Analysis of state of public financing of environmental protection

The main task of this study consists in evaluating the state of funding for environmental protection measures and substantiating the ability of the state and local communities to increase investments in environmental protection. To this end, the following was studied from 2010 through 2020: 1) mechanisms of filling and using funds of the Environmental Protection Fund of state and local budgets; 2) proportions of distribution of environmental revenues and expenditures between levels of the budget system. The analysis results showed that opportunities of the public economy sector in terms of environmental investment are reduced because of imperfect distributing mechanisms: ‒ the budgetary expenditures for environmental protection measures; ‒ the environmental tax revenues to the budget funds. It was established that a significant part (about 70 %) of the "environmental" funds of the public economy sector is directed to non-priority goals and measures. Less than half of the amount of environmental tax revenues is allocated for financing environmental activities. This does little to address pressing environmental issues and hinders the sustainable development of the country. There was a significant discrepancy between the tax burden on "polluters" of water bodies (3 % of the total amount of environmental tax) and the levels of their polluting activities (30‒40 % of all costs of the national economy to eliminate the effects of pollution). In order to increase public investments in the reproduction of the environmental and natural resource potential: 1) ways to improve the mechanism of using the Fund of Environmental Protection were proposed; 2) reserves for increasing capital environmental investments from the budget have been identified.

Kuntien lakisääteiset velvoitteet ja niiden laiminlyönnit tilintarkastuskertomusten perusteella

his article studies misconducts and neglects detected by auditors in Finnish municipalities in years 2017-2019. This article uses auditor’s reports to evaluate how common these misconducts and neglects are in Finland. The study is conducted by collecting all auditor’s reports in municipalities in mainland Finland from years 2017–2019 and analysing whether the auditor’s reports are unmodified or modified and if they were modified, why they were modified. This study concludes that 20 % of Finnish municipalities neglect their public economy or administration duties every year. These neglects are most common when requirements are related to the principal-agent problem in cases where the municipality should monitor their employees or electeds. These neglects and misconducts are, however, not quite severe. Severe cases were extremely rare in the reports.

The Social and Economic Impacts of E-hailing Application in Malaysia: A Review

E-hailing is a service that allows users to book a journey online and provides a platform for users to interact with E-hailing companies. E-hailing service in Malaysia was launched in January 2018. Growing population and rising migration from rural to urban areas have put a strain on quality of life for Malaysia's population. The service is available in Malaysia. It has so far had success. E-hailing services have become more popular than traditional taxis for a variety of reasons. Customers are likely to seek out these providers' services as long as they pay close attention to their needs, solicit feedback often, and improve the quality of the services they give. Mobile applications developed by e-hailing businesses have had a significant influence on the taxi industry and public transportation in the last few years. Experts examined the impact of e-Hailing services on consumers, drivers and the public economy. Economics service created a lot of work prospects for drivers. Taxi industry struggling to keep up with E-Hailing system which put it under threat, as it cuts in taxi industry's profits. All e-hailing drivers must now obtain Public Service Vehicle (PSV) permits, but they complained that the regulations were too strict. Many of these driver-partners used E-hailing as a method to earn supplemental money in addition to driving. In the next several years, the way people move around in cities is anticipated to alter drastically. The conventional marketplace is being replaced by the online transaction as a method of conducting business. E-hailing in Malaysia today, as an alternative to private and public transportation, may be summed up by pointing out its increasing use.

Water footprint

Uneven water distribution in the world is the main reason today that some countries face problems due to water scarcity. Human activities consume and pollute large amounts of water. Globally, agriculture is the largest water user by volume. However, the water used by industrial and household sectors is still significant. Water consumption and pollution are caused by specific activities such as irrigation, bathing, washing, cleaning, cooling and by various other processes. Little attention has been paid to how much water use and pollution ultimately result from such activities, and how much water is consumed by communities, compared to the attention paid to the structure of the public economy that supplies consumer goods and services. Overall, to mitigate water scarcity problems, there are several approaches that can be made, such as inter-basin water transfer, increasing efficiency of water consumption and also using new concepts such as virtual water and the water footprint. The footprint of a product is the amount of fresh water used to produce it, measured across the complete supply chain. Water footprint is a multidimensional indicator that shows the amount of water consumed by the source as well as the amount and types of contamination.

Strategi Komunikasi Al-Ittihadiyah Sumatera Utara dalam Mengembangkan Dakwah di Sumatera Utara

This study aims to identify, analyze and describe Al-Ittihadiyah's communication strategy in developing the Da'wah Program in North Sumatra. In this research, there are Al-Ittihadiyah communication strategies, da'wah programs and the obstacles and successes that have been carried out by Al-Ittihadiyah North Sumatra. This study uses a qualitative method with the type of field research that describes the results of research objectively to the conditions and characteristics encountered in the field. Data collection techniques in this study using observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis of this research used data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The validity of the data collected is checked. The results of this study are the communication strategies carried out by Al-Ittihadiyah North Sumatra in developing a da'wah program using 5 communication strategies, namely; wisdom communication strategy, communication strategy mau'izhatul hasanah, communication strategy by mahabbah, top-down communication, bottom-up communication. North Sumatra Al-Ittihadiyah da'wah programs aimed at the benefit of the community consist of 4 parts, namely programs in the field of da'wah, programs in education, programs in the social sector and programs in the field of public economy, each of which has many activities. Obstacles that occur when developing a da'wah program are divided into two parts, namely internal and external, internal factors, namely lack of funding and lack of communication and time sharing because the board of Al-Ittihadiyah each has a job, and external factors, namely the conditions of the community faced and the lack of people who know about this organization even though this organization is an original organization founded in North Sumatra. The success of the da'wah program achieved by Al-Ittihadiyah North Sumatra is also very satisfying, seen from the large number of people in minority areas who have converted to Islam and are still being nurtured until now, many people are aware of this organization, ongoing training, schools that are continuously being built and already has its own university and other Islamic development center developments.

Modelling the trends of the healthcare funding in the EU countries

Healthcare is one of the most important sectors of the public economy in the EU countries. An important task in the analysis and prediction of the values for healthcare funding is the development and application of quantitative models based on different mathematical methods. Three of the most popular indicators used for the macroeconomic description of the funding of healthcare are: (1) total government expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP; (2) total government expenditure on health as a percentage of total general government expenditure; and (3) total government expenditure on health per capita. The aim of this research is to study the trends for the main indicators of healthcare funding on the macroeconomic level and to develop models based on time series methods for analysis of the features of the trends and the prediction of the values for the next time period.

Public housing, intersectoral competition, and urban ground rent: Iran’s first public housing program that never was

This paper investigates the structural political economic drivers of the housing market in urban Iran and the ways in which social and economic dynamics of the housing sector are rooted in peculiarities of Iranian capitalism, characterized by a relatively small public economy, low productivity of capital, and an underdeveloped financial system. The paper examines these processes and mechanisms in the light of the illustrative case of the country’s first and largest state-led housing program, the Mehr Housing Program (MHP). The paper argues that the program’s failure is due primarily to the state’s market-oriented approach toward housing. The MHP’s units were sold at their market prices, and the state subsidized the land to the developers with low rent, facilitating investments. Utilizing an intersectoral and multi-scalar analytical framework, we further argue that what drives the investment is absolute ground rent present in the housing sector due to its labor-intensive character. The high level of rent is due to persistently low profitability in the manufacturing sector and, subsequently, excess profits in construction and housing. Thus, rent-seeking investors tend to invest in housing. These peculiarities of the Iranian economy determined the trajectory and the failure of the MHP as a public housing initiative.