The Fundamentals

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-163
Author(s):  
Luci Marzola
Keyword(s):  
Professional Standards ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Film Production ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Technical Quality ◽  
Collaborative Practices ◽  
Hollywood Films ◽  
First Time ◽  
Potential Disaster

Chapter 5 shows how the collective approach to research established in the Mazda tests was utilized in the chaos brought to every aspect of film production by the introduction of sound. Rather than focusing on sound itself (the focus of much scholarship), this chapter concentrates on its ramifications for everything from lights and cameras to set materials and lab practices as a way of understanding how the entire system dealt with the changes in the industry. The Hollywood studios viewed the drop in technical quality brought by sound as a potential disaster for the industry once the novelty wore off. For the studios to quickly regain the professional standards expected of Hollywood films, the Academy led a “school” in which technicians from across the studios and manufacturers shared knowledge about the new sound systems. These collective activities served to tame the chaos of sound and create collaborative practices that were perpetuated and shared across the studios in a systemized way for the first time.

Soviet Art House

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Film Industry ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Film Production ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Soviet Film ◽  
Soviet Art ◽  
Feature Films

This book examines cinema in the Brezhnev era from the perspective of one of the USSR’s largest studios, Lenfilm. Producing around thirty feature films per year, the studio had over three thousand employees working in every area of film production. The discussion covers the period from 1961 to the collapse of centralized state facilities in 1986. The book focuses particularly on the younger directors at Lenfilm, those who joined the studio in the recruiting drive that followed Khrushchev’s decision to expand film production. Drawing on documents from archives, the analysis portrays film production “in the round” and shows that the term “censorship” is less appropriate than the description preferred in the Soviet film industry itself, “control,” which referred to a no less exigent but far more complex and sophisticated process. The book opens with four framing chapters that examine the overall context in which films were produced: the various crises that beset film production between 1961 and 1969 (chapter 1) and 1970 and 1985 (chapter 2), the working life of the studio, and particularly the technical aspects of production (chapter 3), and the studio aesthetic (chapter 4). The second part of the book comprises close analyses of fifteen films that are typical of the studio’s production. The book concludes with a brief survey of Lenfilm’s history after the Fifth Congress of the Filmmakers’ Union in 1986, which swept away the old management structures and, in due course, the entire system of filmmaking in the USSR.

scholarly journals HIF-1α is a protective factor in conditional PHD2-deficient mice suffering from severe HIF-2α–induced excessive erythropoiesis

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 121 (8) ◽  
pp. 1436-1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Franke ◽  
Joanna Kalucka ◽  
Soulafa Mamlouk ◽  
Rashim Pal Singh ◽  
Antje Muschter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factor ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Mouse Line ◽  
Prolyl Hydroxylases ◽  
Oxygen Sensitive ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
First Time ◽  
Deficient Mice

Abstract Erythropoiesis must be tightly balanced to guarantee adequate oxygen delivery to all tissues in the body. This process relies predominantly on the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) and its transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). Accumulating evidence suggests that oxygen-sensitive prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) are important regulators of this entire system. Here, we describe a novel mouse line with conditional PHD2 inactivation (cKO P2) in renal EPO producing cells, neurons, and astrocytes that displayed excessive erythrocytosis because of severe overproduction of EPO, exclusively driven by HIF-2α. In contrast, HIF-1α served as a protective factor, ensuring survival of cKO P2 mice with HCT values up to 86%. Using different genetic approaches, we show that simultaneous inactivation of PHD2 and HIF-1α resulted in a drastic PHD3 reduction with consequent overexpression of HIF-2α-related genes, neurodegeneration, and lethality. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that conditional loss of PHD2 in mice leads to HIF-2α–dependent erythrocytosis, whereas HIF-1α protects these mice, providing a platform for developing new treatments of EPO-related disorders, such as anemia.

Making Mathematical Culture

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Oosterhoff
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Mathematical Practice ◽  
New Age ◽  
Mathematical Culture ◽  
Collaborative Practices ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
First Time

In 1503, for the first time, a student at Paris could spend his entire university career studying only the printed textbooks of his teacher, in the works of the humanist and university reformer Jacques Lefèvre d’lÉtaples (c. 1455–1536). In this hinge moment in the cultural history of Europe, as printed books became central to the intellectual habits of following generations, Lefèvre turned especially to mathematics as a way to renovate the medieval university. This book relies on the student manuscripts and annotated books of Beatus Rhenanus, the sole surviving archive of its kind, to consider university learning in the new age of print. Making Mathematical Culture offers a new account of printed textbooks as jointly made by masters and students, and how such collaborative practices informed approaches to mathematics. This book places this moment within the longer history of mathematical practice and Renaissance method, and suggests growing affinities between material practices of making and mathematical culture—a century before Galileo and Descartes.

The Italian Film Industry (1945–1985)

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Michael Guarneri
Keyword(s):  
Film Industry ◽  
Film Production ◽  
Ground Zero ◽  
Box Office ◽  
Production History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Italian Film ◽  
Post War ◽  
Film Market ◽  
First Time

The chapter provides an overview of the history of the post-war Italian film industry from crisis to crisis, that is to say from the ground zero of 1945 (when the whole Italian film business had to be politically and economically reorganised, together with the rest of the war-torn country) to the ground zero of 1985 (the year in which, for the first time in almost three decades, Italian film production fell below the rate of 100 films made per year, as the culmination of a crisis that started in the mid-1970s). The chapter opens with an in-depth production history of I vampiri / Lust of the Vampire (Riccardo Freda, 1957), followed by an account of the 1958-1964 boom in the production of pepla, the historical-mythological adventures of the sword-and-sandal kind. Both cases (an isolated commercial failure the former; a short-lived box-office goldmine, or filone, the latter) are emblematic of the functioning of the Italian film industry between the early 1950s and the mid-1980s – a state-subsidised system mostly based on a constellation of medium, small and minuscule business ventures piggy-backing on popular genres/trends in the local and/or global film market.

scholarly journals Quality of Root Canal Fillings in a Bosnian Adult Population Treated in Public and Private Dental Clinics / Kvalitet Punjenja Kanala Korena Kod Odraslog Stanovništva U Bosni I Hercegovini Lecenih U Državnim I Privatnim Stomatološkim Klinikama

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Dajana Nogo-Zivanovic ◽  
Ljiljana Kulic ◽  
Irena Tanaskovic ◽  
Vladimir Ristic ◽  
Tatjana Kanjevac
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Endodontic Treatment ◽  
Technical Quality ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time

Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the technical quality of root canal fillings in an adult population in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were treated in public dental institutions and private dental clinics. Radiographs of faculty patients, aged 25-60 years old, who came for the first time were examined for the technical quality of root canal fillings. Patients with endodonticallytreated teeth were invited for an interview to reveal the providers of the endodontic treatment. The percentages of teeth with adequate length (p<0.01) and taper (p<0.01) in institutions of public health cases were significantly greater than those in private clinic cases. In addition, the frequency of teeth with adequate root canal fillings in patients treated in public dental institutions was significantly greater than those treated in private dental clinics (p<0.01). A significantly higher percentage of adequate canal fillings is present in teeth where endodontic treatment was performed in public dental institutions compared to private dental clinics. This result indicates the need to improve the quality of endodontic treatment through more intensive training for dentists in private practice.

scholarly journals Sound Editing in Screen Works

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Natalia Nikolaevna Efimova
Keyword(s):  
Original Music ◽  
Film Production ◽  
Musical Form ◽  
Sound Design ◽  
Sound Track ◽  
Popular Films ◽  
Sound Effects ◽  
First Time

The article pinpoints peculiarities of sound editing in movies basing on analysis of partitions of popular films of40-90s; the most frequent principles of sound track arrangement are examined for the first time. The stuff selection is conditioned by measure of popularity of screen works in question. Due to talent of such famous composers as I. Dunaevsky, S. Prokofiev, A. Khachaturian, A. Pakhmutova, A. Petrov et al and their ability to hear plastic imagery, to comprehend filmic atmosphere music plays an extremely important part in these films. Many songs from these films are still in circulation even now. Thorough sound design and editing are of great significance in film production. The author comes to conclusion, that rondo as a musical form and leit-motif as a principle of musical stuff development form a dominant principle of sound stuff arrangement. The two fundamentally tighten the structure of the film. Since original music affords to accentuate sound effects in the most adequate way, it seems perfect to call to a composer for creating original music. The author assumes, that the choice of sound arrangement principle in cinema depends on deliberate conception of the film, wrought out by the helmer, composer, and supervising sound editor. The screen works property is closely bound with attentive partition editing.

scholarly journals Canadian Cinema

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Pratley
Keyword(s):  
Film Production ◽  
Feature Film ◽  
First Time

CANADIAN CINEMA: A SUMMING UP OF THE YEAR IN REVIEW SEPTEMBER is the month when new Canadian films appear and we discover what's been going on in the underworld of feature film production. They arrive at the Montréal, Halifax, Toronto and Vancouver festivals and the nomination screenings for the Genie Awards. Except for the Montréal festival's catalogue, which is content to simply summarise the stories of the films being shown, the rest would have us believe that all their entries, Canadian, in particular, are of the most profound importance, skilful, aware and socially, politically and sexually significant! Expectations aroused by these endorsements are seldom fulfilled, and where our films are concerned much is made of "first features" with one overly-excited programmer telling us "that there are more first-time directors than ever before" forgetting that every year we have first directors by the score who, fortunately in most cases, are...

Anthropology, Film Industries, Modularity

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Film Industry ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Film Production ◽  
Hollywood Films ◽  
The World

From Bangladesh and Hong Kong to Iran and South Africa, film industries around the world are rapidly growing at a time when new digital technologies are fundamentally changing how films are made and viewed. Larger film industries like Bollywood and Nollywood aim to attain Hollywood's audience and profitability, while smaller, less commercial, and often state-funded enterprises support various cultural and political projects. The contributors to Anthropology, Film Industries, Modularity take an ethnographic and comparative approach to capturing the diversity and growth of global film industries. They outline how modularity—the specialized filmmaking tasks that collectively produce a film—operates as a key feature in every film industry, independent of local context. Whether they are examining the process of dubbing Hollywood films into Hindi, virtual reality filmmaking in South Africa, or on-location shooting in Yemen, the contributors' anthropological methodology brings into relief the universal practices and the local contingencies and deeper cultural realities of film production. Contributors. Steven C. Caton, Jessica Dickson, Kevin Dwyer, Tejaswini Ganti, Lotte Hoek, Amrita Ibrahim, Sylvia J. Martin, Ramyar D. Rossoukh

scholarly journals Fine-mapping the MHC locus in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) reveals genetic heterogeneity corresponding to distinct adult inflammatory arthritic diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Hinks ◽  
J Bowes ◽  
J Cobb ◽  
H C Ainsworth ◽  
M C Marion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Fine Mapping ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Mhc Locus ◽  
First Time ◽  
Current Classification System

ObjectivesJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of diseases, comprising seven categories. Genetic data could potentially be used to help redefine JIA categories and improve the current classification system. The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) region is strongly associated with JIA. Fine-mapping of the region was performed to look for similarities and differences in HLA associations between the JIA categories and define correspondences with adult inflammatory arthritides.MethodsDense genotype data from the HLA region, from the Immunochip array for 5043 JIA cases and 14 390 controls, were used to impute single-nucleotide polymorphisms, HLA classical alleles and amino acids. Bivariate analysis was performed to investigate genetic correlation between the JIA categories. Conditional analysis was used to identify additional effects within the region. Comparison of the findings with those in adult inflammatory arthritic diseases was performed.ResultsWe identified category-specific associations and have demonstrated for the first time that rheumatoid factor (RF)-negative polyarticular JIA and oligoarticular JIA are genetically similar in their HLA associations. We also observe that each JIA category potentially has an adult counterpart. The RF-positive polyarthritis association at HLA-DRB1 amino acid at position 13 mirrors the association in adult seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Interestingly, the combined oligoarthritis and RF-negative polyarthritis dataset shares the same association with adult seronegative RA.ConclusionsThe findings suggest the value of using genetic data in helping to classify the categories of this heterogeneous disease. Mapping JIA categories to adult counterparts could enable shared knowledge of disease pathogenesis and aetiology and facilitate transition from paediatric to adult services.

scholarly journals A State Cinematographic Practice in Wartime

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Bénédicte Rochet
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Film Production ◽  
War Department ◽  
First Time ◽  
Commander In Chief

Mass media widely disseminated iconographic representations of the war. In this profusion of images, the behaviour of state authorities changed, while they had previously looked down on these two types of media. The alleged power of images led belligerents to take control of war pictures which circulated in newspapers or in newsreels. Both the reputation of the Army, and, behind it, that of the Nation, were at stake. At the beginning of the war the image of Poor Little Belgium was an effective symbol that was largely fuelled by Allied propaganda and one-off Belgian initiatives. Nevertheless, when the Belgian Army was mentioned in Allied propaganda, the soldiers looked pitiful and exhausted. Because it was growing increasingly worried of this feeble image, the Belgian government decided in 1916 to change course and to coordinate its propaganda efforts to propagate a favourable portrayal of Belgium as a tenacious belligerent nation and equally worthy ally. The Belgian Army Film Unit, established in 1916, was part of this development. Her task was to shoot images of the Belgian Army in action and of its soldiers under the leadership of their commander-in-chief, King Albert and his wife Queen Elisabeth. A state cinematographic practice developed for the first time in Belgium, in the form of a rigorously controlled military film production. This article aims sketching a first approach to this Belgian Army Film Unit and to its filmic sources. The goal is to understand why the Belgian War Department gradually established an Army film unit and how it used its filmic production to write its own history at the Yser front.

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