Cello

Music ◽  
2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Classical Tradition ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
String Quartets ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Musical Traditions ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Solo Instrument

An instrument with remarkable stylistic range and timbral affordances, the violoncello (referred to in this Bibliography by its common English and German abbreviation, “cello”) is a bowed lute that is fretless, has four strings usually tuned in fifths (C-G-d-a), and is played between the legs. As the lowest member of the violin family, the cello serves a bass function in many standard ensembles, including string quartets and piano trios. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the instrument was a cornerstone of many continuo sections, and treatises attest that accompanimental playing was a foundational skill for any aspiring cellist. In 19th- and 20th-century orchestral writing, it filled a variety of roles, switching between bass and middle lines, punctuated by moments of melodic prominence. The cello is also prized as a solo instrument, due in part to its middle and upper registers, which are celebrated for their sweet tone and emotional immediacy. Attempts to establish the origins of the cello are complicated by the highly regional terminology used to describe a number of similar bass bowed lutes that proliferated throughout the late 16th and 17th centuries. The first use of the term “violoncello” was by Giulio Cesare Arresti in a publication from 1665, and by the beginning of the 18th century, the term was in frequent use. By the mid-18th century, the cello had become the dominant instrument of its kind and range throughout most of Europe. It found earliest success in Italian- and German-speaking lands, but was slower to infiltrate France, where there was competition from the basse de viole through the 18th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the cello was frequently employed as a solo instrument in concerti and sonatas, while still functioning as a bass instrument in chamber and orchestral ensembles. Research on its function outside the Western classical tradition is quite scarce and deserves further development; however, the cello has found a growing place in many styles, including jazz, popular, and non-Western musical traditions.

scholarly journals History of education in Switzerland – historic development and current challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 223-237
Author(s):  
Michèle Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historic Development ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Role And Function

As in other countries, history of education in Switzerland is faced with a number of challenges (e.g. job cuts, questioning of the discipline’s role and function). This paper argues that the disci-pline’s current situation can only be adequately understood in light of its eventful history. In a first step this paper therefore deals with the historic development of the history of education in Switzerland. Particular focus is placed on the establishment of the history of education as a part of pedagogy at the institutions of teacher education during the first half of the 19th century and the discipline’s further development over the course of the late 19th and 20th century. In a se-cond step, this paper discusses the consequences for the discipline’s present and future that arise from its specific, historically evolved situation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15572/ENCO2014.12

scholarly journals Paganate kookidest seakõrvadeni. Transkultuuriline rännak ühe toidu jälgedes läbi sajandite ja kokaraamatute

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Inna Põltsam-Jürjo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Food History ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

From “heathens’ cakes” to “pig’s ears”: tracing a food’s journey across cultures, centuries and cookbooks It is intriguing from the perspective of food history to find in 19th and 20th century Estonian recipe collections the same foods – that is, foods sharing the same names – found back in European cookbooks of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that they have survived this long, and invites a closer study of the phenomenon. For example, 16th century sources contain a record about the frying of heathen cakes, a kind of fritter, in Estonia. A dish by the same name is also found in 18th and 19th century recipe collections. It is a noteworthy phenomenon for a dish to have such a long history in Estonian cuisine, spanning centuries in recipe collections, and merits a closer look. Medieval European cookbooks listed two completely different foods under the name of heathen cakes and both were influenced from foods from the east. It is likely that the cakes made it to Tallinn and finer Estonian cuisine through Hanseatic merchants. It is not ultimately clear whether a single heathen cake recipe became domesticated in these parts already in the Middle Ages. In any case, heathen cakes would remain in Estonian cuisine for several centuries. As late as the early 19th century, the name in the local Baltic German cuisine referred to a delicacy made of egg-based batter fried in oil. Starting from the 18th century, the history of these fritters in Estonian cuisine can be traced through cookbooks. Old recipe collections document the changes and development in the tradition of making these cakes. The traditions of preparing these cakes were not passed on only in time, but circulated within society, crossing social and class lines. Earlier known from the elites’ culture, the dish reached the tables of ordinary people in the late 19th and early 20th century. In Estonian conditions, it meant the dish also crossed ethnic lines – from the German elite to the Estonian common folk’s menus. In the course of adaptation process, which was dictated and guided by cookbooks and cooking courses, the name of the dish changed several times (heydenssche koken, klenätid, Räderkuchen, rattakokid, seakõrvad), and changes also took place in the flavour nuances (a transition from spicier, more robust favours to milder ones) and even the appearance of the cakes. The story of the heathen cakes or pig’s ears in Estonian cuisine demonstrates how long and tortuous an originally elite dish can be as it makes its way to the tables of the common folk. The domestication and adaptation of such international recipes in the historical Estonian cuisine demonstrates the transregional cultural exchange, as well as culinary mobility and communication.

5. The shaping of modern Sikhism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Nesbitt
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Current Form ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Key Features ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Impact

Contemporary Sikhism was formed by the views of a group of influential intellectuals and political activists. The intellectuals were the 18th-century Tat (pure) Khalsa, and they presented the Sikh teachings and practices of their own and previous generations as sharply differentiated from Hinduism. ‘The shaping of modern Sikhism’ tells the story of the Tat Khalsa in the context of 19th- and 20th-century Punjab, a period remembered for competing Sikh reformist movements and a time when key features of Sikhism took their current form, such as the Golden Temple and a distinctive Sikh marriage rite. The impact of British rule, the Akali movement, and 1947 Partition are also described.

scholarly journals Yiddish

Linguistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Beider
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
System Level ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Linguistic Basis

According to its main system-level characteristics, Yiddish belongs to the High German branch of West Germanic languages. During its development, it underwent an important influence of Hebrew. In modern times, we can distinguish three main varieties of Yiddish: (1) Western Yiddish in western German-speaking territories; (2) Yiddish spoken until the 20th century in Central Europe (Czech and East German lands), and (3) Eastern Yiddish in eastern Europe. From the point of view of Germanistics, it is appropriate to consider that the inception of Yiddish varieties corresponds to the Early New High German period (1350–1650). It was during that period that the Jewish vernacular idiom started to have system-level differences in comparison to the dialects spoken by German Christians, namely, in phonology and grammar. Before that period, differences surely existed in such domains, surface level for any language, as orthography and lexicon. The German dialects from southern Germany represent the linguistic basis for Western Yiddish. The medieval Bohemian dialect of German represents the linguistic basis for Yiddish spoken in Central Europe and eastern Europe. Due to permanent contacts with the Slavic Christian population, Eastern Yiddish underwent numerous changes in all of its systems due to the strong influence of Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian. It eventually branched into three subdialects: Lithuanian Yiddish, Polish Yiddish, and Ukrainian Yiddish. In modern times, in numerous countries the decline of the use of Yiddish as a living language was related to the assimilation of local Jews to the culture of the Gentile majority. At the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century it was the case in various German-speaking provinces of Central Europe and western Europe where local Jews abandoned Yiddish in favor to German. Similar shifts to the dominant non-Jewish languages took place during the 20th century in various western European countries. In the USSR, during the 1920s and the 1930s the shift to Russian was already well advanced. For those who survived the Holocaust, the assimilation accelerated during the following decades. In Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, and Romania, Yiddish-speaking communities were decimated by the Holocaust. In North America, most immigrant families shifted to English within a generation or two. Yet, because of a permanent influx of masses of native speakers between the 1880s and the 1920s, Yiddish was actively used until the mid-20th century even in certain secular Jewish groups. However, during the second half of the 20th century its decline was accelerated outside of certain Haredi groups.

Längengradbestimmung und Simultanität in Philosophie, Physik und Imperien

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benrhard Siegert
Keyword(s):  
Martin Heidegger ◽  
British Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Wird Eine ◽  
Historical Ontology ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
Scientific Challenge ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

"Die Einführung von Längengraden auf den Weltmeeren wurde vom 16. bis ins 18. Jahrhundert als die größte wissenschaftliche Herausforderung angesehen. Der Beitrag skizziert ihren Einfluss auf die Erschaffung des Britischen Imperiums, die Physik, und die frühe Philosophie Martin Heideggers. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Geschichte wird eine historische Ontologie der Uhr entwickelt. Während die Uhr im Mittelalter eine Maschine war, wurde sie in der frühen Moderne zum Instrument und im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert zum Medium. Als Medium des Daseins ist die Uhr nicht nur ein ontisches Zeitmessgerät, sondern auch ein ontologisches Ding, das dem Dasein sein eigenes technisches Wesen zugänglich macht. </br></br> From the 16th to the 18th century, the introduction of longitude on the high seas was considered the greatest scientific challenge. The paper outlines their impact on the creation of the British Empire, physics, and the early philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Against the background of this story, a historical ontology of the clock is developed. While the clock was a machine in the Middle Ages, it became an instrument in early modernity and a medium in the 19th and 20th century. As a medium of existence, the clock is not only an ontic device to measure the time, but also an ontological thing that provides access to the technical nature of existence. "

Survey of Scottish art libraries. Part 2

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Art Collections ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Representative Selection ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The University ◽  
General Collection

William Hunter’s bequest of 1783 forms the nucleus of the University of Glasgow’s Art Collections. It included a Rembrandt, a Koninck, three Chardins and three Stubbs. Hunter’s gift was unmatched in importance until this century which brought the gifts and bequest of 1935,1954 and 1958 respectively by Miss Rosalind Birnie Philip of the large part of James McNeill Whistler’s estate consisting of 80 oils, 100 pastels, c. 150 drawings and watercolours, 500 etchings and 140 lithographs, and the Davidson family gift and bequest of 1945 of work by Charles Rennie Mackintosh which included over 500 designs and watercolours and about 70 pieces of furniture. The general collection of c. 800 oils and 850 drawings and watercolours includes good holdings of 17th century Dutch and Flemish work, 18th century British portraits and 19th and 20th century French and Scottish painting. The print collection of over 15,000 items provides a representative selection from the late 15th century to the present day.

scholarly journals Tagebücher und Memoiren deutschsprachiger Immigranten in Brasilien. Zum Selbstbild und zur Wahrnehmung des Anderen

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (41) ◽  
pp. 74-94
Author(s):  
Izabela Drozdowska Broering
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Target Group ◽  
The Self ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Self Image ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
And Function

After the abolition of slavery in 1888, the Brazilian economy turned towards cheap workforce, which attracted many Middle European settlers, among them German-speaking settlers and refugees seeking better life conditions. This article verifies the perception of “others” and the self-image (including resignifications of self and acculturation) in some mostly unedited diaries and memoirs of German-speaking immigrants in Brazil in 19th and 20th century. Among other topics, the target group and function of each memoir, its construction, and the omitted and disparate representations of topics and events are analyzed.

scholarly journals Tagebücher und Memoiren deutschsprachiger Immigranten in Brasilien. Zum Selbstbild und zur Wahrnehmung des Anderen

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (41) ◽  
pp. 74-94
Author(s):  
Izabela Drozdowska Broering
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Target Group ◽  
The Self ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Self Image ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
And Function

After the abolition of slavery in 1888, the Brazilian economy turned towards cheap workforce, which attracted many Middle European settlers, among them German-speaking settlers and refugees seeking better life conditions. This article verifies the perception of “others” and the self-image (including resignifications of self and acculturation) in some mostly unedited diaries and memoirs of German-speaking immigrants in Brazil in 19th and 20th century. Among other topics, the target group and function of each memoir, its construction, and the omitted and disparate representations of topics and events are analyzed.

Edmund Boleslaw Fryde 1923–1999

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Huws
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
French History ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Finance Committee ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Lecture Theatre ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

Edmund Fryde liked to dwell on the quirks of fate. It was a game. He liked to explain how by some round-about chain of causation you, his friend, came to be where you were because of some long-past chance action on his part. That Edmund himself, the gifted Jewish boy of cosmopolitan upbringing from Warsaw, should have spent over fifty years of his life in Aberystwyth, resigned to having been stranded there and, in his later years, increasingly content with his fate, was not to be predicted. For much of his time at Aberystwyth he was active in the affairs of the College, as a member of the Senate, on the Finance Committee, the Library Committee, acting as secretary of the Staff House. Edmund was also an inspirational teacher. In the lecture theatre, as in conversation, he had a remarkable ability to bring characters to life. His lectures on subjects outside his specialities, subjects upon which he never wrote, were as gripping as any. Apart from art, these included 18th-century French history — Edmund was in essence a child of the Enlightenment — and 19th- and 20th-century Russian history.

The Mosasaur collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris

2012 ◽  
Vol 183 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Bardet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
The United States ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The Third ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

AbstractTaking advantage of the venue in Paris of the Third Mosasaur Meeting (May 2010), the mosasaur collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) have been entirely checked and revised. The French holotypes have all been restored and most specimens kept at the MNHN have been placed in the Paleontology Gallery as part as a small exhibition organized especially for the meeting. The MNHN mosasaur collections include specimens from the 18th, 19th and 20th century from France, The Netherlands, Belgium, the United States of America, Morocco, Syria, Jordan, Egypt and Niger. Most of the mosasaur specimens discovered in France – including most holotypes – are kept in Paris. Besides the French types, the MNHN collections include several important historical specimens from abroad, the most famous being undoubtedly the Cuvier’s ‘Grand Animal Fossile des Carrières de Maestricht’, type specimen of Mosasaurus hoffmanniMantell, 1829, recognized as the first mosasaur to be named. This work aims to briefly present most of these specimens, with special focus on those found in France. The MNHN mosasaurid collections as a whole reflects the development of palaeontological researches in this Institution, from its foundation at the end of the 18th century up to the present time.

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