Protecting antiquities in early modern Rome: the papal edicts as paradigms for the heritage safeguard in Europe

The edicts issued in Rome between the fifteenth and the eighteenth centuries are the earliest legislation conceived for the preservation and supervision of heritage in Europe. Not only did such regulations aim to protect monuments, antiquities, and – at a later stage – paintings from the risks of damage and deterioration, but also established a legal framework against their illegal exportation and excavation. In this study the gradual development of this vast corpus of legislation is considered within the variations of artistic scholarship, legal knowledge, artistic taste, and the art market in Europe between 1400s and 1700s. The mutual implications of juridical constructs and practices of supervision are evaluated together with interdisciplinary factors – such as the rise of collections and museums – to shed light on the development of the concepts of ‘heritage protection’ in early modern Rome. Specific analysis will also involve the gradual expansion of the definition of ‘antiquity’ and ‘artefact’ in papal legislation, as well as the establishment of innovative instruments to prevent and circumvent misdemeanours. One final consideration is given to the launch of local procedures of heritage protection in other states in Europe. Considering the cultural and historical backgrounds of each individual place, this study will demonstrate that the idea of safeguarding what was thought of as ‘collective heritage’ emerged consistently in eighteenth-century Europe following the paradigms of the papal edicts.

Proppant Distribution in Newly Completed and Re-Fractured Wells - An Eagle Ford Shale Case Study

Fracture treatments and stage designs for new wells have evolved considerably over the past decade contributingto significant production growth. For example, in the acreage discussed hererecently used higher intensity fracturing methods provided an ~80% increase in recovery rates compared with legacy wells. Older wells completed originally with less efficient techniques can also benefit from these more up-to-date designs and treatments using re-fracturing methods. These offer the prospect of economically boosting production in appropriately selected wells. While adding in-fill wells has often been favored by Operators as a lowerrisk option the number of wells being re-fractured has grown every year for the last decade. In this case study two adjacent Eagle Ford wells, comprising a newly completed and a re-fractured well, allow both methods to be considered and compared. Completion design and fracture treatment effectiveness are evaluated using the uniformity of proppant distribution at cluster and stage level as the primary measure. Perforation erosion measurements from downhole video footage is used as the main diagnostic. Novel data acquisition methods combined with successful well preparation provided comprehensive and high-quality datasets. The subsequent proppant distribution analysis for the two wells provides the highest confidence results presented to date. Clear, repeatable trends in distribution are observed and these are compared across multiple stage designs for both the newly completed and re-fractured well. Variations in design parameters and how these effects distribution and ultimately recovery are discussed. These include changes to perforation count per cluster, cluster spacing, cluster count per stage, stage length, perforation charge size and treatment rates and volumes. As a final consideration production records for the evaluated wells are also discussed. Historical industry data shows that the number of wells being re-fractured increases relative to the number of newly drilled wells being completed during periods of low oil and gas prices. With the industry again facing harsh economic realities an increasing number of decisions will be made on whether new or refractured wells, or a combination of both, provide the best solution to replace otherwise inevitable production decline. This paper attempts to provide a detailed understanding of how proppant distribution, as a significant factor in production for hydraulically fractured wells, can be evaluated and considered in these decisions.

Uterus didelphys and successful pregnancy: case reports

Objective: To report a clinical cases of uterus didelphys and successful pregnancy. Case details: Case 1: patient with high-risk pregnancy due to Hypothyroidism, overweight and the presence of uterus didelphys. In the past history: anemia, the patient reported menstrual irregularity. The pregnancy went according to the proper procedures, however, a significant increase in weight was observed, as a consequence, gestational arterial hypertension was detected. Cesarean delivery occurred at 37 weeks and three days without complications. Case 2: patient diagnosed with uterus didelphy at 65, history of treatment for becoming pregnant, intense menstrual flow, cramps and two successful pregnancies. However, the patient was not aware of the uterine malformation and there was no information about this fact in the medical record. All patients included in this study provided informed consent. Final consideration: Despite pregnancy being considered the presence of the uterus didelphys, the pregnancies went according to the appropriate procedures considering the guidelines recommended by the Ministry of Health (MS). Therefore, the therapeutic approach applied to clinical cases was successful.

A computational approach to identify possible symbiotic mechanisms between Klebsiella and the Mediterranean fly (Ceratitis capitata)

Nowadays, scientists develop multiple methods to control pests, like chemical control as the insecticides and biological control as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) to release infertile males produced by irradiation. This technique is complemented with research in the medfly’s (Ceratitis capitata) microbiota, this approach is based on the identification of molecular mechanisms from three Klebsiella strains using the reconstruction of metabolic pathways technique. We focus on the reconstruction of metabolic pathways involved in nitrogen metabolization because the bacteria are in charge of metabolizing the nitrogen compounds and make available for the medfly. We propose a pipeline to process the genome sequences the bacteria, reconstruct metabolic pathways and identify possible symbiont molecular mechanisms. The result of processing the biological data were ten pathways, six pathways produce L-Glutamate as final product, three pathways with ammonia product and one pathway was discarded because it was an internal pathway and don’t generate a metabolic product. Those pathways corresponding to L-Glutamate and ammonia metabolic products are part of nitrogen metabolism on Klebsiella, which shows that this metabolic process is one of the molecular mechanisms involved in symbiosis process between Klebsiella and the medfly. Finally, by the results of the sequences analysis, in the medfly’s metamorphose the L-Glutamate are used in the synthesis of new proteins and the production of energy. The final consideration suggest that the pipeline propose can be used as first step to identify molecular mechanisms that can improve the production of industrial the medfly.

Afterword

This chapter brings the book to a close with a brief afterword reflecting on the place of dialogue in the social and the musical, returning always to John Dewey as we think through listening that challenges and moves beyond one-way engagements to genuine dialogue. Vivian Gussin Paley, an early childhood educator, for whom issues of exclusion were always foremost in her mind, helps frame a final consideration of the ways our acts of “intervention” often prevent the affordance of genuine dialogue and thus, voice. Socially just engagements, then, are the new beginnings and pedagogical encounters in which we listen and attend in ways that vow humility, recognition, and agency.

Importance of gamma radiation using sodium pertecnetate (TC 99m) and iodine 131 as a suggestion in the treatment of COVID-19

Objective: to point out the importance of nuclear medicine for the diagnosis and therapy of COVID-19, in addition to reporting the efficacy of treatment with radioisotopes (sodium pertechnetate and iodine 131) in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 causing viral sterility and preventing its mutagenesis and ensuring the absence of adverse reactions. Methodology: This is a review of the narrative-type literature, prepared between June and September 2020, using the following databases: PubMed, SciELO and Lilacs. Thus, there was the inclusion of articles published between 1971 and 2020. Results and Discussion: The use of gamma and neutron radiation for the purpose of eliminating viral pathogens has been extensively researched in American studies, initially focusing on H1N1. The substance of Sodium Pertecnate, suggested in this study, and iodo 131 (designed to act as prevention in the cervical region) have the potential for satisfactory responses in the therapeutic treatment of COVID-19 due to the innocuous, painless and free of any effect methodology therefore, offering greater security to the treatment. Inferring in the replication of the coronavirus through the electrolysis of its fatty structure, since with the sterilization of its RNA molecule there will be no replication. Final Consideration: Based on the effectiveness of this method in sterilization protocols and action on various types of microorganisms, especially other viruses that affect the respiratory system, it is suggested as a safe, low-cost and low-dose radioactivity method for the patient, when used doses similar to those of the diagnostic and therapeutic practice in Nuclear Medicine. It should be noted that the administration protocol must be in accordance with the standard already recommended clinically, with full guarantee of the absence of associated effects. For better clarification, there is a need for more specific research within the scope of SARS-CoV-2.

O pensamento econômico em saúde de Hésio Cordeiro sobre o financiamento da saúde pública no Brasil e a intervenção anticíclica em Claudio Napoleoni

This paper introduces a theoretical reflection about the problem of health financing from the perspective of Hésio Cordeiro, one of the most important sanitarians of the 1980s in Brazil, and how this author was influenced by the work of Claudio Napoleoni. For this purpose, the essay was used as textual unit and content analysis was incorporated as methodology. The content is structured in three parts. The first describes a brief intellectual and political-institutional biography of Cordeiro and Napoleoni, trying to situate both authors in their historical contexts. The second part shows how Cordeiro was inspired by Napoleoni’s work, which influenced the way Cordeiro addressed countercyclical solutions to rethink public health issues during the 1980s. The third points to a brief final consideration on the importance of Cordeiro as an intellectual who proposed progressist solutions for health back in his time.

Remote delivery of FDS examinations

The challenge of COVID-19 meant that there was an imperative to provide an alternative to face-to-face delivery for those trainees who required examination in autumn 2020 to progress within, or exit from specialty training programmes. Written examinations were most easily adaptable to online delivery, with established platforms readily available for this purpose. The key consideration related to invigilation of candidates in a remote context. Candidates were invigilated through a combination of their webcams and mobile phones, to ensure that any potentially aberrant behaviour was identifiable. Oral elements proved to be more complicated to implement remotely. As a consequence, it was necessary for Examinations Directorate staff to explore ways of accommodating the oral assessment delivery requirements within existing videoconferencing software used by the College. The experience of remote delivery appears to have been a very positive one, for both candidates and examiners, due in part to the significant training provided for both groups prior to each examination to ensure effective delivery. Attention is now turning to the question of future delivery of examinations; some recent initiatives, such as the online delivery of written examinations, appear to be appropriate for retention in perpetuity. A final consideration is the impact of remote examination delivery on assessment of international candidate cohorts. Remote delivery appears to be the most efficient and sustainable mode of overseas examination delivery, and ensures that prestigious College qualifications become more accessible than ever to those overseas.

DISTURBANCES IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF TOGO'S RURAL SETTLEMENTS

According to the United Nations (UN) Africa accounts for only 13% of the world's urban population and less than half of the inhabitants of this continent (43%) live in urban areas (Xinhua News Agency, 2017). Therefore, the cultural importance of rural architecture in this context is remarkable both locally for each society and generally for human knowledge. As Paul Oliver pointed out, vernacular architecture is the architectural language of people with their ethnic, regional and local dialects (Oliver, 1997), and it should be considered a treasure containing the knowledge, development and progress of a civilization. The formal and material results of this development lead to the reopening of the debate on its sustainability and its effects on human behaviour. The structural changes of rural habitats are putting the preservation of their cultural heritage at serious risk. The current demand for habitability fosters the use of imported materials such as cement and sheet metal to replace earthen walls and straw roofing in the simple constructions, solutions that deceptively improve the comfort of the inhabited spaces. The present article analyses residential construction typologies of traditional rural settlements of Togo, where the constructive, formal and technical variety is replaced by general solutions that, without achieving the desired housing improvement, are nonetheless contributing to the social detachment from traditions that represent the cultural identity of each community. The methodology aims at the identification and characterization of traditional residential typologies, and a final consideration evaluates the balance between sustainable development and the conservation of cultural values in rural settlements.