Chemical Hazards

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gochfeld ◽  
Robert Laumbach
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Chemical Hazards ◽  
Environmental Properties ◽  
Organ Level ◽  
Source Use

Building on the principles of toxicology, this chapter describes chemicals by structure, source, use, mechanism of action, environmental properties, and target organ. Major advances in toxic effects include more detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which toxic chemicals damage receptors at the subcellular, cellular, and organ level. The chapter describes properties of various types of inorganic and organic chemicals and their adverse health effects. It discusses asphyxiants, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide; heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium; organic solvents, such as benzene and trichlorethylene; pesticides, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates; and a variety of other toxic chemicals to which people are exposed in the home, community, or workplace environment. Several cases are presented to illustrate various concepts concerning chemical hazards in occupational and environmental health.

Ultrafine Particles From WTE and Other Combustion Sources

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lital Yinon ◽  
Nickolas J. Themelis ◽  
V. Faye McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Metal Vapors ◽  
Combustion Sources ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Motor Oils

The size of combustion generated particles ranges from a few nanometers up to 1 micron, whereas the size of naturally occurring PM such as pollens, plant fragments, and sea salt is generally larger than 1 micron. Particles generated by photochemical processes in the atmosphere are generally smaller than 1 micron. Ultrafine particles (UFP), also called “nanoparticles”, are <0.1 micron and in recent yearshave attracted attention due to potential adverse health effects associated with them. The contribution of UFP to the total PM mass is very small. However, they dominate the total number of particles in urban aerosols. Their sources are both mobile and stationary combustion sources and also gas-to-particle conversions. In coal and waste combustion systems, UFP are hypothesized to be generated mainly by nucleation of metal vapors. Coal naturally contains a vast range of inorganic elements among which are heavy metals. Sources of heavy metals in MSW include batteries, electronic devices, light bulbs, house dust and paint chips, food containers, used motor oils, plastics, yard wastes and some papers. The input of these metals into WTE facilities can be controlled by better source-separation of metal-containing materials. In 2007 almost 50% of the approximately 4.16 billion MWh generated in the United States was produced by coal power plants whereas only 0.3% was generated by the WTE industry. A preliminary study has shown that in terms of contribution to UHF in the atmosphere, MSW combustion has a minor effect in comparison to coal-fired power plants in the U.S. This paper will report on the results of this investigation.

scholarly journals Bać się czy się nie bać? Bioakumulacja, bioindykacja i toksyczność metali ciężkich Rośliny w świetle badań terenowych i laboratoryjnych

2021 ◽  
pp. 225-253
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Nadgórska-Socha
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Environment And Development ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Plant Defence Mechanisms

Heavy metals that pose a threat to the environment include lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and mercury (Hg). Biomonitoring of environmental quality using plants is widely accepted as a reliable and inexpensive way of obtaining information on contamination also by heavy metals. It allows the assessment of the direction of changes in the natural environment and development of prognoses and methods for early warning related to predicted transformations in ecosystems. This paper presents the results of field and laboratory studies on floristic biodiversity in the areas of southern Poland related to extraction and processing of Zn and Pb ores. The paper also shows the selected plant defence mechanisms against the excess of heavy metals and the results of bioindication studies using different plant species, including the selected metallophytes related to the assessment of contamination levels and the most frequently used plant ecophysiological parameters. It is necessary to monitor contamination level, popularize knowledge and take action at the level of local authorities to mitigate adverse effects of human activity, bearing in mind possible bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the food chain and the adverse health effects associated with environmental contamination.

scholarly journals Application of Cigeratte Filter from Algae Spyrogira peipingensis to Reduce Nicotine, Tar, and Carbon Monoxide

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamsul Bahri
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carbonyl Group ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Surface Texture ◽  
Acid Amide ◽  
Amino Acid Amide ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Bioremediation Agent

Algae Spirogyra peipingensis is a group of green algae from the order Zygnematales. Spirogyra algae serves as a bioremediation agent. In addition Spirogyra algae has great potential in reducing toxin levels in cigarette smoke. Because the biomass of alga Spirogyra has an irregular shaped surface texture and consists of amino acid, amide, carboxylic, hydroxyl, and carbonyl group that can bind various heavy metals and other harmful compounds. Alga Spirogyra peipingensis samples used are algae from Bone, South Sulawesi. Prior to the trial, the first pretreatment and processed to become powder. Algae powder was then applied to cigarette filters and tested on several respondents. Results showed that there was a significant decrease  tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in cigarette smoke by using Spirogyra peipingensis algae but the most significant decrease of carbon monoxide, while tar and nicotine decreased even though not as high as carbon monoxide. 

scholarly journals Electro-Persulfate Processes for the Treatment of Complex Wastewater Matrices: Present and Future

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4821
Author(s):  
Annabel Fernandes ◽  
Maria João Nunes ◽  
Ana Sofia Rodrigues ◽  
Maria José Pacheco ◽  
Lurdes Ciríaco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Sulfate Radicals ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Load Removal ◽  
Activated Persulfate

Complex wastewater matrices present a major environmental concern. Besides the biodegradable organics, they may contain a great variety of toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and other xenobiotics. The electrochemically activated persulfate process, an efficient way to generate sulfate radicals, has been widely applied to the degradation of such complex effluents with very good results. This review presents the fundamentals of the electro-persulfate processes, highlighting the advantages and limitations, followed by an exhaustive evaluation on the application of this process for the treatment of complex industrial effluents. An overview of the main relevant experimental parameters/details and their influence on the organic load removal is presented and discussed, having in mind the application of these technologies at an industrial scale. Finally, the future perspectives for the application of the electro-persulfate processes in the treatment of complex wastewater matrices is outlined.

scholarly journals Accumulation and toxicological risk assessment of Cd, As, Pb, Hg, and Cu from topsoils of school playgrounds at Obio-Akpor LGA Rivers State Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okereke Chioma ◽  
Agomuo Emmanuel ◽  
Amadi Peter
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
School Playgrounds

The adverse health effects associated with heavy metal pollution have become a subject of topical discussion. Using standard methods, this study evaluated the accumulation and toxicological risks of heavy metal deposition on top soils of school playgrounds in Obio-Akpor LGA. Results obtained from the top soils, sampled from 10 different schools showed that the concentration of heavy metals assessed, followed the trend; Hg<As<Cd<Pb<Cu. Marginal differences between the test and control samples were observed for the geoaccumulation index of the heavy metals except for copper. For the contamination factor, FCUA had the least results for cadmium (0.31) but highest in arsenic (0.016) while OPS, UDPS and RBPS recorded the highest contamination factor for lead, mercury, and copper respectively. The results for the pollution load index and degree of contamination of the test sites showed that the sites were unpolluted and had low contamination status, while the enrichment factors showed the deposition of only cadmium to be of a natural origin, and the rest of the heavy metals resulted from anthropogenic sources. The trend from the hazard quotient was Pb>Hg>Cu>Cd>As while the highest (0.0213) and least (0.0162) total hazard index value occurred at RBPS and MOM respectively. These values obtained for this study indicate that the school playground's soils are still within the recommended heavy metal content safe levels.

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