Unique Ethical Issues in Chemistry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Kovac
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Fundamental Knowledge ◽  
The Right

What makes chemistry unique? And how does this uniqueness reflect on chemistry’s unique concerns with ethics? As Roald Hoffmann (1995) argues, it is because chemistry is in the “tense middle,” occupying a space between several pairs of extremes. Perhaps most important, chemistry has always inhabited a frontier between science and technology, the pure and the applied, the theoretical and the practical (Bensaude-Vincent and Simon 2008). Unlike the other natural sciences, chemistry traces its origins both to philosophy and the craft tradition. Chemists are discoverers of knowledge and creators of new substances. The objects of study in chemistry, molecules and the macroscopic systems made up of molecules, are intermediate between the very small, the elementary particles, and the very large, the cosmos. Chemical systems are the right size to affect humans directly, for better or worse. They are the building blocks of biological organisms, they are the substances we eat and drink, they are the drugs that have improved human health dramatically over the past century, they comprise the materials we use to construct the products we use daily, but they are also the environmental pollutants that can plague our world. Chemicals can also be used as weapons. Being in the middle means that chemists face a unique set of ethical issues that I try to explicate in this chapter. These issues derive, in part, from the nature of chemistry as a science, a science that does not fit the neat picture drawn in the first chapter of textbooks. They also derive from the fact that ethics is an inquiry into right human conduct: What is a good life? Chemistry has perhaps contributed more to the betterment of human life than any other science, but at the same time has also contributed significantly to the deterioration of the environment. As explained in Chapter 3, much of chemistry is conducted in Pasteur’s quadrant, where both the search for fundamental knowledge and considerations of use are important. Chemical synthesis is perhaps the central activity of chemistry.

scholarly journals The Jurisprudence Hadith Analysis of Bribery and It's Impact on Human Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Nuryamin Nuryamin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

This article discusses the concept of bribery in the perspective of hadith jurisprudence and its impact on human life. By looking at some definitions of bribery, it is found that all definitions give different meanings, goals, and aspects, there are essence of bribery, or which have similarities to them (such as gratification), because bribery is a social phenomenon and has many patterns making it difficult to define definitions the right and limit the meaning. But a definition that explains the meaning of bribery objectively, namely: Giving given to someone (an official) so that the right becomes wrong and wrong becomes right, because it summarizes the essence of bribery practice and is considered a comprehensive definition of all banned aspects of bribery, so let us choose this. In Qur’ān and Ḥadīth, Allah forbade his servant to eat bribery property, because this property was included as part of consuming other people's assets with vanity. Even though bribery is called a variety of terms in daily life, such as facilitation payments, tips, etc., the legal status and prohibition cannot change with these various terms. Bribes also have the potential to create hate conflicts and hostility among members of the community. Because in essence, bribery is only a tool for those who hold policies to oppress the weak. On the other hand, those who surrendered their wealth to the recipients of this bribe gave their assets very forcefully.

Ethical Issues in Transhumanism

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faruk Karaman
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technological Determinism ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Social Determinism ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Time

Transhumanism seems to be inevitable. There seems to be no way to stop the developments leading humanity to transhumanism. As Heidegger puts, technological determinism rules, rather than social determinism. In other words, the technology controls the society, not the other way around. Therefore, in a short time period, people will be forced to face the challenges of transhumanism. It is therefore the right time to prepare for those challenges before they became mainstream. Tomorrow, it will be too late. Academicians, educators, politicians, philosophers, intellectuals, psychologists … etc. all should concentrate on the issue. This chapter will try to answer such questions and many others. A philosophical approach is used. After all, ethics is a branch of philosophy. Since, this is a futuristic topic, it is hard to find first-hand data and conduct survey analysis etc. Therefore, this is a theoretical chapter.

scholarly journals Żyć mocą Ducha Bożego w Kościele

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 56-86
Author(s):  
Jacek Neumann ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theological Interpretation ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Human World ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

Our life as the Christen in the community ecclesial is the announcement about God, which gives the people the gifts of love, freedom, friendship and truth. Through the forgiveness and the activity of the salvation of God, love and friendship in man’s life makes the human world more divine. This Jesus accents in His proclamation about the kingdom divine, specially in the parables, where He presents the model of the world based on love, hope, faith and freedom as the world of deeds based on God. Therefore, with the power of God’s Spirit, man has to make his life based on the norm of divine, because only in God, with God and through God exists for man the possibility to life now on earth, and afterwards in the future in heaven. In this situation, the answer of the man of faith has to be the motivation to take up the “deed” of the renovation of self-life and the imitation of God. This constitutes as the Christian thought that the central point of the theological interpretation of the value of salvation is realized – hic et nun – as the historical and existential value of the human life in the right of the kingdom divine. The proclamation of Jesus about the “new life”, presents to man the values of the divine existence in the spiritual of the Church. On one hand, it is the gift of freedom and the liberation from sin, where the love of God is absolutely necessary. On the other hand, the “new life” opens for man the space of liberty of life, where God forgives the human offences and the sins, both past and present. Well now the resume of the call to imitate God is the acceptance of the divine gift, which changes the man himself, and all the people, who seek the help and good councils to live the norm divine. These witnesses in the human mentality the consciousness of the existence based on the divine laws, which have in themselves the dimension eschatological.

scholarly journals Theoretical Links Between Natural Sciences Teaching and Human Rights: Proposals for a Humane Formation Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 975-999
Author(s):  
Hanslivian Correia Cruz Bonfim ◽  
Orliney Maciel Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Humane Education ◽  
The Right

In this theoretical article, we discuss the ways of articulating Human Rights and the teaching of Natural Sciences in the early years of elementary school, in a perspective focused on the humane education. The theoretical basis for further discussion of the proposed subject matter was carried out through bibliographic research, having as sources: books, scientific articles and official documents. From this research, we proposed some topics that are related to human rights and are possible to be articulated with the contents of Natural Sciences developed in the early years. We consider that these topics need to be based on structuring axes that will base the pedagogical work of the teachers, so that they have as purpose the humane education of the students. These axes are: to become aware of the recognition of social, cultural and economic differences; to recognize oneself as a citizen with rights and to respect the right of the other; to plan and develop inclusive practices; to value the interrelationship between human beings and natural environments. We consider that the pedagogical work aimed at this perspective needs to be based on a dialogical and participatory methodology, with an emphasis on a humane and socially responsible education.

scholarly journals HEALTHCARE QUALITY AND NARRATIVE MEDICINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (15) ◽  
pp. 1404-1413
Author(s):  
Leyla Savsar ◽  
Mehmet Savsar
Keyword(s):  
Medical Humanities ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Healthcare Quality ◽  
Narrative Medicine ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
The Past

Healthcare has been one of the most vital endeavors in human life during the entire history of humanity. In the past two millennia, all efforts and expertise are put into healthcare in order to maintain human beings in healthy condition. While the science and technology in medical field has advanced incredibly, some serious issues remain as problems in healthcare activities that need attention. Two issues that have been researched and discussed in the literature during the past century are quality and ethical problems in healthcare. Parallel to these issues is a new branch of research, called medical humanities, which attempts to emphasize the subjective experience of patients within the objective and scientific world of medicine, where literature plays a major role to influence and enrich medical practice. In this paper, we try to summarize basic types of human errors, medical malpractices, causes of quality problems, and ethical issues in healthcare systems. We also try to present our views on healthcare quality and ethics and their relations to narrative medicine with an attempt to discourse the prospects of improving healthcare quality through narrative medicine. Keywords: Healthcare quality, healthcare errors, medical ethics, medical humanities, narrative medicine

Ethical Issues in Transhumanism

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
Faruk Karaman
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technological Determinism ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Social Determinism ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Time

Transhumanism seems to be inevitable. There seems to be no way to stop the developments leading humanity to transhumanism. As Heidegger puts, technological determinism rules, rather than social determinism. In other words, the technology controls the society, not the other way around. Therefore, in a short time period, people will be forced to face the challenges of transhumanism. It is therefore the right time to prepare for those challenges before they became mainstream. Tomorrow, it will be too late. Academicians, educators, politicians, philosophers, intellectuals, psychologists … etc. all should concentrate on the issue. This chapter will try to answer such questions and many others. A philosophical approach is used. After all, ethics is a branch of philosophy. Since, this is a futuristic topic, it is hard to find first-hand data and conduct survey analysis etc. Therefore, this is a theoretical chapter.

The Protection of Public Safety and Human Life vs the Inviolability of Mission Premises

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinan Bao
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Right ◽  
Self Defence

Inviolability of mission premises is not only one of the core provisions of the VCDR, but represents a long established rule of diplomatic law. At the same time, the absolute inviolability stipulated in Article 22(1) can lead to conflicts with the need to protect public safety and human life, resulting in a dilemma for the receiving States which then have to determine whether one interest must overrule the other. This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the difficulty, reviews scholarly debate in this field and examines relevant incidents and their evaluation. It pays particular attention to the controversy concerning the application of the right of self-defence. But the author also explores solutions to the dilemma and suggests the employment of administrative measures to resolve the practical problems encountered in situations of this kind.

Freedom of Assembly and Safety

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Mikołajczyk ◽  
Jarosław Struniawski
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Global Principles ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Of Assembly

The article refers to freedom and human rights as universal and global principles covering all aspects of human life. Human rights are those freedoms, means of protection and services respected precisely as rights, which all people should be able to demand from the society in which they live, in accordance with today's freedoms. On the other hand, as rights they solely occur among individuals and authorities. None of the authority can take them away. They can not be waived or renounced. In Poland, guarantees of respect for human rights - to which all people are entitled and citizen's rights - to which only Polish citizens are entitled are included in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. According to it, the inherent and inalienable human dignity is a source of freedom and human and citizen's rights. One of the fundamental human right is the freedom of assembly. The possibility of using the freedom of assembly must be dictated by the need to ensure the protection of national security or public order, protection of health, public morals and rights and freedom of other people. Due to the subject matter discussed, the study focused on peaceful assemblies, which organization is guaranteed by law, on the other hand no illegal forms of protest were described - the blockades and occupation of buildings, transport routes, or prohibited strike forms. The main task of ensuring security during assemblies rests with the Police, whose fundamental duty is to facilitate the conduct of assemblies. It is important to find a balance between maintaining order and exercising the right of assembly.

The fundamentals of particle phonology

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 129-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford A. Schane
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Standard Notation ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Notational System

Particle phonology has evolved from a dissatisfaction that I experienced working within the current theoretical and notational framework of generative phonology. I had been looking at historical processes affecting vowels and diphthongs. In trying to describe the kinds of changes undergone by these entities, I was particularly frustrated by the inability of the standard notation to characterise in any enlightening way the internal structure of vowels, as well as relationships evident between particular vowels and diphthongs. The first difficulty – the nature of the internal structure of vowels – was not simply due to an inadequate set of distinctive features. Rather, the problem resided in the very notion of features as autonomous building blocks out of which segments are composed. This view contributed partially to the other difficulty – the expression of relationships between vowels and diphthongs. An additional factor to this problem came from restrictions of the notation in regard what could appear to the left and to the right of an arrow. The notation forced me to formulate rules whose statements often did not accord with my conception of the nature of the processes. It seems to me that a highly-valued notational system should have the property that I have come to call ‘mirroring’. If one believes that a process or change happens in a certain way, then the notation should not just describe that event but should reflect as closely as possible its manner of occurrence.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of three DNA sample tracking tools in a whole exome sequencing workflow

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertjan Wils ◽  
Celine Helmoortel ◽  
Pieter-Jan Volders ◽  
Inge Vereecke ◽  
Mauro Alessio Milazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sample Tracking ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Target Rates ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Next-generation sequencing applications are becoming the building blocks for clinical diagnostics. These experiments require numerous wet- and drylab steps, each one increasing the probability of a sample swap and/or contamination. Therefore, an identity confirmation at the end of the process is required to ensure the right data is used for each patient. We tested three commercially available, SNP bases sample tracking kits in a diagnostic workflow to evaluate their performance. The coverage uniformity, on-target specificity, sample identification and genotyping performance were determined to measure the reliability and estimate the cost-effectiveness of each kit. Our findings showed that the kit from Swift did not perform up to standards as only 20 out of the 46 samples were correctly genotyped. The kit provided by Nimagen identified all but one sample and the kit from pxlence unambiguously identified all samples, making it the most reliable and robust kit of this evaluation. The kit from Nimagen showed poor on-target rates, resulting in deeper sequencing needs and higher sequencing costs compared to the other two kits.

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