Evolution of human diseases

The main aims of this review were to understand the roles of evolutionary process in human disease. The suffering of human from disease may be millions years ago and until now are continuing and the human disease can be classified into many types based on their sources such as bacterial, Genetics and viral. For the past sixty years the scientist carried out high number of experiment to understand and the decision of the evolutionary process impact of the human disease. the main example of effect of evolution on the human health are using overuse of antibiotics against bacterial infection and the results to the speedy evolution of bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics such that even vancomycin. The process of natural selection which is proposed by Charles Darwin play vital roles in Biological and medical process and also helps to predict and find the relationship between natural selection process of evolution and phenotypical traits. Understanding the developmental and genetic underpinnings of unique evolutionary changes have been hindered by way of insufficient databases of evolutionary anatomy and through the lack of a computational method to become aware of underlying candidate genes and regulators to the developing o the process of the evolution with helps of other branches of modern sciences such as genetics, Bioinformatics, epidemiology, ecology, microbiology, molecular biology and biochemistry.

Productivity of winter maize as affected by varieties and fertilizer levels

Grain yield production of maize is greatly affected by varieties and fertilizer levels. This study was conducted to determine the effects of different rates of fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers and farmyard manures) on grain yield and yield attributing traits of different maize varieties during winter seasons of 2009/10 and 2010/011 at the research farm of National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Six levels of fertilizers [Control (Zero fertilizer), FYM @ 10 t/ha, FYM@ 10 t/ha plus 60:30 20 kg NPK/ha, FYM@ 10 t/ha plus 120: 60: 40 kg NPK/ha, FYM@ 10 t/ha plus 180: 90: 60 kg NPK/ha, and 120: 60: 40 kg NPK/ha] and four maize varieties (Rampur Composite, Manakamana-4, Across9942 × Across 9944 and S99TLYQ-B) were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that grain yield was non-significant for maize genotypes but the fertilizers levels were highly significant for grain yield. Rampur Composite produced the highest grain yield (5195 kg/ha), followed by Manakamana-4 (5074 kg/ha), Across9942 × Across9944 (5052 kg/ha) and S99TLYQ-B (4789 kg/ha) with the application of NPK 180: 90: 60 kg/ha plus FYM 10 t/ha. This information is useful in generating suitable fertilization packages for obtaining higher grain yield of maize varieties.

Effect of water stress and AM fungi on the growth performance of pea

The study was conducted to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculation on growth of pea grown under water stressed pot culture conditions. Water stress was given to the pea plants after 30 days at the interval of 4, 8 and 12 days. The data was collected at an interval of 15 days. Three replicates of each set were maintained. . The mixture of AM fungi used for current experiment included the species of Acaulospora denticulata, A. gerdemannii, Glomus macrocarpum, G. maculosum, G. fasciculatum and Scutellospora minuta. The mycorrhizal plants have shown more shoot and root length as compared to the control plants. The height of shoot and root was significantly decreased with the increase in drought stress. Mycorrhizal plants with low water stress showed enhanced shoot and root length than high water stress. The mycorrhizal plants have shown more number of leaves than control plants during drought stress. The number of leaves significantly reduced with the increase in drought stress. The leaves produced by the control plants were comparatively smaller than those of mycorrhizal plants. The dry weight of root and shoot of both control and mycorrhizal plants decreased with the increase in water stress. Mycorrhizal plants showed more dry weight of shoot and root as compared to control plants. Plants inoculated with AM fungi produce more dry weight than the control plants. The fresh weight of both control and mycorrhizal plants has been decreased with the increase in water stress interval and also the fresh weight of root and shoot was observed higher in mycorrhizal plants as compared to those of control plants.

Effect of nitrogen management and seedling raising methods on the productivity of Aus rice under tidal ecosystem of Bangladesh

The low productivity of Aus rice in the tidal ecosystem of Bangladesh is mainly due to the difficulties in nitrogen (N) management under high tidal water along with unavailability of irrigation water during the onset of rice cultivation. Our present study demonstrated how the productivity of Aus rice could be improved using appropriate seedling raising methods and N management practices. The study was laid out in split plot design consisting two factors viz., seedling raising methods (wet seed bed and dry seed bed) and N management practices (six N treatments) in three replications. Results indicated that both the seedling raising methods and N management practices had significant effect on all the yield contributing characters of transplanted Aus rice under tidal condition. Specifically, the combination of seedlings raised in wet seed bed and fertilized with urea super granule (USG) at 10 days after transplanting (DAT) i.e., N3W showed the best values for plant height (110.33cm), number of effective tillers hill-1 (14.60), days required 50% flowering (53.00 DAT), days to maturity (84.33 DAT), panicle length (23.37 cm), number of filled grain panicle-1 (88.13), 1000-grain weight (43.17 g), grain yield (4.62 tha-1), straw yield (6.07 tha-1), biological yield (10.67 tha-1), and harvest index (43.17%). However, in considering the productivity/ grain yield, besides N3W, the whole urea application at land preparation along with wet seed bed (N1W) and USG application along with dry seed bed (N3D) also produced statistically similar results (p<0.01) and thus all these three combinations may be practiced for improving productivity and ensuring horizontal expansion of Aus rice in the tidal ecosystem of Bangladesh.

Fish Biodiversity in the Swamp Ecosystem of Barumun River Area

Swamp flooded is a habitat of various types of fish, which as an feeding ground, shelter, and reproduction. Diversity of fish types has been utilized by the people to catch fish, as a material of consumption and economic income. One of the flooded swamp that people have utilized in the Barumun River area. The purpose of this research is to know the biodiversity of fish in the swamp flooded Barumun River. This research is explorative, with the determination of observation stations with purposive sampling methods. Fish are captured using hand cast fishing nets, fishing rods, and gill nets. Fish are identified using relevant books. Total fishing catches during the study amounted to 298 individuals consisting of 13 genera and 17 speisies. The average value of the Keanakaragaman index is 1,85 with a low cathedral. The average value of uniformity index (E ') is 0,67 in medium category. The average value of the Dominancy index (C) is 0,027 in low category. Based on the results of the study concluded the waters of Rawa Sungai Barumun has suffered disruption due to land function and pollution. This is evidenced by the Oil Palm Factory PT. Nubika Jaya and palm plantations area.

Haemophilus paraphrophilus brain abscess in a 9-year-old boy: Case report and literature review

Human diseases due to A. paraphrophilus aren’t usual. The following case report describes the first isolated case of A. paraphrophilus brain abscess in our laboratory. A 9-year-old boy presented to pediatric emergencies for frontal headache, vomiting, blurred vision and left hemiparesis. Radiological diagnosis consists with a frontal abscess. Gram staining of purulent samples showed abundant neutrophils with gram negative bacilli. Culture was made on blood agar, chocolate agar, Chapman’s agar and incubated in 5% CO2 at 37°C for 24 hours. Positive culture was detected only on chocolate agar. It was monomicrobial with small yellowish non-hemolytic colonies. Gram stain of colonies showed pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacilli. The strain required V factor for growth. The isolated strain was sensitive to all antibiotics tested. The interest of this case is that it shows the emergence of A. paraphrophilus as a causative agent of brain abscesses on pediatric population without associated congenital heart disease. It may also help identifying risk factors of these infections and how to prevent them.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites amongst selected age groups within Okada, South –South Nigeria.

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites from volunteered individuals in the study site. A total of 300 stool samples, comprising 150 females and 150 males were collected randomly from the study population in Ovia North-East Local Government Area in Edo State, aged between 1 and 60 years. The stool samples were aseptically collected and examined using both direct smear method and formol ether sedimentation techniques to determine the individual parasite load of the sampled population. The age group of 16-20 had the highest number of participants 102(34%) while the age group of 6-10, 51-55 and 56-60 had the least number of participants of 3(1%) respectively. Out of the 300 stool samples examined 87, (29%) were positive with intestinal parasites while 213(71%) were negative, not having any intestinal parasitic infection However the age group of 11-15(N=10) and 31-35(N=10) had the highest prevalence rate of 11.5%, while the lowest prevalence (1%) was found in individuals of ages 41-60 years. There was no intestinal parasites found among the individuals below11 years of age.. Of the 150 male candidates examined, 57 (65.5%) were infected with intestinal parasites. On the other hand, their female counterparts had a total prevalence of 34.5%. A total number of six parasitic species were isolated from the fecal specimens. These were Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercolaris, Entamoeba coli, Hookworms and Entamoeba histolytica. Ascaris lumbricoides had the highest prevalence rate (12%), while Trichuris trichiura and Strongyloides stercolaris had the least prevalence rate (1%) respectively. The intestinal parasite infection and age were negatively correlated and there was a significant difference between the male and female infection rates (p<0.05).

Ambeng, Hazairin Zubair, Ngakan Putu Oka dan Adi Tonggiroh

Community structure analysis is one way to describe and assess the environmental quality of an ecosystem. One part of environmental biotic that make up mangrove water ecosystems is bivalves. The mangrove area in the Pangkajene river estuary has become one of the bivalve habitats, which has been widely used by the community. Research on the bivalve community structure of the mangrove area in the Pangkajene river estuary was conducted in April - June 2019, which aims to get an overview and assess the environmental conditions of the mangrove area in the Pangkajene river estuary based on the bivalve community structure. The research place was divided into three stations, each station was divided into two sampling areas, and in each sampling area six sampling points were placed. Sampling was carried out using a 50 x 50 cm plot method. Community structure limits calculated include density, diversity index, uniformity, dominance, and dispersion, as well as measurement of water parameters including pH, Organic C, and substrate texture. The results showed that the composition of bivalve community types consisted of 19 species included in 12 families. The dominant type is Saccostrea sp. with a density of 15.11 ind / m2 (Cr 50.77%). The species diversity index value ranges from 0.91 - 1.91 with an average of 1.50, which indicates the level of diversity of bivalves is relatively low. The Bivalvia community uniformity index includes the unstable criteria and the level of dominance index includes the stable community criteria, with a uniform distribution pattern.

EFFICACY OF SUNFLOWER RESIDUES AND HERBICIDES IN CONTROLLING WEEDS IN TRANSPLANTED RICE

The experiment was conducted at Agronomy Field Laboratory of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh from July 2018 to November 2018 to find out the effect of sunflower residues and herbicides on weed control and yield of T. Aman rice. Weed control methods tested were T1= weedy check,T2 = Weed free check, T3 = Pendimethalin,T4 = Pretilachlor,T5= Butachlor,T6 = Pyrazosulfuron ethyl,T7 = Bensulfuron methyl + Acetachlor,T8 = Bispyriback sodium,T9 =2,4-D amine,T10 =MCPA,T11 = Sunflower residues ,T12 = Sunflower residues + 100%Pyrazosulfuron ethyl,T13 = Sunflower residues + 75%Pyrazosulfuron ethyl,T14 = Sunflower residues + 50%Pyrazosulfuron ethyl. The weed spectrum of the experimental field consisted of all the three groups of weeds viz., grasses (15.78%), sedges (59.02%) and broad-leaved weeds (25.2%). The dominants weeds were Cynodon dactylonand Echinochloa crusgalli among grasses; Cyperus difformis, Fimbristylis miliacea and Scirpus supinus among sedges and Jussiaea decurrens among broad-leaved weeds. Hand weeding recorded the highest weed control efficiency (99.05%) and weedy check recorded the lowest. Among different herbicides applied alone, butachlor had the highest weed control efficiency (87.59%).Hand weeding produced the highest grain yield (5.14 t ha-1) which was statistically similar to butachlor, pendimethalin, pretilachlor, bensulfuron methyl + acetachlor and sunflower residues + 100% pyrazosulfuronethyl. Application of sunflower residues along with the reduced rate (75 or 50%) of pyrazosulfuron ethyl had effective weed control and satisfactory yield comparable to butachlor. The farmers can use this technology as an eco-friendly approach in transplanted Aman rice field.

Comparison growth of Candida albicans in alternative media and semi-synthetic on fisheries cerumen in bastiong karance Ternate City

Otomycosis is an inflammatory process in the ear canal caused by a fungal infection. The activity of fishermen on the high seas at night or during the day is often at risk of contracting fungal diseases, because their workplaces are in the open air and in wet and humid areas favored by fungi. Work as a fisherman also makes them often exposed to direct sunlight so that the body's temperature rises, the body will produce sweat and cause the ear wax to be disturbed. Semi-synthetic media such as PDAs have sufficient carbohydrate content so that they are good for fungal growth. This media is pretty much needed in fungal breeding both in the laboratory and in agriculture. But the price of this media is quite expensive besides that not all chemical shops provide it, while the needs of PDA media are increasing so that another alternative is needed to replace the fungal culture media. This research is instrumental with a cross sectional approach and aims to find out the level of significance of the differences in the growth of Candida albicans against alternative media for agar dextrose agar and semi-synthetic Potato Dextrose agar (PDA). The sampling technique was non-random with a purposive sampling design of 46 people. The sample was then isolated on a semi-synthetic PDA media and alternative media to see differences in the growth of Candida albicans. Based on the research that has been carried out, it is concluded that there are 38 samples of respondents detected positively Candida albicans on semi-synthetic media (PDA) and alternative media, and based on the results of data processing obtained p value 0,000 <0.05 which indicates that there are very significant differences in growth Candida albicans between semi-synthetic media (PDA) and alternative media.Keyword : Candida albicans, Alternative Media, Potato Dextrose Agar.