996. A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Adjuvanted Trivalent Influenza Vaccine vs. Standard Dose in US Nursing Homes

Abstract Background Pneumonia and influenza lead as vaccine-preventable infections among nursing home (NH) residents. Immunosenescence reduces vaccine response and protection from infections. More immunogenic vaccines, e.g., adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine [aTIV], can improve clinical outcomes. We evaluated all-cause hospitalization among long-stay NH residents offered aTIV vs. trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV). Methods We randomized 823 NHs within 75 miles of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention influenza reporting city to offer one of the two egg-based influenza vaccines, aTIV or TIV, as their 2016–2017 influenza season standard of care. For the subset of long-stay NH residents (>100 days in facility as of October 1, 2016) aged ≥65 years, we determined how many were hospitalized from November 1, 2016 to June 1, 2017 on an intent-to-treat basis. We obtained all-cause hospitalization, patient-, and facility-level characteristics from Minimum Data Set and Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reporting data. Our primary outcome was time to first hospitalization, using Cox proportional hazards models. Results The analytic sample included 26,300 residents in 412 NHs randomized to offer aTIV and 26,474 in 410 NHs randomized to TIV. Mean age was 82.3 vs. 82.3 years, 69.3% vs. 68.6% were women, and 15.5% vs. 20.1% were African-American, for aTIV and TIV NHs, respectively. The number of residents vaccinated in the facility against influenza was 17,976 (68.3%) and 18,364 (69.4%), with an overall vaccination rate of 78.4% and 79% for aTIV and TIV NHs. Mean staff vaccination was 53.4% and 54.4% for aTIV and TIV NHs. There were 5,479 (20.8%) hospitalizations in the aTIV and 5,839 (22.1%) in TIV NHs, respectively [adjusted as prespecified, hazard ratio (HR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88, 0.99]. Post-hoc adjustment for the imbalance in race increased heterogeneity, HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.04. A total of 18.2% vs. 17.5% (HR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.11) of residents in aTIV and TIV NHs died. Conclusion Compared with TIV, aTIV may reduce hospitalization risk of long-stay NH residents during a predominantly A/H3N2 influenza season, despite reported reduced effectiveness due to egg-based mutagenesis of egg-based vaccines. NCT: 02882100 Disclosures S. Gravenstein, Seqirus: Consultant, Grant Investigator and Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee, Research grant and Speaker honorarium. H. E. Davidson, Seqirus: Grant Investigator and Investigator, Research grant and Research support. K. Mcconeghy, Seqirus: Investigator, Research support. L. Han, Seqirus: Investigator and Research Contractor, Research grant. D. Canaday, Seqirus: Grant Investigator, Research grant and Research support. E. Saade, Seqirus: Investigator, Research grant and Research support. R. R. Baier, Seqirus: Investigator, Research support. V. Mor, Seqirus: Investigator, Research grant and Research support.

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29. Impact of Enhanced Influenza Vaccines on Direct Healthcare Costs for the U.S. Elderly: A Comprehensive Real-World Evaluation of Adjuvanted Trivalent Influenza Vaccine Compared to Trivalent High-Dose Influenza Vaccine for the 2018–19 Influenza Season

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.074 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S38-S39

Author(s):

Maarten Postma ◽

Stephen I Pelton ◽

Victoria Divino ◽

Joaquin F Mould-Quevedo ◽

Drishti Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Healthcare Costs ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Elderly Subjects ◽

High Dose ◽

Office Visits ◽

Research Support ◽

Physician Office ◽

Trivalent Influenza Vaccine ◽

The U.S

Abstract Background Influenza generates a substantial economic burden ($3.2B in the U.S. annually) due to direct medical costs such as physician office visits or hospitalizations, especially among the elderly. Recent published literature for the 2018–19 influenza season has demonstrated similar clinical effectiveness between adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV) and trivalent high dose influenza vaccine (TIV-HD). This research aimed to assess the annualized mean all-cause and influenza-related healthcare costs among subjects 65+ years vaccinated with aTIV or TIV-HD during the 2018–19 influenza season. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using professional fee, prescription claims and hospital charge master data in the U.S. Baseline characteristics included age, gender, payer type, region, Charlson Comorbidity Index, comorbidities, indicators of frail health status, and pre-index hospitalization rates. Treatment selection bias was adjusted through 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM). Economic outcomes included annualized mean all-cause costs and influenza-related costs, which comprised influenza-related hospitalizations, emergency room (ER) visits, and physician office visits costs. Mean costs were compared using paired t-test. Adjusted analyses were conducted using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, with two-part models for influenza-related costs. With the GEEs, adjustment for outliers (99th percentile) were addressed and predicted healthcare costs were obtained through bootstrapping (500 replications). Results During the 2018–19 influenza season, the PSM sample comprised 561,243 recipients of aTIV and 561,243 recipients of TIV-HD. Following GEE adjustment, predicted mean annualized all-cause and influenza-related costs per patient were statistically similar between aTIV and TIV-HD (US$9,676 vs. US$9,625 and US$23.75 vs. US$21.79, respectively). Both aTIV and TIV-HD were comparable in terms of predicted mean annualized costs for influenza-related hospitalizations (US$20.28 vs. US$18.13) and influenza-related office visits (US$1.29 vs. US$1.34). Conclusion In adjusted analyses, total all-cause and influenza-related healthcare costs were comparable among elderly subjects vaccinated with either aTIV or TIV-HD. Disclosures Maarten Postma, Dr., IQVIA (Consultant) Stephen I. Pelton, MD, Merck vaccine (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Sanofi Pasteur (Consultant, Other Financial or Material Support, DSMB)Seqirus Vaccine Ltd. (Consultant) Victoria Divino, PhD, Seiqrus Vaccines Ltd. (Consultant) Joaquin F. Mould-Quevedo, PhD, Seqirus Vaccines Ltd. (Employee, Shareholder) Drishti Shah, PhD, Seqirus Vaccines Ltd. (Consultant) Mitchell DeKoven, PhD, Seqirus Vaccines Ltd. (Consultant) Girishanthy Krishnarajah, PhD, Seqirus Vaccines Ltd. (Employee, Shareholder)

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6. MF59 ASSURANCE 2: A Real-world Study to Estimate the Relative Vaccine Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Trivalent Influenza Vaccine Compared to Egg-based Trivalent High-dose Among U.S. Older Adults During 2018–19 Influenza Season

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa417.005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S3-S3

Author(s):

Stephen I Pelton ◽

Maarten Postma ◽

Victoria Divino ◽

Drishti Shah ◽

Joaquin F Mould-Quevedo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Poisson Regression ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

High Dose ◽

Office Visits ◽

Research Support ◽

Trivalent Influenza Vaccine

Abstract Background In the 2018–19 influenza season, influenza resulted in almost 280,000 hospitalizations and over 25,000 deaths in U.S. adults > 65 years. This study aimed to evaluate the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of adjuvant trivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV) compared to high-dose trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV-HD), against influenza-related hospitalizations/emergency room (ER) visits, office visits and hospitalization/ER visit for cardio-respiratory disease (CRD) among older adults for the 2018–19 flu season. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis of older adults (> 65 years) was conducted using professional fee, prescription claims and hospital charge master data in the U.S. Baseline characteristics included age, gender, payer type, region, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), comorbidities, indicators of frail health status, and pre-index hospitalization rates. Adjusted analyses were conducted through inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to control for selection bias. Poisson regression was used to estimate the adjusted pairwise rVE against influenza-related hospitalizations/ER visits and office visits and any hospitalization/ER visit for CRD (based on diagnoses codes). An unrelated outcome, urinary tract infection (UTI) hospitalization, was assessed. Results During 2018–19 flu season, following IPTW analyses, 561,315 recipients of aTIV and 1,672,779 of TIV-HD were identified. After IPTW adjustment and Poisson regression, aTIV was more effective in reducing influenza-related office visits compared to TIV-HD (6.6%; 95% CI: 2.8%-10.3%). aTIV was statistically comparable to TIV-HD (2.0%; 95% CI: -3.7%-7.3%) for prevention of influenza-related hospitalizations/ER visits but more effective than TIV-HD (2.6%; 95% CI: 2.0%-3.2%) in reducing hospitalizations/ER visits for CRD. No treatment effect was identified for control condition (UTI hospitalization). Conclusion In adjusted analyses, aTIV reduced influenza-related office visits and CRD hospitalizations/ER visits compared to TIV-HD. aTIV and TIV-HD demonstrated comparable reductions in influenza-related hospitalizations/ER visits. Disclosures Stephen I. Pelton, MD, Merck vaccine (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Sanofi Pasteur (Consultant, Other Financial or Material Support, DSMB)Seqirus Vaccine Ltd. (Consultant) Maarten Postma, Dr., IQVIA (Consultant) Victoria Divino, PhD, Seiqrus Vaccines Ltd. (Consultant) Drishti Shah, PhD, Seqirus Vaccines Ltd. (Consultant) Joaquin F. Mould-Quevedo, PhD, Seqirus Vaccines Ltd. (Employee, Shareholder) Mitchell DeKoven, PhD, Seqirus Vaccines Ltd. (Consultant) Girishanthy Krishnarajah, PhD, Seqirus Vaccines Ltd. (Employee, Shareholder)

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Safety of Recombinant Influenza Vaccine Compared to Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Adults: An Observational Study

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa179 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

Author(s):

John Hansen ◽

Kristin Goddard ◽

Julius Timbol ◽

Lea Zhang ◽

Ned Lewis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Standard Dose ◽

Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Safety Study ◽

Kaiser Permanente ◽

Serious Adverse Events ◽

Trivalent Influenza Vaccine ◽

Race Ethnicity

Abstract Background Recombinant trivalent influenza vaccine (RIV3) was initially licensed in 2013 and approved for all adults ≥18 in 2014. This study evaluated the safety of RIV3 compared with trivalent standard-dose, inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC). Methods This Phase 4 observational, postmarketing safety study included persons ≥18 years vaccinated with RIV3 or IIV3 in KPNC during the 2015–2016 influenza season. We compared (1) the rates of prespecified diagnoses of interest (Guillain-Barré Syndrome, pericarditis, pleural effusion, narcolepsy/cataplexy, asthma, acute hypersensitivity reactions, and fever) during various postvaccination risk intervals as well as (2) all-cause hospitalization and mortality 0–180 days after vaccination. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, month of vaccination, and concomitant receipt of other vaccinations. Results Comparing the 21 976 persons who received RIV3 with the 283 683 who received IIV3, there were statistically significant differences in the prespecified diagnoses of interest between the 2 groups. Specifically, RIV3 vaccination was associated with fewer fever diagnoses during the 0–41 days postvaccination (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.14–0.86). Also, RIV3 was associated with fewer all-cause hospitalizations during the 0–180 days postvaccination (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.61–0.73), which was mostly related to pregnancy-related hospitalizations in IIV3 recipients. There were no serious adverse events or deaths related to RIV3. Conclusions This study did not identify any safety concerns regarding the use of RIV3 in adults.

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Cluster-randomized Trial of Adjuvanted Versus Nonadjuvanted Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in 823 US Nursing Homes

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa1233 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin W McConeghy ◽

H Edward Davidson ◽

David H Canaday ◽

Lisa Han ◽

Elie Saade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

A Priori ◽

Cluster Randomized Trial ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Trivalent Influenza Vaccine ◽

Black Residents ◽

Cluster Randomized

Abstract Background Influenza leads in preventable infection-related hospitalization in nursing home (NH) residents. The adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV) is more immunogenic than similarly dosed nonadjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV), and observational studies suggest aTIV better prevents hospitalizations in older adults. We prospectively tested this in an NH setting. Methods NHs with ≥50 long-stay residents aged ≥65 years were randomized to offer aTIV or TIV for residents for the 2016–2017 influenza season. Using intent-to-treat resident-level analysis with Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for clustering by facility and a priori baseline covariates (eg, age, heart failure, and facility-level characteristics), we assessed relative aTIV:TIV effectiveness for hospitalization (ie, all-cause, respiratory, and pneumonia and influenza [P&I]). Results We randomized 823 NHs, housing 50 012 eligible residents, to aTIV or TIV. Residents were similar between groups by age (mean, ~79 years), heart failure, lung disease, and influenza and pneumococcal vaccine uptake, except aTIV homes housed fewer Black residents (14.5 vs 18.9%). Staff vaccine uptake was similar (~55%). P&I and all-cause resident hospitalization rates were lower (adjusted HR [aHR], .80 [95% CI, .66–.98; P = .03] and .94 [.89–.99; P = .02], respectively) for aTIV versus TIV, while the respiratory hospitalization rate was similar, in a season where vaccine effectiveness was considered poor. Conclusions aTIV was more effective than TIV in preventing all-cause and P&I hospitalization from NHs during an A/H3N2-predominant season when TIV was relatively ineffective. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02882100.

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High-Dose Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Patients Undergoing Dialysis

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology ◽

10.2215/cjn.03390318 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1703-1711 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Dana C. Miskulin ◽

Daniel E. Weiner ◽

Hocine Tighiouart ◽

Eduardo K. Lacson ◽

Klemens B. Meyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Standard Dose ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Quadrivalent Vaccine ◽

High Dose ◽

Significant Heterogeneity ◽

Dialysis Modality ◽

Vaccine Type

Background and objectivesHigh-dose influenza vaccine, which contains fourfold more antigen than standard dose, is associated with fewer cases of influenza and less influenza-related morbidity in the elderly general population. Whether the high-dose influenza vaccine benefits patients on dialysis, whose immune response to vaccination is less robust than that of healthy patients, is uncertain.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe compared hospitalizations and deaths during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 influenza seasons by vaccine type (standard trivalent, standard quadrivalent, and high-dose trivalent influenza vaccine) administered within a national dialysis organization. The association of vaccine type with outcomes was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression with adjustment for patient factors and “center effect.” Analyses were stratified by age and dialysis modality.ResultsBetween September 1 and December 31, 2015, standard dose trivalent, standard dose quadrivalent, and high-dose trivalent influenza vaccines were administered to 3057 (31%), 5981 (61%), and 805 (8%) patients, respectively. The adjusted rates of first hospitalizations by vaccine type during the influenza season were 8.43, 7.88, and 7.99 per 100 patient-months, respectively, and the adjusted rates of death were 1.00, 0.97, and 1.04, respectively. These differences were not significant. In 2016, 3614 (39%) received quadrivalent vaccine, and 5700 (61%) received high-dose trivalent vaccine. The adjusted rates of first hospitalization by vaccine type were 8.71 and 8.04 per 100 patient-months, respectively, and the adjusted rates of death were 0.98 and 1.02, respectively. Receipt of high dose was associated with a significant reduction in hospitalization (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.86 to 1.00; P=0.04); there was no significant association with death. There was no significant heterogeneity of either association by age group or dialysis modality.ConclusionsReceipt of high-dose compared with standard dose influenza vaccine in 2016–2017 was associated with lower rates of hospitalization in patients on dialysis, although that was not seen in 2015–2016.

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Age at Exposure to Parental Suicide and the Subsequent Risk of Suicide in Young People

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000468 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 27-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kuan-Ying Lee ◽

Chung-Yi Li ◽

Kun-Chia Chang ◽

Tsung-Hsueh Lu ◽

Ying-Yeh Chen

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Birth Registry ◽

Data Set ◽

Parental Suicide ◽

The Impact ◽

Age At Exposure

Abstract. Background: We investigated the age at exposure to parental suicide and the risk of subsequent suicide completion in young people. The impact of parental and offspring sex was also examined. Method: Using a cohort study design, we linked Taiwan's Birth Registry (1978–1997) with Taiwan's Death Registry (1985–2009) and identified 40,249 children who had experienced maternal suicide (n = 14,431), paternal suicide (n = 26,887), or the suicide of both parents (n = 281). Each exposed child was matched to 10 children of the same sex and birth year whose parents were still alive. This yielded a total of 398,081 children for our non-exposed cohort. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the suicide risk of the exposed and non-exposed groups. Results: Compared with the non-exposed group, offspring who were exposed to parental suicide were 3.91 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.10–4.92 more likely to die by suicide after adjusting for baseline characteristics. The risk of suicide seemed to be lower in older male offspring (HR = 3.94, 95% CI = 2.57–6.06), but higher in older female offspring (HR = 5.30, 95% CI = 3.05–9.22). Stratified analyses based on parental sex revealed similar patterns as the combined analysis. Limitations: As only register-based data were used, we were not able to explore the impact of variables not contained in the data set, such as the role of mental illness. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a prominent elevation in the risk of suicide among offspring who lost their parents to suicide. The risk elevation differed according to the sex of the afflicted offspring as well as to their age at exposure.

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Association Between Informant-Reported Sleep Disturbance and Incident Dementia: An Analysis of the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set

Journal of Applied Gerontology ◽

10.1177/0733464820967202 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 073346482096720

Author(s):

Woojung Lee ◽

Shelly L. Gray ◽

Douglas Barthold ◽

Donovan T. Maust ◽

Zachary A. Marcum

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Sleep Disturbance ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Cognitive Screening ◽

Cognitive Level ◽

Data Set ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽

Incident Dementia ◽

Normal Cognition

Informants’ reports can be useful in screening patients for future risk of dementia. We aimed to determine whether informant-reported sleep disturbance is associated with incident dementia, whether this association varies by baseline cognitive level and whether the severity of informant-reported sleep disturbance is associated with incident dementia among those with sleep disturbance. A longitudinal retrospective cohort study was conducted using the uniform data set collected by the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center. Older adults without dementia at baseline living with informants were included in analysis. Cox proportional hazards models showed that participants with an informant-reported sleep disturbance were more likely to develop dementia, although this association may be specific for older adults with normal cognition. In addition, older adults with more severe sleep disturbance had a higher risk of incident dementia than those with mild sleep disturbance. Informant-reported information on sleep quality may be useful for prompting cognitive screening.

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1388. Dose Discrimination for ASN100: Bridging from Rabbit Survival Data to Predicted Activity in Humans Using a Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) Model

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1219 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S426-S426

Author(s):

Christopher M Rubino ◽

Lukas Stulik ◽

Harald Rouha ◽

Zehra Visram ◽

Adriana Badarau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Data ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Cox Model ◽

Virulent Strain ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Simulated Patients ◽

Research Support ◽

Mpbpk Model

Abstract Background ASN100 is a combination of two co-administered fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), ASN-1 and ASN-2, that together neutralize the six cytotoxins critical to S. aureus pneumonia pathogenesis. ASN100 is in development for prevention of S. aureus pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. A pharmacometric approach to dose discrimination in humans was taken in order to bridge from dose-ranging, survival studies in rabbits to anticipated human exposures using a mPBPK model derived from data from rabbits (infected and noninfected) and noninfected humans [IDWeek 2017, Poster 1849]. Survival in rabbits was assumed to be indicative of a protective effect through ASN100 neutralization of S. aureus toxins. Methods Data from studies in rabbits (placebo through 20 mg/kg single doses of ASN100, four strains representing MRSA and MSSA isolates with different toxin profiles) were pooled with data from a PK and efficacy study in infected rabbits (placebo and 40 mg/kg ASN100) [IDWeek 2017, Poster 1844]. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to relate survival to both strain and mAb exposure. Monte Carlo simulation was then applied to generate ASN100 exposures for simulated patients given a range of ASN100 doses and infection with each strain (n = 500 per scenario) using a mPBPK model. Using the Cox model, the probability of full protection from toxins (i.e., predicted survival) was estimated for each simulated patient. Results Cox models showed that survival in rabbits is dependent on both strain and ASN100 exposure in lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF). At human doses simulated (360–10,000 mg of ASN100), full or substantial protection is expected for all four strains tested. For the most virulent strain tested in the rabbit pneumonia study (a PVL-negative MSSA, Figure 1), the clinical dose of 3,600 mg of ASN100 provides substantially higher predicted effect relative to lower doses, while doses above 3,600 mg are not predicted to provide significant additional protection. Conclusion A pharmacometric approach allowed for the translation of rabbit survival data to infected patients as well as discrimination of potential clinical doses. These results support the ASN100 dose of 3,600 mg currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 S. aureus pneumonia prevention trial. Disclosures C. M. Rubino, Arsanis, Inc.: Research Contractor, Research support. L. Stulik, Arsanis Biosciences GmbH: Employee, Salary. H. Rouha, 3Arsanis Biosciences GmbH: Employee, Salary. Z. Visram, Arsanis Biosciences GmbH: Employee, Salary. A. Badarau, Arsanis Biosciences GmbH: Employee, Salary. S. A. Van Wart, Arsanis, Inc.: Research Contractor, Research support. P. G. Ambrose, Arsanis, Inc.: Research Contractor, Research support. M. M. Goodwin, Arsanis, Inc.: Employee, Salary. E. Nagy, Arsanis Biosciences GmbH: Employee, Salary.

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How is Government Stability Affected by the State of the Economy? Payoff Structures, Government Type and Economic State

Government and Opposition ◽

10.1017/gov.2017.21 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 280-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Johan Hellström ◽

Daniel Walther

Keyword(s):

Proportional Hazards ◽

Research Question ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

The State ◽

General Effect ◽

Data Set ◽

Economic Changes ◽

Coalition Governments ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽

State Of The Economy

To what extent are incumbent governments affected by the state of the economy when it comes to premature dissolution? This article investigates this research question using a data set on parties and governments for 18 West European countries for the period 1945–2013. In addition to investigating the general effect of the state of the economy on government termination, we hypothesize that macroeconomic conditions affect cabinet termination in different ways depending on the type of government that is in power. Using Cox proportional hazards models to estimate how different government types are impacted by the same changes in the economy, our results indicate that economic changes do matter, but that they mainly affect coalition governments. Our results also indicate that there is a difference between minority and majority governments when it comes to the type of termination. Minority coalition governments resolve to early elections, not replacements, presumably because a minority government does not survive defection. Majority coalition governments, in contrast, show sensitivity towards both types of terminations.

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Treatment of Sleep Disturbance May Reduce the Risk of Future Probable Alzheimer’s Disease

Journal of Aging and Health ◽

10.1177/0898264318795567 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 322-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shanna L. Burke ◽

Tianyan Hu ◽

Christine E. Spadola ◽

Aaron Burgess ◽

Tan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Sleep Disturbance ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Data Set ◽

Proportional Hazards Regression ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Research Questions

Objective: This study explored two research questions: (a) Does sleep medication neutralize or provide a protective effect against the hazard of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)? (b) Do apolipoprotein (APOE) e4 carriers reporting a sleep disturbance experience an increased risk of AD? Method: This study is a secondary analysis of the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center’s Uniform Data Set ( n = 6,782) using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Sleep disturbance was significantly associated with eventual AD development. Among the subset of participants taking general sleep medications, no relationship between sleep disturbance and eventual AD was observed. Among individuals not taking sleep medications, the increased hazard between the two variables remained. Among APOE e4 carriers, sleep disturbance and AD were significant, except among those taking zolpidem. Discussion: Our findings support the emerging link between sleep disturbance and AD. Our findings also suggest a continued need to elucidate the mechanisms that offer protective factors against AD development.

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