimiento científico, desde la perspectiva de una ciencia democrática y socio-responsable.ABSTRACTThis article presents an analysis of the disciplinary construction of knowledge from a perspective of multidimensionality and complexity. A study is made of the social dimensions that encompass the effects of scientific research on human life and social and cultural relations. The socio-cultural aspects of trust, truth and disciplinarity, and the order and rationality of scientific knowledge are covered in the development, from the perspective of a democratic and socio-responsible science.

scholarly journals Visual Representations of Science in a Pandemic: COVID-19 in Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Delicado ◽  
Jussara Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Responsible Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Communication Differences ◽  
Medical Side

This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the social dimensions of the 2020 pandemic, with a particular emphasis on the visual practices of science communication in times of health emergency, by analyzing how the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is being visually represented. It seeks to identify the format and content of images used to illustrate online information about the pandemic, in particular, from websites of policy institutions, research promoters, and media in Portugal and Spain. By examining a sample containing 600 images, it aims to identify the messages being conveyed and the effects these images intend to provoke and to illuminate the differences in representations among the three sources of communication. Differences and similarities with visual images of previous pandemics (influenza, AIDS) are examined. This article ascertains that policy websites aim to be mostly prescriptive, relying on infographics to convey prevention and care instructions to its audiences. On the other hand, science websites rely mostly on stock photos and images from scientific articles to illustrate current research, while newspaper websites are the most diversified in terms of the images they use and the topics they cover. This study concludes that representations of science are still very much based on stereotypical imagery of labs and white coats, that representations of the medical side of the pandemic are focused on images of intensive care that aim to generate fear and stimulate responsible behavior, and that the social aspects of the pandemic are illustrated by images that focus either on pandemic prevention (e.g., washing hands) or on the impacts of the pandemic itself (e.g., empty streets during lockdown).

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