quadrivalent vaccine
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Timmy Donkoh ◽  
Edward Tieru Dassah ◽  
Ellis Owusu-Dabo

Abstract Introduction Available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines could have an important primary role in cervical cancer prevention once their long-term immunogenicity and safety are evaluated at the population level. The aim of this study was to optimize an assay to be used in evaluating the long-term durability of HPV vaccine response following a pilot vaccination of adolescent girls in Ghana. Methods A rapid, high-throughput, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for the detection and quantitation of anti-HPV L1 (late expression protein: types 6, 11, 16 and 18) immunoglobulin G (IgG) in human serum (n = 89). The performance of the assay was evaluated using serum collected from a cohort of pre-adolescent girls (n = 49) previously vaccinated with a quadrivalent vaccine and non-immune serum obtained from age-matched controls (n = 40). Results The seroprevalence of anti-HPV IgG antibodies was significantly higher among vaccinated than unvaccinated girls for both HPV − 16 (63.3% vs. 12.5%; p < 0.001) and HPV − 18 (34.7% vs. 20.0%; p = 0.042), respectively. Thirty-six months after receiving the third dose of vaccine, significantly higher mean anti–HPV-16 (0.618 vs. 0.145), anti–HPV-18 (0.323 vs. 0.309), and anti–HPV-6 (1.371 vs. 0.981) antibody levels were measured, compared to unvaccinated girls (all p < 0.05). A correlation between optical density and antibody activity indicated assay sensitivity to increasing levels of antibody activity. Conclusion We have successfully developed and implemented a robust and sensitive assay for the evaluation of antibody responses among immunized adolescent girls for monitoring future large-scale HPV vaccination studies in low-income settings. Our results demonstrated greater immunoglobulin G antibody activity within serum drawn from adolescent girls immunized 36 months prior.


2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Luiza Kops ◽  
Juliana Comerlato ◽  
Isabel Bandeira ◽  
Marina Bessel ◽  
Ana Goretti Kalume Maranhão ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Prophylactic HPV vaccination has been recommended for the prevention of cancers caused by HPV infection. Nevertheless, may be reduce the oral HPV prevalence, the putative precursor to oral squamous cell carcinoma. This study aimed to report the prevalence of oral HPV among vaccinated and unvaccinated women and men aged 16 to 25 years who use the public health system. Methods POP-Brazil study is a cross-sectional, multicentric survey. Participants were recruited from 119 public primary care units distributed throughout all 27 capitals of Brazil. Trained health professionals applied a face-to-face interview. Oral sample was collected through mouthwash and gargle cycles. HPV genotyping was performed in a central lab using the Roche PCR-based Linear Array genotyping test. Sampling weights by sex and age were applied to the data. Results Oral HPV samples were collected from 5,684 participants; 613 (8.93%) vaccinated against HPV, in which 86.57% were women. Among women, the overall HPV prevalence was significantly lower in those vaccinated [0.43% (95% CI, 0.03-0.83)] than unvaccinated [1.65% (95% CI, 0.97– 2.33] (p &lt; 0.01). Among men, no significant difference was found. All vaccinated individuals were negative to the HPV types present in the quadrivalent vaccine (6, 11, 16, and 18). Conclusion Vaccinated individuals had a lower prevalence of overall oral HPV besides the null infection by 6, 11, 16, and 18 HPV types showing another benefit of this cancer prevention measure. Due to the low prevalence of oral HPV, type specific analysis demand higher number of positive participants.


npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Amaral de Avila Machado ◽  
Cristiano S. Moura ◽  
Michal Abrahamowicz ◽  
Brian J. Ward ◽  
Louise Pilote ◽  
...  

AbstractInfluenza immunization protects seniors against influenza and its potentially serious complications. It is uncertain whether standard-dose (SD) quadrivalent vaccine offers better protection over other formulations in the elderly. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of SD-trivalent, high-dose (HD) trivalent, SD-quadrivalent, and adjuvanted trivalent vaccines in seniors (≥65 years) in a real-world setting. We selected over 200,000 individuals in each of 6 influenza seasons from 2012 to 2018 using MarketScan® databases. The two outcomes were hospitalization or emergency room (ER) visit due to (1) influenza or (2) pneumonia. Here, SD-quadrivalent was associated with higher risk of influenza-related hospitalization/ER visit (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.14 and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.05–1.24) and of pneumonia-related hospitalization/ER visit (aHR 1.04 and 95% CI 1.01–1.07) vs. HD-trivalent. SD-trivalent followed similar trends compared to HD-trivalent (aHR 1.16 and 95% CI 1.06–1.27 for hospitalized/ER visit influenza; aHR 1.07 and 95% CI 1.05–1.10 for hospitalized/ER visit pneumonia). We could not demonstrate risk differences between SD vaccine formulations and between adjuvanted trivalent and one of the other three vaccines. Risk estimates slightly varied across seasons. These findings suggest that SD vaccine formulations vs. HD-trivalent were associated with higher risk of hospitalization/ER visit for influenza and pneumonia in seniors.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254080
Author(s):  
Manjiri Pawaskar ◽  
Colleen Burgess ◽  
Mathew Pillsbury ◽  
Torbjørn Wisløff ◽  
Elmira Flem

Background Norway has not implemented universal varicella vaccination, despite the considerable clinical and economic burden of varicella disease. Methods An existing dynamic transmission model of varicella infection was calibrated to age-specific seroprevalence rates in Norway. Six two-dose vaccination strategies were considered, consisting of combinations of two formulations each of a monovalent varicella vaccine (Varivax® or Varilrix®) and a quadrivalent vaccine against measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (ProQuad® or PriorixTetra®), with the first dose given with a monovalent vaccine at age 15 months, and the second dose with either a monovalent or quadrivalent vaccine at either 18 months, 7 or 11 years. Costs were considered from the perspectives of both the health care system and society. Quality-adjusted life-years saved and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios relative to no vaccination were calculated. A one-way sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of vaccine efficacy, price, the costs of a lost workday and of inpatient and outpatient care, vaccination coverage, and discount rate. Results In the absence of varicella vaccination, the annual incidence of natural varicella is estimated to be 1,359 per 100,000 population, and the cumulative numbers of varicella outpatient cases, hospitalizations, and deaths over 50 years are projected to be 1.81 million, 10,161, and 61, respectively. Universal varicella vaccination is projected to reduce the natural varicella incidence rate to 48–59 per 100,000 population, depending on the vaccination strategy, and to reduce varicella outpatient cases, hospitalizations, and deaths by 75–85%, 67–79%, and 75–79%, respectively. All strategies were cost-saving, with the most cost-saving as two doses of Varivax® at 15 months and 7 years (payer perspective) and two doses of Varivax® at 15 months and 18 months (societal perspective). Conclusions All modeled two-dose varicella vaccination strategies are projected to lead to substantial reductions in varicella disease and to be cost saving compared to no vaccination in Norway.


2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Trevisan ◽  
Michel D. Wissing ◽  
Carole Dagenais ◽  
Pierre Forest ◽  
Agnihotram V. Ramanakumar ◽  
...  

Serum antibody levels can be used to measure the humoral immune response against human papillomaviruses (HPV). We developed and validated a rapid, technically simple and relatively inexpensive multiplex non-competitive Luminex-based immunoassay (ncLIA) to measure total IgG antibody levels against four HPV types. For the assay’s solid phase, virus-like particles (VLPs) of HPV6, 11, 16 and 18 were bound to heparin-coated beads. HPV serum antibody levels binding to the VLPs were quantified using a phycoerithrin-conjugated secondary polyclonal donkey anti-human IgG antibody. Standardization and validation of the ncLIA were performed using 96 paired serum and genital samples from participants in the HITCH cohort study, including young women (aged 18–24 years) and their male sexual partners (aged 18+) in Montreal, Canada. Results from the ncLIA were compared to a validated Luminex immunoassay from PPD laboratories using Pearson’s correlation coefficients, receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic regression. Our assay had good inter- and intra-assay variability. The correlation of serum antibody levels between the ncLIA and validation assay was highest for HPV16 and HPV11 (r=0.90), followed by HPV6 (r=0.86) and HPV18 (r=0.67). The ncLIA was better able to predict HPV DNA positivity in genital samples than the validation assay for HPV16 [area under the curve (AUC) 0.65 versus 0.52, P=0.001] and HPV18 [AUC 0.71 versus 0.57, P=0.024]. AUCs for HPV6 and HPV11 were similar between the two assays (0.70 versus 0.71, P=0.59, and 0.88 versus 0.96, P=0.08, respectively). The developed ncLIA is useful for measuring total IgG antibody response following natural infection or vaccination against four HPV VLPs included in the quadrivalent vaccine.


Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (13) ◽  
pp. 1840-1845
Author(s):  
Eliana M. Wendland ◽  
Natália Luiza Kops ◽  
Marina Bessel ◽  
Juliana Comerlato ◽  
Ana Goretti Kalume Maranhão ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
N.V. Zarochentseva ◽  
◽  
L.K. Dzhidzhikhiya ◽  
V.N. Nabieva ◽  
◽  
...  

Objective. To evaluate the results of surgical treatment of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using excisional techniques and post-operative implementation of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Patients and methods. Excisional treatment methods were used in 150 patients with CIN: 60 patients received a quadrivalent vaccine against HPV (type 6, 11, 16, 18) after surgery and 90 patients were not vaccinated. Post-operative examination was performed 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery and annually thereafter. Detection of CIN within 12 months after surgery was considered as a residual lesion, and more than 12 months after surgery – as a recurrence of the disease. Results. The post-operative follow-up periods for the vaccinated patients ranged from 6 to 93 months (median: 34 months), without vaccination: 6 to 202 months (median: 54 months). Residual lesions were not revealed among vaccinated patients and were revealed in 13.3% (12/90) of unvaccinated patients (p = 0.039). Recurrence of CIN among patients with follow-up for 12 months or more was noted in 3.3% (2/60) of vaccinated patients and 34.6% (27/78) of unvaccinated patients (p = 0.016). Conclusion. Vaccination against HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18) after excisional treatment methods has significantly (approximately ten-fold) reduced the probability of CIN recurrence and may be considered as an effective approach to improve the results of treating patients with CIN. Key words: human papillomavirus, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, vaccine, excisional treatment methods


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Denecke ◽  
Thomas Iftner ◽  
Angelika Iftner ◽  
Sebastian Riedle ◽  
Marion Ocak ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has resulted in a remarkable decline of genital warts in women and men, but in Germany historical rates of vaccination are relatively low. We report long-term surveillance data on changes in HPV 6 and HPV 11 infection and the prevalence of genital warts in young women in the Wolfsburg HPV epidemiological study (WOLVES).Methods: Women born in 1983/84, 1988/89, and 1993/94 participated in four cohorts between 2009/10 and 2014/15. Quadrivalent vaccination coverage and prevalence of HPV 6/11 infection and genital warts are reported for participants aged 19−22 years and 24−27 years at the time of sample collection. Statistical analyses were done to compare similarly aged participants using 2 x 2 contingency tables (Röhmel-Mansmann unconditional exact test; two-side alpha of 0.05).Results: A total of 2,456 women were recruited. Between 2010 and 2015, there was a statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of HPV 6 infection among women aged 24−27 years (2.1% versus 0.0%; P<0.0001) and women aged 19−22 years (2.0% versus 0.0%; P=0.0056). There was no significant decline in HPV 11 infection. In total, 52 of 2,341 participants were diagnosed with genital warts. There was a statistically significant drop in the risk of developing genital warts in women aged 24−27 years between 2010 and 2015 (4.7% versus 1.7%, respectively; P=0.0018). The overall risk of developing genital warts in women aged 19−27 years decreased from 3.1% in 2010 to 1.2% in 2015 (P=0.0022).Conclusions: An increase in vaccination coverage was associated with a decreased prevalence of genital warts in young women. A protective effect greater than herd immunity alone was seen despite low vaccination rates. Quadrivalent vaccine had a protective effect on genital HPV 6 infection and an almost fully protective effect on the development of genital warts in the youngest population.


2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 749-755
Author(s):  
Ling Yee Kuan ◽  
Sze Hon Chua ◽  
Jiun Yit Pan ◽  
Yik Weng Yew ◽  
Wee Ping Tan

Introduction: The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been reported to lead to clinical clearance of lesions when used as an off-label treatment for recalcitrant extragenital warts. The aim of the study is to evaluate the therapeutic and adverse effects of HPV vaccine as an adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant acral warts. Methods: Patients with persistent warts despite first and second line therapies, and subsequently receiving the quadrivalent HPV vaccine between July 2013 and June 2016 as an adjunctive treatment for recalcitrant warts at the National Skin Centre, were included. Results: Twenty-six patients with a median age of 34 years (range 8 to 77 years) were treated with the HPV vaccine. Nineteen (73.1%) patients completed 3 doses of the vaccine, of whom 5 (26%) achieved complete clearance, 8 (42%) had partial clearance and 6 (32%) did not respond to the vaccine. Among the 4 patients who received 2 doses of the vaccine, 3 (75%) had complete clearance whereas 1 (25%) had partial improvement of their warts. None of the patients reported adverse reactions. Conclusion: Our study suggests a potential adjunctive role of the HPV vaccine in the treatment of acral warts recalcitrant to conventional therapy. Keywords: Acral warts, HPV vaccine, quadrivalent vaccine, recalcitrant warts


Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 643
Author(s):  
Jason Hlozek ◽  
Sara Owen ◽  
Neil Ravenscroft ◽  
Michelle M. Kuttel

The pathogenic bacterium Shigella flexneri is a leading global cause of diarrheal disease. The O-antigen is the primary vaccine target and distinguishes the 30 serotypes reported. Except for serotype 6, all S. flexneri serotypes have a common backbone repeating unit (serotype Y), with variations in substitution creating the various serotypes. A quadrivalent vaccine containing serotypes 2a and 3a (as well as 6 and Shigella sonnei) is proposed to provide broad protection against non-vaccine S. flexneri serotypes through shared epitopes and conformations. Here we model the O-antigen (O-Ag) conformations of serogroups 3 and 5: a continuation of our ongoing systematic study of the S. flexneri O-antigens that began with serogroup 2. Our simulations show that S. flexneri serogroups 2, 3, and 5 all have flexible O-Ags, with substitutions of the backbone altering the chain conformations in different ways. Our analysis suggests three general heuristics for the effects of substitution on the Shigella O-Ag conformations: (1) substitution on rhamnose C reduces the extension of the O-Ag chain; (2) substitution at O-3 of rhamnose A restricts the O-Ags to predominantly helical conformations, (3) substitution at O-3 of rhamnose B has only a slight effect on conformation. The common O-Ag conformations across serotypes identified in this work support the assumption that a quadrivalent vaccine containing serotypes 2a and 3a could provide coverage against S. flexneri serotype 3b and serogroup 5.


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