Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 225-240
Author(s):  
Darren R. Halpin ◽  
Anthony J. Nownes
Keyword(s):  
American Politics ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Corporate Elite ◽  
Corporate Elites ◽  
Future Work

Chapter 7 puts the book’s findings into context by exploring what they have to teach us about the role of the new corporate elite in American politics. The chapter outlines the approach taken in the book—namely, to document the engagement of Silicon Valley corporate elites through their firms, as individuals, and via associative forms. The chapter reviews the conclusions of the study, including the following: (1) the Silicon Valley corporate landscape is diverse when it comes to political engagement; (2) there is a top tier among the Silicon Valley firms and elites when it comes to expenditures on lobbying and elections; (3) most elites skew liberal even if their firms do not, and the philanthropic spending of elites supports a new liberal agenda. The chapter concludes by discussing limitations of this project and opportunities for future work.

Silicon Valley Firms in American Politics

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-66
Author(s):  
Darren R. Halpin ◽  
Anthony J. Nownes
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Corporate Leaders ◽  
Corporate Elite ◽  
Corporate Elites ◽  
Politically Active

Chapter 2 examines the firm-level form of corporate elite political engagement. It asks: Just how active are Silicon Valley companies in American (mostly national) politics? And what issues do they work on? The answers to these questions provide a context for founder and CEO activities (explored in later chapters). To be sure, these are important questions in and of themselves. But we ask them primarily to gather information that will allow us to address other questions about the behavior of Silicon Valley corporate elites. Among these questions are: Do politically active leaders come from politically active companies? Do Silicon Valley corporate leaders act like their companies—for example, do they address the same issues? Are corporate leaders simply extensions of the companies they run, or are they “free agents” who inject their own, personal views into the political process? Or are they a mixture of both of these? Chapter 2 presents data that help address these questions and others.

Silicon Valley Leaders in Federal Elections

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-126
Author(s):  
Darren R. Halpin ◽  
Anthony J. Nownes
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Campaign Contributions ◽  
Federal Election ◽  
Federal Election Commission ◽  
Corporate Elite ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Corporate Elites ◽  
Election Commission

Chapter 3 examines one individual form of corporate elite political engagement—campaign giving. The chapter undertakes an in-depth look at the itemized federal campaign contributions of Silicon Valley CEOs and founders during the 2015–2016 federal election cycle. Relying upon publicly available Federal Election Commission data on individual contributions, the chapter answers questions including: How prevalent is campaign giving among the corporate elites on our SV150+ CEO and founder lists? Do these corporate elites give more or less than other sets of corporate elites? In their giving, are SV150+ CEOs and founders as Democratic as previous studies suggest they are? Are they indeed a new financial constituency of the Democratic Party? Are Silicon Valley corporate elites simply furthering their firms’ interests when they give, or are they “free agents” following their own, personal preferences?

The New Entrepreneurs and Organizational Advocacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-190
Author(s):  
Darren R. Halpin ◽  
Anthony J. Nownes
Keyword(s):  
Political Change ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Private Foundations ◽  
Corporate Elite ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Corporate Elites ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
Substantial Extent

Chapter 5 turns toward one associative aspect of corporate elite political engagement. Specifically, it examines how SV150+ CEOs and founders use private foundations to further their philanthropic interests. What proportion of SV150+ corporate elites acts philanthropically through private foundations? What issues do their foundations support? Are there any discernible patterns to SV150+ elite foundation giving? And how often does SV150+ philanthropic giving wander into political territory? Do private foundations associated with our CEOs and founders support political organizations to any substantial extent? And if they do, what types of organizations working on what types of issues do they support? The data presented in Chapter 5 connect nicely with ongoing work on the role of wealthy elites in addressing societal problems and steering social and political change.

scholarly journals The Study of Independent Voters

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
American Politics ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Party Identity ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The One ◽  
Independent Voters

More Americans identify as Independent than as Republican or Democrat. Who are Independents and how do they impact American politics? This question does not have a clear-cut answer. On the one hand, American Independents are pursued by media and politicians for their (perceived) nonpartisan behavior and their ability to swing elections. On the other hand, Independents are ignored for their low political engagement and dismissed as “closet partisans.” As a result, many analyses of American voters either remove Independents entirely or combine leaners—those Independents who admit feeling closer toward one party or the other—with weak partisans. This puts Independents and the researchers who study them in a strange position as we attempt to understand the role of Independent voters in American politics. The debate about whether Independent leaners are truly independent or whether they are “closet partisans” dominates the literature, but a thorough review of the evidence reveals many interesting findings and generates many interesting research questions surrounding the motivations for an Independent identity and its consequences. We address the who, how, why, and where of Independent voters: Who Are Independents? discusses Measurement of Party Identity and Independence, Partisan Dealignment, and Demographics of Independent Voters; How Do Independents Behave? discusses Voting, Political Interest and Engagement, and Implicit Attitudes and Intergroup Bias; Why Identify As Independent? discusses intrapersonal and interpersonal motivations for identifying as Independent; and Where Do We Go From Here? suggests common practices for researchers to enhance the study of Independent voters.

Evoking Issues of Race and Ethnicity in Research on Physiology and Interpersonal Communication

2020 ◽  
pp. 260-287
Author(s):  
Shardé M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Interpersonal Interactions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Area Of Study

Investigating the role of physiology in communication research is a burgeoning area of study that has gained considerable attention by relational scholars in the past decade. Unfortunately, very few published studies on this topic have evoked important questions about the role of race and ethnicity. Exploring issues of ethnicity and race provides a more holistic and inclusive view of interpersonal communication across diverse groups and communities. This chapter addresses the gap in literature by considering the ways in which race and ethnicity matter in work on physiology and interpersonal interactions. More specifically, this chapter will first discuss the conceptual underpinnings of race, ethnicity, and other relevant concepts and then review extant research within and beyond the field of communication on race, ethnicity, interpersonal interactions, and physiology. These discussions set the foundation for this chapter to propose new lines of research that pointedly connect these four concepts and advance key principles that scholars should consider in future work.

scholarly journals Enhanced Production of the Mical Redox Domain for Enzymology and F-actin Disassembly Assays

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1991
Author(s):  
Jimok Yoon ◽  
Heng Wu ◽  
Ruei-Jiun Hung ◽  
Jonathan R. Terman
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Actin Dynamics ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Actin Assembly ◽  
Redox Enzymes ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Reversible Redox ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Signaling Process

To change their behaviors, cells require actin proteins to assemble together into long polymers/filaments—and so a critical goal is to understand the factors that control this actin filament (F-actin) assembly and stability. We have identified a family of unusual actin regulators, the MICALs, which are flavoprotein monooxygenase/hydroxylase enzymes that associate with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and use the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in Redox reactions. F-actin is a specific substrate for these MICAL Redox enzymes, which oxidize specific amino acids within actin to destabilize actin filaments. Furthermore, this MICAL-catalyzed reaction is reversed by another family of Redox enzymes (SelR/MsrB enzymes)—thereby revealing a reversible Redox signaling process and biochemical mechanism regulating actin dynamics. Interestingly, in addition to the MICALs’ Redox enzymatic portion through which MICALs covalently modify and affect actin, MICALs have multiple other domains. Less is known about the roles of these other MICAL domains. Here we provide approaches for obtaining high levels of recombinant protein for the Redox only portion of Mical and demonstrate its catalytic and F-actin disassembly activity. These results provide a ground state for future work aimed at defining the role of the other domains of Mical — including characterizing their effects on Mical’s Redox enzymatic and F-actin disassembly activity.

scholarly journals Evaluating Mechanisms: Mapping Weekly Dynamics between Experiential Avoidance and SAD Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel D. Sarfan ◽  
Joshua C. Magee ◽  
Elise M. Clerkin
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Symptom Change ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Task Training ◽  
Clinical Questions ◽  
Pilot Intervention ◽  
Future Work

AbstractWidely-used, empirically-supported treatments focus on reducing experiential avoidance (EA) as a mechanism of social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptom change. However, little is known about how EA and SAD symptoms bidirectionally interrelate from session to session, or throughout the course of an intervention—a gap that raises significant theoretical and clinical questions about the mechanistic role of EA. Participants (N = 78) with elevated EA and SAD symptoms completed a 3-session pilot intervention (Approach-Avoidance Task training plus psychoeducation) designed to target EA. Bivariate latent change score modeling was then used to map the bidirectional, temporal interrelationships between EA and SAD symptoms from session to session. Analyses accounted for the overall trajectory of change in both variables (i.e., EA and SAD) and both variables’ preceding measurement. Findings suggested that changes in SAD symptoms preceded and predicted changes in EA from session to session. Contrary to hypotheses, this effect was not bidirectional, as changes in EA did not precede and predict changes in SAD symptoms from session to session. The use of a relatively small analogue sample limit the external validity of the present findings. Nevertheless, these novel findings advance our understanding of the dynamic interrelationships between EA and SAD symptoms throughout treatment. Moreover, given that many leading treatments target EA, this study highlights a need for future work to continue evaluating whether EA is indeed a mechanism of SAD symptom change.

scholarly journals AGE DIFFERENCES IN POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT: ROLE OF SELF-RELEVANCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S785-S785
Author(s):  
Tze Kiu Wong ◽  
Helene H Fung
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Older People ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Political Discussion ◽  
Younger Adults

Abstract Previous studies usually found that older people are less politically engaged than younger adults, especially when considering political behavior other than voting. The current study extends the Selective Engagement hypothesis (Hess, 2014) to political engagement. 81 younger adults and 79 older adults rated 8 issues on self-relevance and their willingness to engage in political discussion, arguments and collective action on each issue. The predicted moderating effect of self-relevance was not found, but older people indeed are more willing to discuss (B = 0.07, p = 0.027) and argue with others on more self-relevant issues (B = 0.06, p = 0.031). Perceived cost of collective action was found to be a moderator, such that self-relevance was less important than other factors for high-cost actions (B = -0.016, p = 0.013). The current research sheds light on potential ways to increase older adults’ engagement in social issues.

Recent Aspects on the Effect of Inclusion Characteristics on the Intragranular Ferrite Formation in Low Alloy Steels: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangzhong Mu ◽  
Pär Göran Jönsson ◽  
Keiji Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Intragranular Ferrite ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Future Work

AbstractIntragranular ferrite (IGF), which nucleates from specific inclusion surfaces in low alloy steels, is the desired microstructure to improve mechanical properties of steel such as the toughness. This microstructure is especially important in the coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) of weldments. The latest review paper focusing on the role of non-metallic inclusions in the IGF formation in steels has been reported by Sarma et al. in 2009 (ISIJ int., 49(2009), 1063–1074). In recent years, large amount of papers have been presented to investigate different issues of this topic. This paper mainly highlights the frontiers of experimental and theoretical investigations on the effects of inclusion characteristics, such as the composition, size distribution and number density, on the IGF formation in low carbon low-alloyed steels, undertaken by the group of Applied Process Metallurgy, KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Related results reported in previous studies are also introduced. Also, plausible future work regarding various items of IGF formation is mentioned in each section. This work aims to give a better control of improving the steel quality during casting and in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of weldment, according to the concept of oxide metallurgy.

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