Welfare, Race, and the American Imagination

Sociology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Maya Mazelis ◽  
Stephen Pimpare
Keyword(s):  
Welfare Reform ◽  
Welfare Recipients ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
The 1960S

This entry includes a variety of sources on American beliefs about welfare and race. There is a much larger literature on poverty and race not included here, including the important topics of residential segregation, employment inequality, mass incarceration, and housing discrimination. Welfare here is defined narrowly, mostly to include Mothers’ Pensions/Aid to Families with Dependent Children that welfare reform changed to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Perceptions of Blackness in particular shape welfare policy and opinion, so the focus on racism herein is on anti-Black racism, essential to making sense of the development of US social welfare policies and programs and how they function. Ideas of work, of the “proper” roles for women, and of opportunity all shape opinion and policy. Notions of the “Welfare Queen” still dominate American thinking. The first section focuses on the history of poverty and welfare and the second specifically focuses on the role of racism in welfare. The third section focuses on the use of the term ‘underclass’ and its racist undertones. In the fourth section the sources are the main texts by key authors who assert negative consequences for society of having welfare and who advocate reducing or eliminating benefits. These first four sections focus on welfare’s early days, including the earliest relevant history of the colonial period and the Revolutionary War but through the New Deal of the 1930s and the War on Poverty of the 1960s. In the fifth section the sources detail issues of public opinion and discourse regarding race, welfare, and the “American Dream.” The sixth section examines the Perspectives and Discourse among Poor People and Welfare Recipients, while the seventh section includes sources on the Experiences of Welfare Recipients before welfare reform. The eighth section is the first section in the article to engage with the topic of the 1996 welfare reform, the law which overhauled welfare and spelled its demise as an entitlement, transforming welfare for the decades that have followed. The ninth section focuses on Welfare Rights Activism, both before and after welfare reform. The tenth section’s sources examine the causes and consequences of welfare reform. Finally, the eleventh section contains sources that present information about the experiences of poor people in the years after welfare reform.

The Challenges in Dealing with Organized Crime and its Consequences in Modern Societies in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia – the Balkan Peninsula

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Bashkim Selmani ◽  
Bekim Maksuti
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Further Development

The profound changes within the Albanian society, including Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia, before and after they proclaimed independence (in exception of Albania), with the establishment of the parliamentary system resulted in mass spread social negative consequences such as crime, drugs, prostitution, child beggars on the street etc. As a result of these occurred circumstances emerged a substantial need for changes within the legal system in order to meet and achieve the European standards or behaviors and the need for adoption of many laws imported from abroad, but without actually reading the factual situation of the psycho-economic position of the citizens and the consequences of the peoples’ occupations without proper compensation, as a remedy for the victims of war or peace in these countries. The sad truth is that the perpetrators not only weren’t sanctioned, but these regions remained an untouched haven for further development of criminal activities, be it from the public state officials through property privatization or in the private field. The organized crime groups, almost in all cases, are perceived by the human mind as “Mafia” and it is a fact that this cannot be denied easily. The widely spread term “Mafia” is mostly known around the world to define criminal organizations.The Balkan Peninsula is highly involved in these illegal groups of organized crime whose practice of criminal activities is largely extended through the Balkan countries such as Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, etc. Many factors contributed to these strategic countries to be part of these types of activities. In general, some of the countries have been affected more specifically, but in all of the abovementioned countries organized crime has affected all areas of life, leaving a black mark in the history of these states.

The Ku Klux Klan and the War on Poverty

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-98
Author(s):  
Emma J. Folwell
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
White Men ◽  
Ku Klux Klan ◽  
War On Poverty ◽  
White Supremacist ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Antipoverty Programs

Chapter three traces the history of the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi from Reconstruction to the 1960s, before exploring the wave of white supremacist violence that exploded across the state of Mississippi in 1967. This renewed wave of Ku Klux Klan attacks was directed at the state’s antipoverty programs, and in particular at white men and women involved in those programs. The chapter traces the rhetoric used in Klan literature in opposing the war on poverty, which claimed the programs were part of a move toward federal dictatorship. The language fused the core myths and fears on which white segregationists drew—miscegenation, the spread of venereal disease, interracial sex, the threat of black power, and liberal welfare policies that benefitted African Americans. It also illustrates how gender shaped both the Klan violence and its ideology, as attacks on white women teaching in Head Start classes intensified.

scholarly journals “Un orgullo de Cuba en los cielos del mundo”. Cubana de aviación from Miami to Bagdad (1946–79)

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-81
Author(s):  
Etienne Morales
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
East Berlin ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
American Flag

This article focuses on the transformation of the carrier Cubana de aviación before and after the 1959 Cuban revolution. By observing Cubana's management, labour force, equipment, international passenger and freight traffic, this article aims to outline an international history of this Latin American flag carrier. The touristic air relationships between the American continent and Spain that could be observed in the 1950s were substituted – in the 1960s and 1970s – by a web of political “líneas de la amistad” [Friendship Flights] with Prague, Santiago de Chile, East Berlin, Lima, Luanda, Managua, Tripoli and Bagdad. This three-decade period allows us to interrogate breaks and continuities in the Cuban airline travel sector and to challenge the traditional interpretations of Cuban history. This work is based on diplomatic and corporative archives from Cuba, United States, Canada, Mexico, Spain and France and the aeronautical international press.

International Social Welfare: Overview

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Midgley
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
Scholarly Inquiry ◽  
International Social ◽  
Academic Study

The term “international social welfare” is used to refer both to social welfare policies and programs around the world and to the academic study of international social welfare activities. The entry focuses on the latter meaning and provides an overview of the history of scholarly inquiry into international social welfare, the key topics that have been identified and discussed by international social welfare scholars, and the likely future development of the field.

scholarly journals Paternalism and the Public Household

2021 ◽  
pp. 179-211
Author(s):  
Maxime Desmarais-Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Economic Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The Public ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Public Economy

The ancient Greek conception of oikonomia is often dismissed as irrelevant for making sense of the contemporary economic world. In this paper, I emphasize a thread that runs through the history of economic thought connecting the oikos to modern public economics. By conceptualizing the public economy as a public household, Richard A. Musgrave (1910–2007) set foot in a long tradition of analogy between the practically oriented household and the state. Despite continuous references to the domestic model by major economists throughout the centuries, the analogy has clashed with liberal values associated with the public sphere since the eighteenth century. Musgrave’s conceptualization of public expenditures represents one episode of this continuing tension. His defense of merit goods, in particular, was rejected by many American economists in the 1960s because it was perceived as a paternalistic intervention by the state. I suggest that the accusation of paternalism should not come as a surprise once the “domestic” elements in Musgrave’s conceptualization of the public sector are highlighted. I develop three points of the analogy in Musgrave’s public household which echo recurring patterns of thought about the state.

scholarly journals First They Came for the Poor: Surveillance of Welfare Recipients as an Uncontested Practice

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Maréchal
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Welfare Recipients ◽  
The Political ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poverty Relief ◽  
History Of ◽  
Government Surveillance

There have been moments in American history when government surveillance of everyday citizens has aroused public concerns, most recently Edward Snowden’s 2013 revelations concerning widespread, warrantless surveillance of Americans and foreigners alike. What does not arouse public concern are longstanding governmental practices that involve surveillance of poor people who receive certain types of public benefits. This article traces the political history of U.S. poverty-relief programs, considers the perspective of welfare beneficiaries themselves, analyzes American cultural beliefs about the poor in order to offer some thoughts on why those surveillance practices garner little public concern, and argues that those who are concerned about warrantless surveillance of ordinary citizens should do more to protect ordinary poor citizens from surveillance.

Local and National Elites in the German Empire: The Case of the Württemberg Varnbülers

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-55
Author(s):  
Irmline Veit-Brause
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
German Empire ◽  
National Integration ◽  
Critical History ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sociocultural Diversity ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Work Done

The formation of a national elite in Germany during the period before and after political unification, 1871, is still a largely unexplored topic in German social history. The Prussocentric perspective in German historiography, which is still prevailing in much of the work done by the so-called critical history of the 1960s and 1970s, has tended to give scant consideration to the sociocultural diversity underlying and enshrined in the federal structure of the Empire. The process of national consolidation of Imperial society could profitably be studied along the center-periphery continuum of national integration. It would be interesting, in particular, to subject to closer scrutiny the notion of “preindustrial elites,” which held on to the reigns of power in Prussia-Germany at a time of such rapid social and economic change.

scholarly journals Implementation conditions of the soviet historical research on issues of the civil war history in Russia (1918-1922) in the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-126
Author(s):  
Georgy Mikhailovich Ippolitov ◽  
Valery Yakovlevich Efremov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
Cult Of Personality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S

The Khrushchev thaw is a unique period in the history of the Soviet State. It was the Decade in which attempts have been made to at least to localize the negative impact created by the Stalinist political system functioned in the country (the so-called Stalins cult of personality). Soviet power structures and the ruling Communist Party in the country tried to clean all areas of Soviet society life including the spiritual one from its negative consequences. It also influenced the Soviet historical science. It attempts to perform historical, historiographical and source research on the principles of genuine objectivity and Historicism (though such attempts, eventually in the form of embryonic tendencies that gradually eliminated). In such a situation in historiography the study of history of the Russian civil war (November 1917-1922) was one of the priorities. The article summarises the main conditions developed in the study of the Civil War in Russia during the Khrushchev Thaw (the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s.). Some of the authors ideas are debatable.

A note on John Hawkins (1761–1841) and the Hawkins archive

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
R. J. CLEEVELY
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

A note dealing with the history of the Hawkins Papers, including the material relating to John Hawkins (1761–1841) presented to the West Sussex Record Office in the 1960s, recently transferred to the Cornwall County Record Office, Truro, in order to be consolidated with the major part of the Hawkins archive held there. Reference lists to the correspondence of Sibthorp-Hawkins, Hawkins-Sibthorp, and Hawkins to his mother mentioned in The Flora Graeca story (Lack, 1999) are provided.

A history of botanical collections in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
P.S.M. PHIRI ◽  
D.M. MOORE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

Central Africa remained botanically unknown to the outside world up to the end of the eighteenth century. This paper provides a historical account of plant explorations in the Luangwa Valley. The first plant specimens were collected in 1897 and the last serious botanical explorations were made in 1993. During this period there have been 58 plant collectors in the Luangwa Valley with peak activity recorded in the 1960s. In 1989 1,348 species of vascular plants were described in the Luangwa Valley. More botanical collecting is needed with a view to finding new plant taxa, and also to provide a satisfactory basis for applied disciplines such as ecology, phytogeography, conservation and environmental impact assessment.

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