Edmund Boleslaw Fryde 1923–1999

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Huws
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
French History ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Finance Committee ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Lecture Theatre ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

Edmund Fryde liked to dwell on the quirks of fate. It was a game. He liked to explain how by some round-about chain of causation you, his friend, came to be where you were because of some long-past chance action on his part. That Edmund himself, the gifted Jewish boy of cosmopolitan upbringing from Warsaw, should have spent over fifty years of his life in Aberystwyth, resigned to having been stranded there and, in his later years, increasingly content with his fate, was not to be predicted. For much of his time at Aberystwyth he was active in the affairs of the College, as a member of the Senate, on the Finance Committee, the Library Committee, acting as secretary of the Staff House. Edmund was also an inspirational teacher. In the lecture theatre, as in conversation, he had a remarkable ability to bring characters to life. His lectures on subjects outside his specialities, subjects upon which he never wrote, were as gripping as any. Apart from art, these included 18th-century French history — Edmund was in essence a child of the Enlightenment — and 19th- and 20th-century Russian history.

scholarly journals Paganate kookidest seakõrvadeni. Transkultuuriline rännak ühe toidu jälgedes läbi sajandite ja kokaraamatute

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Inna Põltsam-Jürjo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Food History ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

From “heathens’ cakes” to “pig’s ears”: tracing a food’s journey across cultures, centuries and cookbooks It is intriguing from the perspective of food history to find in 19th and 20th century Estonian recipe collections the same foods – that is, foods sharing the same names – found back in European cookbooks of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that they have survived this long, and invites a closer study of the phenomenon. For example, 16th century sources contain a record about the frying of heathen cakes, a kind of fritter, in Estonia. A dish by the same name is also found in 18th and 19th century recipe collections. It is a noteworthy phenomenon for a dish to have such a long history in Estonian cuisine, spanning centuries in recipe collections, and merits a closer look. Medieval European cookbooks listed two completely different foods under the name of heathen cakes and both were influenced from foods from the east. It is likely that the cakes made it to Tallinn and finer Estonian cuisine through Hanseatic merchants. It is not ultimately clear whether a single heathen cake recipe became domesticated in these parts already in the Middle Ages. In any case, heathen cakes would remain in Estonian cuisine for several centuries. As late as the early 19th century, the name in the local Baltic German cuisine referred to a delicacy made of egg-based batter fried in oil. Starting from the 18th century, the history of these fritters in Estonian cuisine can be traced through cookbooks. Old recipe collections document the changes and development in the tradition of making these cakes. The traditions of preparing these cakes were not passed on only in time, but circulated within society, crossing social and class lines. Earlier known from the elites’ culture, the dish reached the tables of ordinary people in the late 19th and early 20th century. In Estonian conditions, it meant the dish also crossed ethnic lines – from the German elite to the Estonian common folk’s menus. In the course of adaptation process, which was dictated and guided by cookbooks and cooking courses, the name of the dish changed several times (heydenssche koken, klenätid, Räderkuchen, rattakokid, seakõrvad), and changes also took place in the flavour nuances (a transition from spicier, more robust favours to milder ones) and even the appearance of the cakes. The story of the heathen cakes or pig’s ears in Estonian cuisine demonstrates how long and tortuous an originally elite dish can be as it makes its way to the tables of the common folk. The domestication and adaptation of such international recipes in the historical Estonian cuisine demonstrates the transregional cultural exchange, as well as culinary mobility and communication.

scholarly journals Between Barbarism and Progress: Enlightenment Historical Writings on a Major Conflict in Russian History

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Sergei V. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Russian History ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Modern Idea ◽  
Historical Writings

The dichotomy of barbarism and progress has long been a focal point for the discussions about Russia’s past and present. The discourse on Russian barbarism had been known in Europe since at least 16th century, but Enlightenment thinkers gave it a new shape by juxtaposing the ancient conception of barbarism with the rather modern idea of progress. In this article, Enlightenment historical writings are examined; the focus is on the question of how Russian history was studied in order to find signs of barbarism and the different guises of progress. The primary sources for the article are mainly Russian historical writings; however, relations and interactions between Russian and European intellectuals, as well as intellectual exchange and influence, are also noted. As there were no word “civilization” in 18th-century Russian, enlightenment was deemed by Russian thinkers as the antipode to barbarism. It is concluded that most Enlightenment writers saw Christianization as a step forward from barbarism in Russian history. Parallels between Russia and Scandinavia as they were drawn by August Schlözer are also analyzed. The article shows how the idea of conflict between barbarism and progress altered the understanding of Russian history in the Enlightenment.

5. The shaping of modern Sikhism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Nesbitt
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Current Form ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Key Features ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Impact

Contemporary Sikhism was formed by the views of a group of influential intellectuals and political activists. The intellectuals were the 18th-century Tat (pure) Khalsa, and they presented the Sikh teachings and practices of their own and previous generations as sharply differentiated from Hinduism. ‘The shaping of modern Sikhism’ tells the story of the Tat Khalsa in the context of 19th- and 20th-century Punjab, a period remembered for competing Sikh reformist movements and a time when key features of Sikhism took their current form, such as the Golden Temple and a distinctive Sikh marriage rite. The impact of British rule, the Akali movement, and 1947 Partition are also described.

scholarly journals Pruskie Karkonosze — kilka słów o ideologizacji najwyższych gór Śląska w dobie rozkwitu turystyki masowej

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Jan Pacholski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Prussian Giant Mountains — some remarks about the ideologisation of Silesia’s highest mountains during the flourishing of mass tourismThe author of the article examines the beginnings of the national or, more broadly, state ideologisation of the mountains, using as an example Karkonosze or the Giant Mountains, which undoubtedly come to the fore in the case of the popularisation of mountain tourism. Already in the second half of the 18th century a chapel dedicated to St. Lawrence was built on the summit of Śnieżka, becoming straight away a pilgrimage destination and launching tourism in this mountain range. Just as quickly the Giant Mountains were ideologised as border mountains unique in the state to which it partially belonged — the Kingdom of Prussia. Authors describing Silesia’s highest peaks in the Enlightenment period including J.T. Volkmar, J.E. Troschel, E.F. Buquoi and J.Ch.F. GutsMuths did refer to Swiss models, yet they showed the Giant Mountains as the highest range in Silesia and Prussia, stressing the exceptional role and nature of this mountain range. Throughout the 19th century the ideological appropriation of the Sudetes’ highest range continued, acquiring in the early 20th century a virtually grotesque dimension, a manifestation of which was the equation of the Spirit of the Mountains with the ancient pan-Germanic god Wotan, known from old tales and poems and, more recently, from Richard Wagner’s music dramas.

Längengradbestimmung und Simultanität in Philosophie, Physik und Imperien

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benrhard Siegert
Keyword(s):  
Martin Heidegger ◽  
British Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Wird Eine ◽  
Historical Ontology ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
Scientific Challenge ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

"Die Einführung von Längengraden auf den Weltmeeren wurde vom 16. bis ins 18. Jahrhundert als die größte wissenschaftliche Herausforderung angesehen. Der Beitrag skizziert ihren Einfluss auf die Erschaffung des Britischen Imperiums, die Physik, und die frühe Philosophie Martin Heideggers. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Geschichte wird eine historische Ontologie der Uhr entwickelt. Während die Uhr im Mittelalter eine Maschine war, wurde sie in der frühen Moderne zum Instrument und im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert zum Medium. Als Medium des Daseins ist die Uhr nicht nur ein ontisches Zeitmessgerät, sondern auch ein ontologisches Ding, das dem Dasein sein eigenes technisches Wesen zugänglich macht. </br></br> From the 16th to the 18th century, the introduction of longitude on the high seas was considered the greatest scientific challenge. The paper outlines their impact on the creation of the British Empire, physics, and the early philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Against the background of this story, a historical ontology of the clock is developed. While the clock was a machine in the Middle Ages, it became an instrument in early modernity and a medium in the 19th and 20th century. As a medium of existence, the clock is not only an ontic device to measure the time, but also an ontological thing that provides access to the technical nature of existence. "

Survey of Scottish art libraries. Part 2

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Art Collections ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Representative Selection ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The University ◽  
General Collection

William Hunter’s bequest of 1783 forms the nucleus of the University of Glasgow’s Art Collections. It included a Rembrandt, a Koninck, three Chardins and three Stubbs. Hunter’s gift was unmatched in importance until this century which brought the gifts and bequest of 1935,1954 and 1958 respectively by Miss Rosalind Birnie Philip of the large part of James McNeill Whistler’s estate consisting of 80 oils, 100 pastels, c. 150 drawings and watercolours, 500 etchings and 140 lithographs, and the Davidson family gift and bequest of 1945 of work by Charles Rennie Mackintosh which included over 500 designs and watercolours and about 70 pieces of furniture. The general collection of c. 800 oils and 850 drawings and watercolours includes good holdings of 17th century Dutch and Flemish work, 18th century British portraits and 19th and 20th century French and Scottish painting. The print collection of over 15,000 items provides a representative selection from the late 15th century to the present day.

Hiob in Gath. Deutsch-jüdische Lektüren von Lessings "Nathan der Weise"

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justus Fetscher
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Moses Mendelssohn ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe paper presents a series of German-Jewish readings of Lessing's "Nathan the Wise" (1779) stretching from the Enlightenment to the early post-1945 period. Already the first Jewish reader, Moses Mendelssohn, did not focus his interpretation of this drama on the so-called "parabel of the rings," where Nathan is commonly said to preach religious tolerance. Rather, Mendelssohn concentrates on act IV, scene 7, which expounds Lessing's concept of the relationship between Judaism and Christianity and Nathan's experience of Christian persecution. With the upsurge of German anti-Semitism in the late 19th and 20th century, this scene served first as a sign of German-Christian empathy for Jewish suffering, and thus of hope, then as a reminder of recent prosecutions. It seemed to foreshadow, and eventually became overshadowed by, the Shoah.

Cello

Music ◽  
2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Classical Tradition ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
String Quartets ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Musical Traditions ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Solo Instrument

An instrument with remarkable stylistic range and timbral affordances, the violoncello (referred to in this Bibliography by its common English and German abbreviation, “cello”) is a bowed lute that is fretless, has four strings usually tuned in fifths (C-G-d-a), and is played between the legs. As the lowest member of the violin family, the cello serves a bass function in many standard ensembles, including string quartets and piano trios. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the instrument was a cornerstone of many continuo sections, and treatises attest that accompanimental playing was a foundational skill for any aspiring cellist. In 19th- and 20th-century orchestral writing, it filled a variety of roles, switching between bass and middle lines, punctuated by moments of melodic prominence. The cello is also prized as a solo instrument, due in part to its middle and upper registers, which are celebrated for their sweet tone and emotional immediacy. Attempts to establish the origins of the cello are complicated by the highly regional terminology used to describe a number of similar bass bowed lutes that proliferated throughout the late 16th and 17th centuries. The first use of the term “violoncello” was by Giulio Cesare Arresti in a publication from 1665, and by the beginning of the 18th century, the term was in frequent use. By the mid-18th century, the cello had become the dominant instrument of its kind and range throughout most of Europe. It found earliest success in Italian- and German-speaking lands, but was slower to infiltrate France, where there was competition from the basse de viole through the 18th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the cello was frequently employed as a solo instrument in concerti and sonatas, while still functioning as a bass instrument in chamber and orchestral ensembles. Research on its function outside the Western classical tradition is quite scarce and deserves further development; however, the cello has found a growing place in many styles, including jazz, popular, and non-Western musical traditions.

The Mosasaur collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris

2012 ◽  
Vol 183 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Bardet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
The United States ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The Third ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

AbstractTaking advantage of the venue in Paris of the Third Mosasaur Meeting (May 2010), the mosasaur collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) have been entirely checked and revised. The French holotypes have all been restored and most specimens kept at the MNHN have been placed in the Paleontology Gallery as part as a small exhibition organized especially for the meeting. The MNHN mosasaur collections include specimens from the 18th, 19th and 20th century from France, The Netherlands, Belgium, the United States of America, Morocco, Syria, Jordan, Egypt and Niger. Most of the mosasaur specimens discovered in France – including most holotypes – are kept in Paris. Besides the French types, the MNHN collections include several important historical specimens from abroad, the most famous being undoubtedly the Cuvier’s ‘Grand Animal Fossile des Carrières de Maestricht’, type specimen of Mosasaurus hoffmanniMantell, 1829, recognized as the first mosasaur to be named. This work aims to briefly present most of these specimens, with special focus on those found in France. The MNHN mosasaurid collections as a whole reflects the development of palaeontological researches in this Institution, from its foundation at the end of the 18th century up to the present time.

Economic Views of L. Trotsky

2004 ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov ◽  
S. Dzarasov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Russian History ◽  
History Of

The paper written in the light of 125th birth anniversary of L. Trotsky analyzes the life and ideas of one of the most prominent figures in the Russian history of the 20th century. He was one of the leaders of the Russian revolution in its Bolshevik period, worked with V. Lenin and played a significant role in the Civil War. Rejected by the party bureaucracy L. Trotsky led uncompromising struggle against Stalinism, defending his own understanding of the revolutionary ideals. The authors try to explain these events in historical perspective, avoiding biases of both Stalinism and anticommunism.

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