Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Todd M. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Near East ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Liberal Imperialism ◽  
Spiritual Authenticity

This chapter provides a sketch of Norman Anderson’s lifelong interest in Islam against the broad backdrop of three major developments:1) the long-term growth of secular imaginaries in western culture, 2) the geopolitical transformation of the ‘Near East’ into the ‘Middle East’, and 3) the evolution of liberal imperialism in the midst of decolonization. It draws on key features of Anderson’s thought, situating them against ancient, medieval and early modern trends, to develop broader conclusions about the historically unique features that define and distinguish twentieth-century Christian concern about Islam from its historical predecessors. It finds these features in the growing association of spiritual authenticity with private, voluntary, personal religion.

The 2018 Josephine Waters Bennett Lecture: The Protestant Reformation through Arab Eyes, 1517–1698

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-815
Author(s):  
Nabil Matar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Protestant Missions

This essay examines what Arabs knew about Luther, Calvin, and the Protestant-Catholic conflict in the early modern period. While there have been studies of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century impact of Protestant missions on the Arab East, there has been no study of the Protestant movement and its confrontation with Catholicism and Orthodoxy in the period between 1517 and 1698. Although Protestantism failed in gaining converts, the rivalry between Protestant England and Catholic France in co-opting converts to their military and ideological camps resulted in religio-social fissures that would have a lasting impact on Christians and Christianity in the Middle East.

Too Much Secularism? Religious Freedom in European History and the European Court of Human Rights

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-124
Author(s):  
Samuel Moyn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
European History ◽  
European Court ◽  
Looking Back

This chapter reinterprets contemporary European Court of Human Rights religious freedom jurisprudence in historical perspective, arguing that the decisions upholding headscarf and related bans do not flow from principles that have been connected to an exclusionary secularism for long. Looking back to early modern origins, the chapter first shows that it is mistaken to assume a long-term alliance between religious freedom and ‘secularism’. The chapter then turns to a closer analysis of the 1940s, when religious freedom was internationalized. As in its earliest origins, so also in its mid-twentieth century iteration, religious freedom was not part of a secularist enterprise. On the contrary, religious freedom was historically a principle that was most often intended to marginalize secularism. The Muslim of contemporary jurisprudence has taken the place of the communist.

Soundless Screams: Graffiti and Drawings in the Prisons of the Holy Office in Palermo

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-215
Author(s):  
Giovanna Fiume
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
North Africa ◽  
International Community ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Spanish Inquisition ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
The Impact

The discovery of graffiti in the early years of the twentieth century by the folklorist Giuseppe Pitré left by prisoners of the tribunal of the Spanish Inquisition in Palermo has been followed by more extensive investigations in recent years. These images and words have added a concrete and particular dimension to Sicily’s position at the crossroads of the Mediterranean. As well as images of saints and naval battles are to be found inscriptions not only in Italian, Sicilian and Latin but also in English and Hebrew. This article cross references this visual and textual evidence with the relevant archives of the tribunal in order to provide a powerful microhistory of suffering and resilience in this most inhospitable of environments. The result adds a new dimension to our understanding of the prison’s organization, judicial proceedings and the impact of the inquisition on the lives and consciences of those people from all over Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, who found themselves unwilling denizens of what must have been perhaps the most international community of prisoners in the early modern Christian world.

scholarly journals The Great War and the Middle East

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-73
Author(s):  
Amr G.E. Sabet
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Great War

This book attempts to provide a new reading of the historical events thatserved to shape the Middle East, during and immediately after the firstGreat War (1914-1918). While it does not go so far as to make revisionistclaims, it does make a claim to an alternative perspective on other narratives.The author questions how this grand conflict has been portrayed, notonly in its immediate aftermath but also in its long-term effects observed incurrent regional instabilities.The book includes twelve chapters arranged chronologically and by region,focusing on the military conflicts of WWI not as a study of “militaryhistory of maneuvers” as such, but as a “study of war” in a fashion that reflectsthe interactions of decision-makers involved in this great conflict (x).The first chapter introduces the reader to the “making of imperial strategy”focusing on “ends and ways” (1). By the early twentieth century, Britain appearedto face numerous threats from other great powers such as Germany, ...

Katherine Mansfield and Translation

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Katherine Mansfield ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Specific Interest ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Critical Interest

Our understanding of Anglophone modernism has been transformed by recent critical interest in translation. The central place of translation in the circulation of aesthetic and political ideas in the early twentieth century has been underlined, for example, as well as translation’s place in the creative and poetic dynamics of key modernist texts. This volume of Katherine Mansfield Studies offers a timely assessment of Mansfield’s place in such exchanges. As a reviewer, she developed a specific interest in literatures in translation, as well as showing a keen awareness of the translator’s presence in the text. Throughout her life, Mansfield engaged with new literary texts through translation, either translating proficiently herself, or working alongside a co-translator to explore the semantic and stylistic challenges of partially known languages. The metaphorical resonances of translating, transition and marginality also remain key features of her writing throughout her life. Meanwhile, her enduring popularity abroad is ensured by translations of her works, all of which reveal sociological and even ideological agendas of their own, an inevitable reflection of individual translators’ readings of her works, and the literary traditions of the new country and language of reception. The contributions to this volume refine and extend our appreciation of her specifically trans-linguistic and trans-literary lives. They illuminate the specific and more general influences of translation on Mansfield’s evolving technique and, jointly, they reveal the importance of translation on her literary language, as well as for her own particular brand of modernism.

‘In search of lost time’, ‘friendship and archaeology’: a personal reminiscence of Ludovic Mann, Joseph Harrison Maxwell and George Applebey – my father

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
George Applebey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Personal Reminiscence ◽  
Lost Time

In this paper, I will reflect on my personal memories of Ludovic Mann, friend and mentor to my late father George Applebey, whose archaeological career is also a focus of the paper. They both worked together on Mann's most famous excavations at Knappers Farm, and the nearby painting of the Cochno Stone rock-art panel. However, these are only two examples of their long-term collaboration and friendship, and this paper will explore the broader context within which they worked. This will include consideration of other collaborators, such as J Harrison Maxwell, part of the ‘Ludovic Group’ in the first half of the twentieth century. The important role that all three men played in the development of Scottish archaeology is noted. The paper concludes with developments following Mann's death in 1955 including George Applebey's emergence as a noted amateur archaeologist in his own right, and the fate of the Mann and Applebey collections.

The Mortality Rate of COVID-19 in Iraq Compare with Iran and Turkey, its Association with the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and the Iraqi Preparedness Plan Prior to Pandemics. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawand Essa
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Critical Position ◽  
Preparedness Plan ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

BACKGROUND In the span of COVID-19, the mortality rate has been different from one country to another. As a country in the Middle East Iraq has a critical position, lies between Iran and Turkey while both countries coronavirus cases increase on daily basis, while Iranian mortality rate record is high similar to Turkey. After Wuhan city of China, Lombard of Italy, Qum city in Iran has the highest number of COVID-19 as a first country in the Middle East. OBJECTIVE aim of this study is to show the effect of BCG vaccine during pandemic diseases, especially nowadays at the time of COVID-19. One of the crucial observations is the government preparedness and strategic planning prior pandemics, in which the BCG vaccine is an attenuated live vaccine for control of tuberculosis (TB). BCG vaccine has a non-specific immune effect that is used against pathogens like bacteria and viruses, through the promotion of pro-inflammatory cytokines' secretion. METHODS An epidemiological study has been performed, and it shows that some countries are more prone to contagious diseases like COVID-19, regardless of the main cultural, religious, societal similarities among the three mentioned countries. The information data has been collected from WHO reports and worldometer in 18 February 2020 to 10 May 2020. Regarding the efficacy of the BCG vaccine, relevant data has been retrieved from Google scholar, Pub-med and BCG world-atlas. RESULTS COVID-19 mortality rates are at peak in Iran and Turkey while the mortality rate is very low in Iraq, while the patients that died in Iraq all had history of other long-term diseases as heart disease, blood pressure, cancer etc. CONCLUSIONS From the experiences of the three countries in the life span of COVID-19, the historical plan of BCG vaccine in Iraq in cooperation with WHO since the last decades it shows that COVID-19 mortality rate is lower than other countries due to the early vaccination of the Iraqis, otherwise Iraq is more fragile than Iran and Turkey due to the poor conditions of Iraq in terms of economics, politics, war and other aspects.

The Geography of Insight

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Foley
Keyword(s):  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
Key Features

This book, based on a philosopher’s experiences as dean over almost two decades, argues it is appropriate for the sciences and humanities to have different aims and for the values informing their inquiries also to be different. It maintains there are four core differences: (1) it is proper for the sciences but not the humanities to seek insights not limited to particular locations, times, or things; (2) the sciences but not the humanities value findings as independent as possible of the perspectives of the inquirers; (3) the sciences should be wholly descriptive while the humanities can also be concerned with prescriptive claims, which give expression to values; and (4) the sciences are organized to increase collective knowledge, whereas in the humanities individual insight is highly valued independently of its ability to generate consensus. Associated with these differences are secondary distinctions: different attitudes about an endpoint of inquiry; different notions of intellectual progress; different roles for expertise; different assumptions about simplicity and complexity; and different approaches to issues associated with consciousness. Taken together these distinctions constitute an intellectual geography of the humanities and sciences: a mapping of key features of their epistemology. In addition, the book discusses the role of universities in an era attached to sound bites and immediately useful results, and the importance of there being a healthy culture of research for both the sciences and humanities, one that treasures long-term intellectual achievements and whose presiding value is that with respect to many issues it ought not to be easy to have opinions.

Time Goes on Crutches till Love Have All His Rites

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Tutino
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Legal Contract

The last three chapters of this book present specific case studies showing concrete examples of the issues to which probabilism was applied. These chapters bring the theoretical and theological discussions on probabilism into the daily life of early modern men and women, and they demonstrate the fundamental role probabilism assumed in early modern Western culture. This chapter focuses on the question of the validity of East Asian marriages, which were institutionally, legally, and culturally very different from the European West. As Catholic missionaries and theologians confronted these differences, they found probabilism immensely useful for rethinking, updating, and adapting to this new context traditional notions concerning the nature of marriage both as a sacrament and as a legal contract.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Final Consideration

The conclusion places the art of the object into an expanded field, where it is shown to be contiguous with other visual and verbal artforms including architecture, painting, poetry, and rhetoric. It locates the peak of the allusive object in the pre-Mongol Middle East and speculates about its decline in the later medieval and early modern periods. It also considers the change in meaning that the subjects of the book have undergone as they transition from being objects of use to objects of display. The conclusion ends with final consideration of the nature of allusion and its implications for the intelligent art of the object.

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