Identity Meanings and Categorical Inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 267-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly B. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
The People ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Rich

I use affect control theory (ACT) to show how we apply cultural knowledge to classify and form impressions of the people we encounter, producing inequality as widely shared cultural beliefs are translated into predictable patterns of social action. I apply ACT measurement dimensions (evaluation, potency, and activity) to show that cultural beliefs about social groups, known as “social identity meanings,” convey groups’ relative positions within systems of inequality such as race/ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexuality, religion, and social class. I find that privileged groups (e.g., whites, the rich, heterosexuals, Americans, and Christians) are higher in power (potency) but lower in status (evaluation) than other groups across dimensions of inequality. This meaning profile is shared by roles, traits, and behaviors that signify authority across diverse social domains. I consider the implications of these findings and of ACT more broadly for understanding how inequalities reflected in cultural meanings are often reproduced through interactions.

Event Likelihood Judgments Revisited

2021 ◽  
pp. 019027252199706
Author(s):  
Kimberly B. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

Affect control theory shows how cultural meanings for identities and behaviors are used to form impressions of events and guide social action. The theory’s impression formation equations are the engine of its predictions about events and the deflection they generate (i.e., how much they violate, versus conform to, cultural prescriptions). In this research, I examine the relationship between affective (deflection) and cognitive responses to events, with a focus on judgments of event likelihood. I present a series of analyses that show that event likelihood judgments are impacted by events’ perceived normativity, commonality in social life, and our personal experience with events like them and by the appearance likelihood of the actors, combinations of actors, and behaviors they involve and that likelihood ratings and deflection most often diverge for institutionally vague events. I additionally show that deflection computed using Heise’s 2014 impression-change equations strongly predicts event likelihood.

scholarly journals Do You See What I See? Testing for Individual Differences in Impressions of Events

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly B. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Social Events ◽  
And Behavior

Affect control theory shows how cultural meanings for identities and behavior are used to form impressions of events and guide social action. In this research, I examine whether members of the same culture tend to process social events in the same way, with a focus on U.S. English speakers. I find widespread consensus in the mechanisms of impression formation, particularly for judgments of evaluation (goodness, esteem), but also find sufficient individual differences to warrant further study for models of potency (power, dominance) and object impressions (feelings about the target of a behavior). Findings support long-standing claims that members of U.S. English language culture, especially cultural experts, tend to process social events in the same way. However, I find no significant gender differences in event processing. I close the paper by estimating and interpreting new impression change equations using methodological techniques appropriate to the degree of consensus found for each model.

Affect Control Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hitlin ◽  
Sarah K. Harkness
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Societal Inequality ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Broad Overview

This chapter draws on the theoretical and methodological insights from Affect Control theory (ACT), a theory with decades of research and empirical support, to set up our cross-cultural analyses examing our theory of societal inequality. ACT is a formal mathematical theory used to examine how the various facets of social events (such as the identities and emotions) shape ongoing social action. ACT distills the representation of these various facets to their simplest, most universally recognized dimensions of meaning: evaluation (good vs. bad), potency (powerful vs. weak), and activity (fast vs. slow). ACT then provides a way of understanding and modeling social interactions so that it is possible to empirically compare the likely emotions resulting from the same types of interactions in various cultures. The chapter gives a broad overview of the theory so that the reader understands why it is useful and provides justification for the empirical analysis used in the book.

The socio-emotional basis of human interaction and communication: How we construct our social world

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Scholl
Keyword(s):  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interdependence Theory ◽  
Third Dimension

A review of dimensional research about (the perception of) feelings, non-verbal and verbal communication, behavior and personality reveals in each domain three very similar dimensions. They originated from diverse research areas, often received different names and are conceptually not identical. Yet, the first dimension seems to share in all five areas a general positive versus negative evaluation (e.g. happiness–disgust or friendliness–hostility), the second a strong versus weak characterization (e.g. anger–fear or dominance–submission) and the third dimension an active versus passive impression (e.g. ecstasy–boredom or high–low arousability). These three dimensions are likely to function as fundamental dimensions of interaction and communication as perceived and enacted by humans of all (investigated) cultures. They are interpreted as a universal socio-emotional space that corresponds to an evolutionary need for coordination between individuals. They are implied in the logic of game, exchange or interdependence theory, and manifest themselves in the cultural meanings predicted by affect control theory. The presented overview and reconstruction combines the largely fragmented views of several diverse research domains into a perspective that fosters interdisciplinary understanding and integrative theory-building about human sociality within and between the social sciences with extensions into the natural sciences and humanities.

scholarly journals Bridging the Gender Wage Gap: Gendered Cultural Sentiments, Sex Segregation, and Occupation-Level Wages.

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-151
Author(s):  
Robert E. Freeland ◽  
Catherine E. Harnois
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Occupation Level ◽  
Affective Meanings

The extent to which cultural beliefs about gender shape occupation-level wages remains a central yet unresolved question in the study of gender inequality. Human capital theorists predict that gendered beliefs have no direct effect on occupation-level wages. Devaluation theorists argue that occupations associated with women and femininity are systematically devalued and thus underpaid. We test these explanations using data from the American Community Survey, the Occupational Information Network, and an affect control theory (ACT) data set of affective meanings. We use the ACT data set to operationalize occupational gendered cultural sentiments along two distinct dimensions: evaluation (goodness, caring, warmth) and potency (power, strength, competence). Hierarchical linear models show that potency but not evaluation affects occupational income net of individual and occupational controls. Path analyses show that potency has a direct effect net of occupational traits. The gender composition of an occupation indirectly affects occupational income through potency. The cultural meanings of potency/competence associated with masculinity, rather than the devaluation of feminine nurturant occupations, is the primary cultural mechanism linking gender composition and occupational reward.

Supervisor behavior and character: A simulation study of employee helpfulness

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Clare Francis ◽  
David Hollingworth ◽  
Sean Valentine
Keyword(s):  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Supervisor Behavior

AbstractSupervisor character and behavior are key components of an organization's ethical fabric that should play a role in employee helping behavior. However, research has not fully distinguished how these factors are interrelated. The current study explores these relationships by developing a deeper understanding of ethical language in organizations via thick ethical concepts found in simulation software, supported by affect control theory. Software formulae in these simulations were developed via empirical research conducted over several decades. Simulations provided predictions of employee helpfulness in response to encounters with supervisors of varying ethical characters, enacting a variety of behaviors. The likely impact of supervisor character on employee helpfulness is more substantial than the impact of supervisor behavior. New insights emerged related to underlying complexities of ethical languages, such as the role of cultural meanings of language terms. These outcomes, as well as the associated implications, research limitations, and suggestions for future research, are discussed.

Stress and Stress Hormones

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Davis ◽  
Kristen Damron
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
State Of The Environment

During the past four decades, numerous reviews have been published on biological responses to stressful social environments. Reviews targeted for audiences in the social sciences emphasized biological outcomes while skipping over explanations of biological mechanisms. This chapter focuses on the details of the hormonal processes that “report” the state of the environment to the nervous system and regulate cognitive and motor responses to stressful social stimuli. Steroid hormones receive most attention. The chapter concludes with an outline of a sociological model of social action based on current knowledge of hormone actions. It shares some of the basic ideas of previous models such as affect control theory. However, the model proposes a broader role of stress hormones in human social behavior.

scholarly journals Critiquing Child characters as Heroes, Villains, and Victims in Ru Freeman’s On Sal Mal Lane

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sneha Choudhary Choudhary ◽  
◽  
Priyanka Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Cultural Influence ◽  
Character Theory ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Child Characters ◽  
Affect Control

Social behaviour and filial background define the formation and development of a character that is bound by cultural influence in South Asian fiction. Ru Freeman weaves numerous characters and their stories in a single lane as a synecdoche of Sri Lankan history. On Sal Mal Lane (2014) showcases the different social groups defining Sri Lankan conflict in the 1980s with the presence of child characters who are unaware of the extent of the ethnic conflict swirling in the background of the narrative. This paper tries to define the concepts of heroes, villains, and victims through the socio-emotional development of the characters to determine the contradiction between their intentions and subsequent actions. The study uses Character Theory and elements of Affect Control Theory for critical analysis. The paper analyses the change in personality traits of child characters in response to the violence wrought by Sri Lankan ethnic prejudices and the extent of destructive development from the unstable familial and societal environments.

MENELUSURI JEJAK DAN KIPRAH KIAI MOHAMMAD HASAN GENGGONG; DALAM MEMBANGUN KEPEMIMPINAN SPRITUAL-TRANSFORMATIF

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fauzi ◽  
Chusnul Muali
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Transformative Leadership ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
School Students ◽  
Value System ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Islamic Science

Pesantren and social value system is the result of constructing kiai's thoughts and social actions as an inseparable entity. This study aims to interpret the role and social action of kiai Moh Hasan, both as a fighter (al-haiah al-jihaadi li'izzi al-Islaami wal muslimin) in the community as well as guidance and guidance for the community (al-haiah al ta 'awuny wa al takafuly wal al ittijaahi) and teaching in educational institutions (al-haiah al ta'lim wa al-tarbiyah), significantly contributes greatly to the social realities of society in Indonesia. Portrait of central figure kiai Moh Hasan can not be separated from the depth of his field of Islamic science, simplicity, kezuhudan, struggle, sincerity and generosity. This view, not only recognized among the people around the boarding school, students and colleagues, but also spread in some areas in Indonesia. The fame of kiai Moh Hasan among scholars, habaib and society has many karamah and some other privileges, not even a few from the social recognition of kiai Moh Hasan Genggong, because the kiai are believed to have closeness with God, thus perceived as auliya'Allah. Thus the role and social actions of the kiai above, gave birth to the value system, so as to influence and move the social action of other individuals. The internalization of the aforementioned values becomes social capital in building a spiritual-based transformative leadership, as a strong leadership model and conducts various changes in the social field, by transforming the value of the ethical values.

Main Forms of Propagandistic Activities of the Right-Wing Parties (1904–1914)

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 656-676
Author(s):  
Igor V. Omeliyanchuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the main forms and methods of agitation and propagandistic activities of monarchic parties in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century. Among them the author singles out such ones as periodical press, publication of books, brochures and flyers, organization of manifestations, religious processions, public prayers and funeral services, sending deputations to the monarch, organization of public lectures and readings for the people, as well as various philanthropic events. Using various forms of propagandistic activities the monarchists aspired to embrace all social groups and classes of the population in order to organize all-class and all-estate political movement in support of the autocracy. While they gained certain success in promoting their ideology, the Rights, nevertheless, lost to their adversaries from the radical opposition camp, as the monarchists constrained by their conservative ideology, could not promise immediate social and political changes to the population, and that fact was excessively used by their opponents. Moreover, the ideological paradigm of the Right camp expressed in the “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” formula no longer agreed with the social and economic realities of Russia due to modernization processes that were underway in the country from the middle of the 19th century.

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