Oral Narratives from the Early Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 383-394
Author(s):  
Adrienn Gecse
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Oral Narratives ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Free Society ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
To Come

The stories introduced in this chapter tell about the life of various monks, the teachers of the storyteller who was the then-ninety-two-year-old G. Sukhbat in Erdenetsogt district of Bayankhongor Province. Through the narratives we get a glimpse of the early twentieth-century Mongolia, when religion and religious values became worthless or rather dangerous in the eyes of those in power. Western principles came to the front, became superior, and traditional culture was eliminated for its outdatedness and primitivity. Because religion was considered the main carrier of traditional Mongolian culture, neither monks nor their followers and monasteries could escape the punishment. Various sources quote somewhat differing figures, but undoubtedly, due to the so-called Modern Mongolia project, tens of thousands of people lost their lives in the purges. The 1990s meant a huge transformation into a free society and the rediscovery of traditions and religion. Because of the circumstances, monks and others followed the traditional way of preserving their heritage that is through keeping the knowledge within for future generations to come, similarly to the stories told as follows. They did not get written down, and they emerged to the surface and became more widely known only after the passing of the danger. Only thanks to the strength and persistence of monks and laypeople could these stories emerge to be learned from.

Christianity, Plurality and Vernacular Religion in early Twentieth-Century Glastonbury: A Sign of Things to Come?

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 302-321
Author(s):  
Marion Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Considerable Heterogeneity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Vernacular Religion ◽  
Important Time ◽  
To Come ◽  
Shed Light

This essay focuses upon a significant place, Glastonbury, at an important time during the early twentieth century, in order to shed light on a particular aspect of Christianity which is frequently overlooked: its internal plurality. This is not simply denominational diversity, but the considerable heterogeneity which exists at both institutional and individual level within denominations, and which often escapes articulation, awareness or comment. This is significant because failure to apprehend a more detailed, granular picture of religion can lead to an incomplete view of events in the past and, by extension, a partial understanding of later phenomena. This essay argues that by using the concept of vernacular religion a more nuanced picture of religion as it is – or has been – lived can be achieved.

Origins

Artful Noise ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 5-25
Author(s):  
Thomas Siwe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Igor Stravinsky ◽  
Artistic Expression ◽  
Bela Bartok ◽  
Darius Milhaud ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Movements ◽  
Unique Manner ◽  
To Come

This opening chapter contains a discussion of two early twentieth-century European art and cultural movements, Dadaism and Futurism, whose adherents rejected established modes of artistic expression and often staged provocative events to gain the public’s attention. In addition, there is a detailed look at the seminal works of three major composers, Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, and Béla Bartók, whose innovative use of percussion in their compositions gave license to those who followed. Each of the three composers exploited percussion in a unique manner, contributing to the standard literature and presaging what was to come.

Traces of historical infinitive in English dialects and their Celtic connections

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-308
Author(s):  
JUHANI KLEMOLA
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Verbal Noun ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Base Form ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Celtic Languages ◽  
To Come

A number of nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century dialect descriptions refer to an unusual adverb + infinitive construction in southwestern and west Midlands dialects of English. The construction is most often reported in the form of a formulaic phrase away to go, meaning ‘away he went’, though it is also found with a range of other adverbs. In addition, the same dialects also make use of a possibly related imperative construction, consisting of a preposition or adverb and a to-infinitive, as in out to come! ‘Come out!’ and a negative imperative construction consisting of the negator not and the base form of the verb, as in Not put no sugar in!. These construction types appear to be marginal at best in earlier varieties of English, whereas comparable constructions with the verbal noun are a well-established feature of especially British Celtic languages (i.e. Welsh, Breton, and Cornish). In this article I argue that transfer from the British Celtic languages offers a possible explanation for the use of these constructions in the traditional southwestern and west Midlands dialects of English.

The 1940s

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stedman Jones
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Organizational Strategy ◽  
Free Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Friedrich Hayek

This chapter illustrates how Friedrich Hayek began to develop an intellectual and organizational strategy to protect and maintain “the free society” as World War II drew to an end. His strategy looked to the influence of the early twentieth-century American progressives and British Fabian socialists and argued that defenders of liberty would have to develop a similar organizational and intellectual strategy. The result of Hayek's efforts was that a sympathetic group of intellectuals from Paris, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Manchester, the LSE, and Chicago came together under his leadership to form a kind of neoliberal international. The group called itself the Mont Pelerin Society after the venue of its first meeting, which was held in Vevey, Switzerland.

Lin Shu's Translation of Shakespeare's Religious Motifs in Twentieth-Century China

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 389-404
Author(s):  
Jenny Wong
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Translation Product ◽  
Merchant Of Venice ◽  
The Merchant Of Venice ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Close Textual Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Target Culture

When Christian values fall into the hands of translators, how are these Christian values represented in a non-religious or areligious target culture? How do the translations reflect the conflicting ideologies of the time and of the individual translators? This article will examine Lin Shu's major translations of The Merchant of Venice in early twentieth-century China, an important period when reform of Confucianism encountered imported Western ideals. Close textual analysis of the translation produced by Lin Shu, a Confucian literatus and a reformist, reveals that religious content in English literary works was manipulated, Christian references often being omitted or adapted. This study illustrates the translator's strategies, picking and choosing what to domesticate in the translated work to suit his ideology, and how a society's expectations and ideologies shape the translation product. The analysis offers some perspectives for understanding how the translator's linguistic and religious roles and ideologies shaped the Chinese Shakespeare, and how the religious values were re-presented in early twentieth-century China.

Gardening in the Apocalypse

2020 ◽  
pp. 389-517
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Robert Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Frank Lloyd Wright ◽  
Utopian Literature ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Columbian Exposition ◽  
To Come

The “White City” of the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago struck many Americans as a hopeful glimmer of the happy cities to come, but soon, visions of even happier utopian suburbs reclaimed dominance, asserting the need for “A Cityless and Countryless World.” When Bellamy produced his sequel to Looking Backward, it promised a future of commuting by motorcar and personal aircraft to and from cottages in garden suburbs. In different ways, influential reformers and architects such as Ebenezer Howard and Frank Lloyd Wright fed their readings of utopian literature into influential designs for destroying old cities and achieving suburban bliss. The last great nineteenth-century utopian visionary was also the greatest science-fiction author of the early twentieth century: H. G. Wells. He, perhaps more than any other writer, carried forward the Victorian call to abandon Babylon to new heights and fresh audiences, prophesying dreadful apocalypse, and luminously modern gardens to follow.

Hamlet Lives in Hollywood

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Queer Studies ◽  
Original Essays ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
To Come

John Barrymore’s influence on screen and stage in the early twentieth century is incalculable. His performances in the theater defined Shakespeare for a generation, and his transition to cinema brought his theatrical performativity to both silent and sound screens. However, in today’s cinema culture, which favors “realistically” grounded performance and harbors suspicions of theatricality as “over-acting” or as somehow irreducibly different from acting in the cinema, both the historical and ongoing importance of John Barrymore’s uniquely cinematic theatricality is often forgotten or disregarded. This book, a collection of fifteen original essays on the film performances and stardom of John Barrymore, redresses this lack of scholarship on Barrymore by offering a range of varied perspectives on the actor’s work. The contributors to the book explore Barrymore from a number of angles, including performance analysis, theatricality, stardom, gender, masculinity, sexuality, psychoanalysis, voice, queer studies, and more. Specific chapters also offer overviews of Barrymore’s career on stage and on screen as well as considerations of his work with other actors, including his famous siblings. Taken together, Hamlet Lives in Hollywood represents a major attempt by contemporary scholars to come to terms with the ongoing vitality of John Barrymore’s work in our present day.

scholarly journals Radium traffic: radiation, science and spiritualism in early twentieth-century Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-45
Author(s):  
Maika Nakao
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Folk Belief ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Radiation Science ◽  
Radiation Medicine

AbstractThe emergence of modern health-related commodities and tourism in the late Meiji and Taishō eras (1900s–1920s) was accompanied by a revival of spiritualist religions, many of which had their origins in folk belief. What helped this was the people’s interpretation of radiation. This article underscores the linkages between radiation, science and spiritualism in Japan at the time of modernisation and imperialism. In the early twentieth century, the general public came to know about radiation because it was deemed to have special efficacy in healing the human body. In Japan, the concept of radiation harmonised with both Western culture and Japanese traditional culture. One can see the fusion of Western and traditional culture both in people’s lives and commercial culture through the popularity and availability of radium hot springs and radioactive commodities. Radium hot springs became fashionable in Japan in the 1910s. As scholars reported that radium provided the real potency of hot springs, local hot springs villages seized on the scientific explanation and connected their developments with national policies and industries. This paper illustrates how the discourse about radium, which came from the field of radiation medicine, connected science and spiritualism in modern Japan.

The Eugenesis of Beauty

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Jarrín
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Central Concern ◽  
Female Beauty ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Racial Mixture ◽  
Eugenics Movement

This chapter, which is based on archival research, demonstrates that beauty developed as a central concern for the Brazilian eugenics movement in the early twentieth century as it became associated with improved hygienic practices and ongoing racial mixture, which eugenicists believed would inevitably whiten the nation as whole. The beauty of women—as the imagined bearers of future generations and as the objects of (male) medical scrutiny—was of particular concern. In other words, female beauty came to be understood as a symbol of the nation's progress, and beautification practices such as plastic surgery were lauded as sensible hygienic practices that aided the work of miscegenation.

Antirevivalism and Its Discontents: Liberal Evangelicalism, the American City, and the Sunday School, 1900–1929

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-290
Author(s):  
Matthew Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sunday School ◽  
American City ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Regular Event ◽  
To Come ◽  
Developmental Form ◽  
The City

AbstractThis article examines the rise of antirevivalism among a certain strain of American evangelicals in the first years of the twentieth century. It argues that, influenced by the new discipline of psychology of religion and growing fear of the chaotic environment of the early twentieth-century city, these evangelicals found revivalist evangelicalism to be psychologically damaging and destructive of the process of Christian conversion. Instead, they conceived of a form of evangelicalism they called “liberal evangelicalism,” which repudiated the emotional and cathartic revivalist style of worship and, instead, insisted that evangelicalism could be rational, moderate, and targeted toward the cultivation of socially acceptable virtues. The venue they chose to pursue this form of evangelicalism was the Sunday school. Throughout the nineteenth century, liberal evangelicals feared, the Sunday school had emerged as a revival in miniature, one in which teachers were encouraged to exhort their students to come to cathartic, emotional conversion experiences— a strategy that had found its apotheosis in the “Decision Day,” a regular event in which students were subjected to emotional preaching and encouraged to confess their faith in Christ. Though the Decision Day was itself an evangelical attempt to deal with the transient nature of the city, liberal evangelicals began, in the early twentieth century, to redefine it in ways that would better facilitate the sort of gradual and developmental form of conversion in which they placed their faith. Leading the effort was George Albert Coe, a professor and Sunday school organizer who used his school to experiment with such reforms.

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